Feem ntau, tag nrho cov cawv tsis muaj dej muaj nyob rau hauv chav kawm ntawm cov cawv, lawv muaj ib lossis ntau qhov sib xyaw ua haujlwm hydroxogroups hauv lawv cov qauv. Lawv txawv tsuas yog los ntawm muaj ntau yam (ob, triple) daim ntawv cog lus nyob rau hauv lub molecule. Yog li, unsaturated alcohols muab cov khoom ntawm ob qho tib si unsaturated hydrocarbons thiab cov cawv zoo tib yam.
Kev tsim kho
Raws li txoj cai dav dav, pawg hydroxyl ua haujlwm yuav tsum nyob ntawm qhov chaw txaus (uas yog, tsuas yog ib daim ntawv cog lus xwb) carbon atom (cov pa roj carbon atom nyob ib sab ntawm pawg ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom sib txuas hu ua alpha carbon). Xws li cawv muaj tag nrho cov qauv ntawm lawv cov neeg zej zog txwv. Qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws unsaturated cawv nrog saturated alpha carbon yog allyl cawv los yog propendiol.
Enols
Cawv nrog -OH pab pawg nyob ze cov pa roj carbon monoxide hu ua enols. Yuav luag txhua tus ntawm lawv tsis ruaj khov thiab, thaum tsim, yuav luag tam sim ntawd rov qab mus rau hauv cov ketones sib raug. Ib qho me me, txawm li cas los xij, tseem nyob hauv nws daim ntawv qub, tab sis nws yog me me. Nyob rau hauv xws liHauv qhov no, lawv hais txog keto-enol tautomerism: cov khoom ib txhij muaj ob lub npe tautomers: hauv ib qho, hydrogen atom nyob ze oxygen, thiab qhov no yog enol, thiab lwm yam, hydrogen tau txav mus rau carbon, thiab qhov no twb yog ketone (carbonyl compound).
Nyob rau hauv feem ntau ntawm cov qauv no, cov ntsiab lus ntawm enols yog ib feem ntawm ib feem pua. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj qee cov tebchaw uas, vim qee qhov hloov pauv ntawm cov pa roj carbon atom ncaj qha rau cov pa oxygen ntawm pawg hydroxo, txheeb ze kev ruaj ntseg ntawm enol tuaj yeem ua tiav. Piv txwv li, hauv acetylacetone, feem pua ntawm enol tautomers nce mus txog 76.
Thawj zaug hauv enol series yog vinyl cawv. Hauv keto-enol tautomerism, nws sib raug rau acetaldehyde.
tshuaj muaj zog
Vim tias cov cawv tsis muaj dej tsis txaus muaj, zoo li nws yog, ob pawg ua haujlwm ib zaug, cov txheej txheem ntawm lawv cov kev cuam tshuam kuj yog kev sib xyaw ntawm cov khoom ntawm ob chav sib txuas. Los ntawm ntau daim ntawv cog lus, lawv, zoo li tag nrho cov unsaturated hydrocarbons, react nrog ntxiv ntawm halogens, hydrogen, hydrogen halides thiab lwm yam khoom uas tsim electrophilic hais. Lawv tuaj yeem tsim epoxides (thaum oxidized nrog atmospheric oxygen ntawm cov nyiaj catalyst). Tsis tas li ntawd, raws li ob pawg, cov dej cawv tsis txaus tuaj yeem txuas ntxiv cov pab pawg hydroxyl tig mus rau hauv di-, trihydric cawv. Cov pab pawg hydroxyl nws tus kheej nkag mus rau hauv nws cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ib txwm: oxidation (rau cov khoom sib txuam carbonyl, thiab tom qab ntawd mus rau carboxylic.acids), hloov los ntawm halogen, tsim ntawm ethers thiab esters.
Nyob hauv ntuj
Cov cawv tsis muaj dej muaj nyob hauv ntau qhov chaw hauv ntiaj teb. Feem ntau lawv muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm esters - cov tebchaw uas muaj cov cawv thiab carboxylic acid. Piv txwv li, cinnamon cawv yog pom (nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm esters ntawm acetate thiab cinnamate) nyob rau hauv hyacinth, cassia thiab lwm yam odorous roj, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm resin nyob rau hauv cov ntoo ntawm genus styrax thiab nyob rau hauv Peruvian balsam - cov resin ntawm ntoo los ntawm genus myroxylon. Nws yog dav siv nyob rau hauv kev lag luam naj hoom ua ntau yam fragrances thiab fragrances.
Retinol acetate - paub zoo vitamin A. 3-hexenol-1 - cyclic unsaturated cawv - nyob rau hauv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov roj yam tseem ceeb ntawm ntsuab seem ntawm cov nroj tsuag muab tus yam ntxwv tsw.
Tsis tas li, piv txwv li, cov roj cholesterol uas paub zoo yog cawv nrog cov mis tsis yooj yim, suav nrog ntau daim ntawv cog lus (yog vim li cas hauv qee lub tebchaws lawv nyiam hu tib cov roj cholesterol - raws li pawg neeg ua haujlwm). Raws li, ntau yam tshuaj muaj feem xyuam rau cov roj cholesterol, tshwj xeeb, qee cov cawv muaj roj, muaj cov qauv zoo sib xws.
