Muaj ib zaug, thaum chemistry tseem tsis tau mus txog qib kev tshawb fawb, muaj kev ntseeg ruaj khov tias muaj ib yam khoom nyob rau hauv lub cev - lub pob zeb tiag tiag uas yuav hloov tag nrho cov hlau qis rau hauv kub. Phenomena sib npaug zoo kawg nkaus paub tias tau tshwm sim thiab tseem tshwm sim txhua hnub, hauv kev paub ntawm txhua tus kws tshuaj.
Kev hloov pauv ntawm cov hlau hauv qhov sawv cev ntawm alchemists
Lub sijhawm hloov pauv rov qab mus rau alchemy. Alchemists tab tom nrhiav rau ib tug philosopher lub pob zeb muaj peev xwm ntawm transmuting hlau - tig lub hauv paus hlau rau hauv kub. Txawm hais tias alchemists feem ntau nkag siab tias nws yog ib qho piv txwv rau cov txheej txheem mystical lossis kev ntseeg, qee cov kws tshaj lij nyiam kev txhais lus thiab sim ua kom kub los ntawm kev sim lub cev.
Qhov tsis tuaj yeem ntawm lub cev hloov pauv ntawm cov hlau mus rau hauv kub tau tham nrog cov kws tshawb fawb, kws tshawb fawb thiab cov kws tshawb fawb txij li Nrab Hnub nyoog. Pseudo-alchemical transmutation tau raug cai thiab raug thuam rau pej xeem txij li thaumkaum plaub caug xyoo. Alchemists xws li Michael Mayer thiab Heinrich Hunrath tau sau cov lus qhia nthuav tawm qhov kev dag ntxias ntawm pseudo-alchemists.
Los ntawm 1720s, tsis muaj cov nuj nqis uas muaj txiaj ntsig ntxiv mus nrhiav kev hloov pauv lub cev ntawm cov tshuaj mus rau hauv kub. Tsis muaj leej twg xav paub yuav ua li cas hloov cov hlau, vim hais tias txoj kev ntseeg nyob rau hauv lub medieval txuj ci tseem ceeb no thaum kawg ploj mus. Antoine Lavoisier nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th hloov lub alchemical txoj kev xav ntawm lub ntsiab nrog lub niaj hnub txoj kev xav ntawm cov tshuaj, thiab John D alton tsim lub tswvyim ntawm atoms (los ntawm alchemical txoj kev xav ntawm corpuscles) los piav txog ntau yam txheej txheem tshuaj. Lub disintegration ntawm atoms yog ib tug nyias muaj nyias txheej txheem uas muaj ntau zog ntau dua li yuav ua tau los ntawm alchemists.
Tus alchemist, tsis paub dab tsi txog cov ntsiab lus, suav tias yog cov hlau tsis tshua muaj cov khoom siv tib yam li kub, tab sis muaj cov impurities uas lawv tseem tsis tau kawm cais tawm ntawm lawv. Tus xibfwb Faraday lig tau tshaj tawm nws txoj kev ntseeg txog qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm kev hloov pauv thiab txawm hais tias nws tau sim nrog lub hom phiaj ntawm kev tshawb pom ib txoj hauv kev uas nws tuaj yeem ua tiav.
Txoj kev hloov pauv
Charcoal thiab pob zeb diamond sib npaug suav tias yog cov qauv ntawm cov pa roj carbon ntau, vim tias txhua yam kev tshawb fawb tshuaj muaj peev xwm ua tau kom deb li deb tau qhia tias lawv muaj cov khoom peb hu ua carbon. Kuv puas yuav tsum tau ua pov thawj tias carbon yog cov khoom sib xyaw. Tias qhov no tsis yog kev sib txuas zoo li, raws li txhua qhov kev paub uas twb muaj lawm, tsis tuaj yeem ua pov thawj. Tab sis carbon tsis yog ib leeg nyob rau hauv nws manifestation ntawm no zoo kawg li khoom. Sulfur, phosphorus, silicon, boron, oxygen, nyob rau tib qeb. Ammonium, lub npe hu ua cov khoom sib txuas, kuj muaj cov cim hlau, feem ntau pom tseeb thaum ua ke nrog mercury.
Qhov tseeb no yuav tsum muaj kev cuam tshuam rau kev kho dua tshiab ntawm kev ntseeg hauv qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm cov hlau. Peb yog undoubtedly nyob rau hauv lub ua ntej ntawm zoo discoveries. Cov xim ntawm chemists tau hloov mus tas li los ntawm kev kawm ntawm inorganic chemistry los ntawm kev ua haujlwm zoo ntawm kev tshawb fawb organic, los ntawm qhov kev nplua nuj thiab nplua nuj tshaj plaws ntawm kev paub twb tau txais. Kev tshawb fawb txog qhov laj thawj tiag tiag ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm allotropism, uas yog suav tias yog kev cog lus, thiab qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm qhov laj thawj no yuav cim qhov pib ntawm lub sijhawm tshiab hauv kev tshawb fawb.
Txoj Kev Hloov Pauv
Txawm li cas los xij, txhawm rau txhawm rau mus ntxiv rau hauv qhov zais cia ntawm qhov xwm txheej, ib tus yuav tsum paub txog kev nkag siab alchemical ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm cov hlau, qhia los ntawm cov cim zoo nkauj thiab cov lus piav qhia. Nws yuav tsum yog feem ntau txog xya hlau ntawm cov alchemists thiab lawv transmutation.
Tau kawg, qhov no ua rau peb xav tsis thoob yog tias peb tuaj yeem hloov cov hlau lead ua kub. Paracelsus tau sau tias koj tsis txhob kis dab tsi yog tias koj tsis tuaj yeem hloov koj tus kheej ua ntej. Qhov no qhia peb tias yuav tsum muaj kev sib txuas ntawm lub ntiaj teb sab hauv thiab sab nrauv. Qhov tseeb, nws tau hais tias kev tsim cov hlau kub los ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm cov hlau qis yog txuam nrog alchemy ua pov thawj ntawm kev hloov pauv tau ua los ntawm Vajtswv nws tus kheej. Nws yog ib qho kos npehais tias nws paub qhov kub hauv nws tus kheej. Tab sis txhawm rau nrhiav pom cov kub hauv tus kheej, ib tus yuav tsum xub paub tias cov hlau sab hauv yog dab tsi. Keeb kwm paub txog cov piv txwv ntawm kev hloov pauv nto moo - Papus, Cagliostro thiab ntau tus neeg txawj khawv koob tsis meej yav dhau los suav tias yog piv txwv ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm tus ntsuj plig uas tau tso cai rau lawv kom tsis txawj tuag.
Alchemy txawv ntawm kev ua tsis ncaj ncees hauv nws cov metaphysics. Ib qho kev txiav txim siab ntawm kev nco qab uas dhau los ntawm kev nkag siab, ua rau muaj kev pib hloov pauv ntawm tib neeg kev nco qab. Cov kev sib txuas lus zoo sib xws ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm cov hlau thiab kev hloov pauv ntawm lub siab ntawm cov alchemist tsis tu ncua yog ntau dua li cov cim - lawv ua rau qhov tshwm sim nws tus kheej zoo li tiag tiag.
Planetary Correspondence
Muaj ib lub tswv yim qub qub alchemical ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm tshwj xeeb, qhov twg cov hlau tshwj xeeb tau koom nrog lub ntiaj teb tshwj xeeb. Qhov ntawd yog, hlau lead yog nyob rau Saturn, tin rau Jupiter, hlau rau Mars, nyiaj rau lub hli, tooj liab rau Venus, mercury rau Mercury, thiab kub rau lub hnub. Lub tswv yim alchemical no hais tias cov ntiaj chaw tswj hwm lawv cov hlau hauv ntiaj teb. Lub ntiaj teb yuav kav peb cov hlau li cas? Lawv puas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau lub ntiaj teb? Yog tias lub ntiaj teb cuam tshuam rau cov hlau hauv ntiaj teb no, lawv puas muaj kev cuam tshuam rau koj thiab kuv?
Kev hloov pauv hnub no
Txawm tias cov kws tshawb fawb tseem tsis paub yuav kawm txog kev hloov pauv hlau li cas, cov kws tshawb fawb nuclear tau kawm ua ib yam dab tsi zoo ib yam nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob uas ua kom sai sai. Kev hloov pauv tshwm sim tshwm sim hauv ob chav kawm. Thawj chav kawm tshuaj tiv thaivua rau cov khoom lag luam ntau nrog ntau tus lej hauv cov qauv, cov no tuaj yeem koom nrog kev tsim cov khoom siv hnyav hnyav, uas tuaj yeem lwj thiab tawg mus rau ntau yam. Cov chav kawm thib ob ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv muab cov khoom sib cais ncaj qha, tsis muaj qhov nruab nrab.
Cov "txias" lossis kev hloov pauv hluav taws xob tsawg yog qhov yooj yim heev kom ua tiav piv rau cov qauv "kub" nuclear tshwm sim uas yuav tsum tshwm sim hauv cov hnub qub lossis supernova tawg, lossis tsuas yog ntau lab degrees Celsius.
Los ntawm 2003, kev sim hloov pauv tau raug kawm kom ntxaws los ntawm ntau dua 14 lub chaw kuaj mob thoob ntiaj teb: Peking University thiab Tsinghua University hauv Suav teb, Lab des Sciences Nucleaire hauv Fabkis, Frascati Laboratory thiab Lice University hauv Ltalis, Hokkaido University, Mitsubishi Corporation, Osaka University thiab Shizuoka University hauv Nyiv, Luch Research Complex, Tomsk Polytechnic University hauv Russia, University of Portland USA, Texas A&M University thiab University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign hauv Asmeskas.
Yam tsawg kawg nkaus rau kev hloov pauv yog cov hlau hydride zaj duab xis lossis daim nyias nyias uas muaj hydrogen lossis deuterium mus rau qib siab thiab khaws cia ntawm qhov ntws tsis tu ncua. Cov khoom siv electrode yuav tsum muaj xws li carbon, nickel mus rau uranium. Cov hlau hydride tuaj yeem thauj khoom los ntawm electrolysis ntawm dej siv cov yeeb yaj kiab nyias ntawm cov hlau ua cathode, lossis cov roj deuterium tuaj yeem dhau los ntawm cov hlau membrane los ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj.roj rau ntawm ib sab thiab tso tawm rau lwm qhov. Tab sis ntau yam kev sim tau siv los pib lossis ua kom muaj kev cuam tshuam, suav nrog plasma electrolysis, plasma tso tawm, laser pib, thiab sab nraud hluav taws xob lossis magnetic teb.
George Miley pab pawg ntawm University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign hauv Tebchaws Meskas yog ib pawg tseem ceeb koom nrog hauv kev hloov pauv. Lawv siv ntau txheej nyias-zaj duab xis nickel, palladium lossis titanium sputter coated ntawm polystyrene microspheres thiab thauj mus rau qib siab ntawm hydrogen los ntawm kev ntim cov hlaws coated hauv electrolyzer cathode. Cov khoom ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nuclear tau ua tib zoo sau tseg los ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm theem nrab ion huab hwm coj spectrometry (SIMS) thiab neutron activation tsom (NAA).
Ib qho kev sim raug ua haujlwm tsis tu ncua rau 260 teev, ua rau muaj ntau yam ntsiab lus. Ntawm qhov hnyav atomic 22-23, 50-80, 103-120, thiab 200-210, muaj plaub lub siab tawm los. Cov qauv no feem ntau ua raws li cov txiaj ntsig tau los ntawm lwm pab pawg tshawb fawb. Rau qee lub ntsiab lus, kev faib tawm isotopic unnatural tau pom, uas kuj yog ib qho kev qhia ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nuclear.
Cov ntsiab lus tshaj tawm feem ntau yog calcium, tooj liab, zinc thiab hlau. Lawv tau pom nyob rau hauv ntau dua 20 qhov kev sim sib txawv. Plaub caug feem pua ntawm cov ntsiab lus tsawg tshaj plaws yog cov ntsiab lus hauv ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj los ntawm pawg lanthanide: lutetium, terbium praseodymium, europium, samarium, gadolinium,dysprosium, holmium, neodymium thiab ytterbium.
Muaj lwm yam teebmeem cuam tshuam nrog kev hloov pauv nuclear. Cov no suav nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob muaj zog, proton (~ 1.6 MeV) thiab alpha (~ 16 MeV) emissions, thiab qis-zoo emission X-rays. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov cua kub dhau los kuj raug tsim. Raws li kev txheeb xyuas lub zog, Miley xaus lus tias tus nqi ntawm kev hloov pauv tau sib raug zoo nrog lub zog dhau los ua.
Kev hloov pauv tau txais nrog ob lub teeb thiab hnyav aqueous daws, tab sis cov dej hnyav zoo li tsim cov khoom hloov pauv ntau dua nyob rau hauv qee yam mob. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum cov kws tshawb fawb nuclear ua rau kev hloov pauv ntawm cov hlau (txawm tias yog xov tooj cua) muaj tseeb, cov neeg ua si yuav hnov zoo li virtual alchemists, ua ib yam dab tsi zoo sib xws hauv Thaumcraft mod rau qhov nrov Minecraft game.
Thaumcraft Mod for Minecraft
Tus mod no tau hloov zuj zus tshaj 5 xyoo los ua ib qho ntawm cov mods nrov tshaj plaws hauv Minecraft ntug thiab cov khawv koob nrov tshaj plaws tsom rau mod. Nws ntxiv ntau cov ntaub ntawv nthuav dav rau kev ua si, ntau cov tshuab tshiab, mobs, biomes thiab txawm tias tag nrho qhov ntev. Nws muaj cov lus qhia ntxaws ntxaws thiab ntxaws ntxaws rau yuav luag tag nrho cov mod. Ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm Thaumcraft mod yog hlau transmutation.
Mod ntxiv ntau lub tshuab ua haujlwm nrog ob qho tib si tej yam yees siv thiab tsis yog khawv koob, uas tuaj yeem ua tiav tag nrho. Feem ntau cov tshuabcuam tshuam nrog cov kav dej, ducts thiab lwm yam automation mechanisms. Rau ntau qhov kev ua ub no, lub mod tau zoo siab nthuav tawm nws qhov tshwj xeeb Golemancy - lub tswv yim ntawm kev tsim thiab kev ua haujlwm golems - cov neeg hlau zoo nkauj. Lawv tuaj yeem ua tau yuav luag txhua yam uas tus neeg ua si xav tau, txawm tias yam tsis tuaj yeem ua los ntawm tech mods tseem.
Dhau li ntawm, feem ntau cov blocks thiab mobs yog cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws, du ntau-blocks thiab kev cai mob cov duab tuaj yeem thov txawm tias cov gamer xav tau tshaj plaws. Cov armor ntxiv los ntawm qhov mod no kuj muaj 3D textures, uas ua rau nws zoo nkauj heev, tso cai rau tus neeg hnav kom pom kev zoo siab thaum ua si ntawm server.
Ntau tus neeg xav paub yuav ua li cas kawm hlau hloov pauv hauv Thaumcraft 4.2? Feem ntau ntawm cov ntsiab lus, suav nrog kev muaj peev xwm hloov pauv, tuaj yeem qhib tau li ntawm 10 teev ntawm kev ua yeeb yaj kiab ntxiv, tab sis feem ntau cov neeg ua si siv ntau pua teev los tsim ntau yam kev teeb tsa, tsim kom zoo, thiab sau cov blocks tsis tshua muaj thiab cov khoom uas tsuas yog txwv los ntawm cov player's kev xav.
Tsis muaj ib qho ntawm cov ntsiab lus muab los ntawm qhov mod no yog qhov teeb meem kev ua si, feem ntau nws zoo sib npaug txawm tias nrog lwm cov mods thiab tsis tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev sib cav. Tab sis qhov no mod ntxiv ntau yam khoom siv uas siv lawv txhua tus yuav ua rau gameplay yooj yim dua.
Txawm tias ntau pua yam khoom tshiab, thaiv, mob, thiab lwm yam tsis txaus rau ib tus neeg ua si, ntau qhov sib txawv addons tuaj yeem ntsia tau, qee qhov me me thiab feem ntau tsom rauntxiv kev nplij siab ntau dua rau qhov gameplay. Cov addons loj, nyob rau hauv lem, ntxiv cov cuab yeej muaj zog heev, riam phom, armor thiab txawm tias ib qho kev sib cais, uas yog lub vaj kaj siab tiag tiag rau cov miner.
Qhov zoo kawg nkaus mod no tuaj yeem tham txog ntev heev, tab sis nws ib txwm zoo dua los ua koj tus kheej.
Metal transmutation in Thaumcraft 4.2.3.5
Lub peev xwm hloov pauv yooj yim tso cai rau koj tig lwm cov ntaub ntawv rau hauv cov khoom kub uas koj tuaj yeem siv los tsim cov kub kub. Siv cov xuab zeb los ua cov xuab zeb thiab tom qab ntawd siv los ua cov xuab zeb du. Raws li koj kawm alchemy kev txawj ntse thiab cov khoom hlau, nco ntsoov tias koj yuav dawm tau ib txoj hauv kev los tig cov hlau ua kub.
Tam sim no koj tuaj yeem hloov cov hlau zoo li hlau rau hauv cov khoom kub. Txawm li cas los xij, kev hloov pauv tsis tuaj yeem ua tsis tau yam tsis muaj nqi thiab poob, tab sis tsis muaj qhov kub ntau dhau, puas muaj?
Crucible rau transmutation
Crucible (Crucible) - Qhov no yog txoj hauv kev ntxov tshaj plaws los siv lub peev xwm cuam tshuam nrog cov yam ntxwv ntawm alchemy, suav nrog kev hloov pauv. Txhawm rau tsim lub crucible, koj tuaj yeem tso lub cauldron hauv lub ntiaj teb thiab nyem rau ntawm ib qho ntawm cov wands. Txhawm rau siv nws, koj yuav tsum xub muab qhov cua sov hauv qab lub cauldron: hluav taws (tej zaum los ntawm qhov kub hnyiab), lava, lossis hluav taws kub hnyiab (zoo dua). Tom qab ntawd siv lub thoob los sau lub cauldron nrog dej thiab xyuas kom tseeb tias koj tshawb fawb daim ntawv qhia koj xav siv.
Iron Transmutation
Koj tuaj yeem kawm "ntau ntxiv" hlau los ntawm kev tsim nws los ntawm lwm cov hlau. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, koj yuav tsum muaj ob lub hlau thiab hlau nugget, nrog rau lub crucible. Nco ntsoov tias daim ntawv qhia no yuav ua kom tsis txhob muaj hlau nuggets los ntawm kev siv hlau hauv crucible.
Tin Transmutation
Koj tuaj yeem hloov cov hlau mus rau hauv tin siv tib lub qhov cub. Qhov no muaj tseeb heev yog tias koj muaj ntau cov ore uas koj tsis xav tau tam sim no, tsis zoo li tin. Rau txhua tus neeg uas ua si Thaumcraft 4.2.3.5, hlau hloov pauv ib txwm yog ib qho ntawm lawv nyiam ua haujlwm. Hauv version 5, txawm li cas los xij, nws tau ua haujlwm zoo dua.
