Coal yog ib qho ntawm cov roj qub tshaj plaws uas txiv neej paub. Thiab txawm tias niaj hnub no nws tuav txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm kev siv. Yog vim li cas rau qhov no yog nws prevalence, yooj yim ntawm extraction, ua thiab siv. Tab sis nws yog dab tsi? Cov tshuaj formula ntawm thee yog dab tsi?
Qhov tseeb, lo lus nug no tsis yog kiag li. Coal tsis yog ib yam khoom, nws yog ib qho sib xyaw ntawm ntau yam khoom. Muaj ntau ntawm lawv, yog li nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom txiav txim siab tag nrho cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov thee. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj formula ntawm thee nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm, peb yuav theej txhais nws lub ntsiab muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab ib co lwm yam nta.
Tab sis peb kawm tau dab tsi txog lub xeev ntawm cov khoom no? Coal yog tsim los ntawm cov seem ntawm cov nroj tsuag ntau xyoo vim raug rau qhov kub thiab txias. Thiab txij li cov nroj tsuag yog cov organic nyob rau hauv cov xwm, cov organic tshuaj yuav predominate nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm thee.
Nyob ntawm lub hnub nyoog thiab lwm yam xwm txheej ntawm keeb kwm ntawm cov thee, nws tau muab faib ua ntau hom. Txhua hom yog txawv los ntawm nws cov elemental muaj pes tsawg leeg, muajimpurities thiab lwm yam tseem ceeb yam ntxwv.
Brown thee
Yog hom tub yau tshaj. Nws txawm muaj tsob ntoo ntoo. Tsim ncaj qha los ntawm peat ntawm qhov tob txog li 1 km.
hom thee no muaj cov dej noo txaus: los ntawm 20 mus rau 40%. Thaum raug huab cua, nws evaporates, thiab cov thee crumbles rau hauv hmoov. Tom ntej no, peb yuav tham txog cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm no tshwj xeeb qhuav residue. Tus nqi ntawm inorganic impurities nyob rau hauv cov xim av thee kuj yog siab thiab cov nyiaj rau 20-45%. Cov impurities no yog silicon dioxide, oxides ntawm txhuas, calcium thiab hlau. Nws kuj tseem muaj alkali hlau oxides.
Muaj ntau cov organic thiab inorganic yam tsis hloov pauv hauv cov thee. Lawv tuaj yeem ncav cuag ib nrab ntawm qhov loj ntawm hom thee no. Cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg rho tawm inorganic thiab volatile tshuaj yog raws li nram no:
- Carbon 50-75%.
- Oxygen 26-37%.
- YHydrogen 3-5%.
- Nitrogen 0-2%.
- Sulfur 0.5-3%.
coal
Raws li lub sijhawm tsim, hom thee no tuaj tom ntej tom qab xim av. Nws muaj xim dub lossis grey-dub, nrog rau cov resinous, qee zaum nws yog xim hlau.
Cov av noo ntawm cov thee tsawg dua xim av: tsuas yog 1-12%. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm volatile tshuaj nyob rau hauv thee sib txawv heev nyob ntawm seb qhov chaw ntawm extraction. Nws tuaj yeem ua tau tsawg (los ntawm 2%), tab sis kuj tuaj yeem ncav cuag qhov tseem ceeb zoo ib yam li cov xim av xim av (txog 48%). Lub hauv paus muaj pes tsawg leeg yog raws li nram no:
- Carbon 75-92%.
- Hydrogen 2, 5-5, 7%.
- Oxygen 1, 5-15%.
- Nitrogen txog 2.7%.
- Sulfur 0-4%.
Los ntawm no peb tuaj yeem txiav txim siab tias cov tshuaj formula ntawm cov thee tawv muaj cov pa roj carbon ntau dua li cov xim av xim av. Qhov no ua rau hom thee no zoo dua roj.
Anthracite
Anthracite yog daim fossil qub tshaj plaws. Nws yog tsaus dub nyob rau hauv cov xim thiab muaj ib tug yam ntxwv metallic sheen. Qhov no yog cov thee zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov cua kub uas nws tawm thaum nws hlawv.
Tus nqi ntawm cov dej noo thiab cov tshuaj tsis haum rau hauv nws tsawg heev. Txog 5-7% rau txhua qhov ntsuas. Thiab cov ntsiab lus muaj pes tsawg leeg yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm cov ntsiab lus carbon siab heev:
- Carbon tshaj 90%.
- YHydrogen 1-3%.
- Oxygen 1-1, 5%.
- Nitrogen 1-1, 5%.
- Sulfur mus txog 0.8%.
Ntau cov thee tsuas muaj nyob rau hauv graphite, uas yog ib theem ntxiv ntawm coalification ntawm anthracite.
Charcoal
hom thee no tsis yog pob txha, yog li nws muaj qee qhov tshwj xeeb hauv nws cov muaj pes tsawg leeg. Nws yog tsim los ntawm cua sov ntoo kom kub ntawm 450-500 o C tsis muaj cua. Cov txheej txheem no hu ua pyrolysis. Thaum lub sij hawm nws, ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov khoom raug tso tawm los ntawm ntoo: methanol, acetone, acetic acid thiab lwm yam, tom qab uas nws hloov mus rau hauv lub thee. Los ntawm txoj kev, lub combustion ntawm ntoo kuj yog pyrolysis, tab sis vim muaj cov pa oxygen nyob rau hauv cov huab cua, lub tso gases ignite. Qhov no yog qhov ua rau muaj nyobnplaim taws thaum hlawv.
Ntoo tsis homogeneous, nws muaj ntau qhov pores thiab capillaries. Ib qho qauv zoo sib xws yog ib feem khaws cia hauv cov thee tau los ntawm nws. Vim li no, nws muaj peev xwm adsorption zoo thiab siv nrog rau cov pa roj carbon activated.
Cov dej noo ntawm hom thee no tsawg heev (kwv yees li 3%), tab sis thaum lub sijhawm khaws cia ntev nws nqus dej noo los ntawm huab cua thiab feem pua ntawm cov dej nce mus rau 7-15%. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm inorganic impurities thiab volatile tshuaj yog tswj los ntawm GOSTs thiab yuav tsum tsis txhob ntau tshaj 3% thiab 20%, feem. Lub hauv paus muaj pes tsawg leeg nyob ntawm cov tshuab tsim khoom, thiab kwv yees li qhov no:
- Carbon 80-92%.
- Oxygen 5-15%.
- Hydrogen 4-5%.
- Nitrogen ~ 0%.
- Sulfur ~0%.
Cov tshuaj formula ntawm charcoal qhia tau hais tias nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntsiab lus carbon nws yog ze rau pob zeb, tab sis ntxiv rau nws tsuas muaj ib tug me me ntawm cov ntsiab lus uas tsis tsim nyog rau combustion (sulfur thiab nitrogen).
ua kom carbon
Activated carbon yog ib hom carbon uas muaj qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm qhov pore nto, uas ua rau nws nqus tau ntau dua li ntoo. Charcoal thiab thee, nrog rau cov txiv maj phaub plhaub tau siv los ua cov khoom siv raw rau nws cov khoom. Cov khoom pib yog raug rau tus txheej txheem ua kom. Nws cov ntsiab lus yog qhib cov pores nrog qhov kub thiab txias, cov tshuaj electrolyte lossis dej vapor.
Thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm, tsuas yog cov qauv ntawm cov tshuaj hloov pauv, yog li cov tshuaj formula ntawm cov pa roj carbon activatedzoo tib yam rau qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm raw cov ntaub ntawv uas nws tau ua. Cov dej noo ntawm cov pa roj carbon activated nyob ntawm thaj chaw tshwj xeeb ntawm qhov pores thiab feem ntau tsawg dua 12%.
