Kev faib lub tebchaws mus rau hauv cheeb tsam tswj tau ib txwm yog ib lub hauv paus ntawm lub xeev cov qauv ntawm Russia. Ciam teb nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws hloov tsis tu ncua txawm nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 21st, raug rau kev tswj hwm kev hloov kho. Thiab nyob rau theem ntawm Muscovy thiab Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws, qhov no tshwm sim ntau zaus vim yog lub annexation ntawm lub teb chaws tshiab, kev hloov nyob rau hauv nom tswv hwj chim los yog chav kawm.
Kev faib lub tebchaws nyob rau tiam 15-17th
Nyob rau theem ntawm lub xeev Muscovite, cov nroog yog thaj chaw tseem ceeb thiab kev tswj hwm. Lawv tau nyob rau hauv ciam teb ntawm ib zaug ywj pheej thawj tswj hwm thiab tau txiav txim los ntawm cov nom tswv uas tau tsa los ntawm vaj ntxwv. Nws yog noteworthy tias nyob rau hauv lub European ib feem ntawm lub xeev, lub nroog loj (Tver, Vladimir, Rostov, Nizhny Novgorod, thiab lwm yam) yog cov tswj ywj siab thaj chaw thiab tsis yog ib feem ntawm lub nroog, txawm hais tias lawv yog lawv capitals. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 21st, Moscow pom nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv ib tug zoo xws li cov teeb meem, uas yog lub de facto centre ntawm nws cheeb tsam, tab sis de jure nws yog ib lub nroog ntawm tsoom fwv tseem ceeb, uas yog, ib tug cais cheeb tsam.
Txhua lub nroog, nyob rau hauv lem, tau muab faib ua volosts - koog tsev kawm ntawv, qhov nruab nrab ntawm uas yog ib lub zos loj los yog lub zos me me uas nyob ib sab av. Tsis tas li ntawd nyob rau sab qaum teb thaj av tau muaj kev faib mus rau hauv cov chaw pw hav zoov, qhov ntxa, cov zos lossis chaw nyob hauv ntau qhov sib xyaw ua ke.
Ciam teb lossis ib thaj chaw tshiab uas tau txuas ntxiv tsis muaj lub nroog. Piv txwv li, cov av ntawm Lake Onega mus rau sab qaum teb ntawm lub roob Ural thiab mus txog rau ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv Arctic hu ua Pomorye. Thiab Left-Bank Ukraine, uas tau los ua ib feem ntawm Moscow lub nceeg vaj nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th, tau muab faib ua regiments - Kyiv, Poltava, Chernigov, thiab lwm yam.
Feem ntau, kev faib ntawm lub xeev Muscovite yog qhov tsis meej pem, tab sis nws ua rau nws muaj peev xwm los tsim cov hauv paus ntsiab lus uas kev tswj hwm thaj chaw tau tsim nyob rau ntau pua xyoo tom ntej. Thiab qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm lawv yog kev sib sau ua ke.
Kev faib lub tebchaws nyob rau tiam 18th
Raws li cov kws sau keeb kwm, kev tsim kev tswj hwm ntawm lub teb chaws tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ntau theem, kev hloov kho, uas qhov tseem ceeb tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th. Lub xeev ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws tshwm sim tom qab lub Decree ntawm Peter kuv nyob rau hauv 1708, thiab thaum xub thawj muaj tsuas yog 8 ntawm lawv - Moscow, St. Petersburg, Smolensk, Arkhangelsk, Kyiv, Azov, Kazan thiab Siberia. Ob peb xyoos tom qab ntawd, lub xeev Riga thiab Astrakhan tau ntxiv rau lawv. Txhua tus ntawm lawv tau txais tsis tsuas yog thaj av thiab ib tug viceroy (tus thawj tswj hwm), tab sis kuj rau lawv lub tsho tiv no ntawm caj npab.
cheeb tsam kev kawm tau loj thiab yog li tswj tsis tau zoo. Yog li ntawd, cov kev hloov kho hauv qab no tau tsom mus rau txo lawv thiab faib lawv mus rau hauv subordinate units. Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb hauv cov txheej txheem no:
- Kev hloov pauv thib ob ntawm Peter I los ntawm 1719, uas cov xeev ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws pib muab faib ua xeev thiab cheeb tsam. Tom qab ntawd, cov tom kawg tau hloov los ntawm lub nroog.
- Kev hloov pauv ntawm 1727, uas txuas ntxiv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sib cais ntawm thaj chaw. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, muaj 14 lub xeev thiab 250 lub nroog hauv lub tebchaws.
- Kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov pib ntawm kev kav Catherine I. Lub sijhawm xyoo 1764-1766, ciam teb thiab thaj chaw deb tau tsim nyob hauv lub xeev.
- Catherine txoj kev hloov kho ntawm 1775. Lub "Institution for the Administration of Provinces" tau kos npe los ntawm Empress tau kos npe rau qhov kev hloov pauv loj tshaj plaws ntawm kev tswj hwm-ib thaj chaw hauv keeb kwm ntawm lub tebchaws, uas kav ntev txog 10 xyoo.
Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua, lub tebchaws tau muab faib ua 38 tus thawj coj, 3 lub xeev thiab thaj chaw uas muaj xwm txheej tshwj xeeb (Tauri). Nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov cheeb tsam, 483 lub nroog tau muab faib, uas tau los ua ib qho chaw thib ob.
Vicarages thiab xeev ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th tsis nyob ntev nyob rau hauv lub ciam teb pom zoo los ntawm Catherine I. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tswj xyuas tau txuas ntxiv mus rau xyoo tom ntej.
kev faib lub tebchaws nyob rau tiam 19
Lo lus "cov xeev ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws" raug xa rov qab thaum lub sijhawm kev hloov pauv ntawm Paul I, uas tau ua tsis tiav los txo cov cheeb tsam ntawm 51 mus rau 42. Tab sis feem ntau ntawm kev hloov pauv uas nws tau ua tom qab raug tso tseg..
Nyob rau xyoo 19th, cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tswj hwm-ib thaj tsam tau tsom mus rau kev tsim cov cheeb tsam nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Esxias ntawm lub teb chaws thiab nyob rau hauv ib cheeb tsam annexed. Ntawm ntau qhov kev hloov pauv, cov hauv qab no sawv tawm:
- Nyob rau hauv Alexander kuv nyob rau hauv 1803, lub Tomsk thiab Yenisei xeev tau tshwm sim, thiab lub Kamchatka Territory raug cais tawm ntawm Irkutsk thaj av. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Grand Duchy ntawm Finland, Lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Poland, Ternopil, Bessarabia thiab Bialystok xeev tau tsim.
- Xyoo 1822, thaj av ntawm Siberia tau muab faib ua 2 lub tseemfwv dav dav - Sab hnub poob nrog lub chaw hauv Omsk thiab Eastern, uas muaj Irkutsk ua nws lub peev.
- Txog rau nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, Tiflis, Shemakha (tom qab Baku), Dagestan, Erivan, Terek, Batumi thiab Kutaisi xeev tau tsim nyob rau thaj av uas tau muab los ntawm Caucasus. Ib cheeb tsam tshwj xeeb ntawm cov tub rog Kuban Cossack tau tshwm sim hauv ib cheeb tsam ntawm thaj av niaj hnub Dagestan.
- Primorskaya Oblast tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 1856 los ntawm thaj chaw ntawm East Siberian Governor General uas nkag mus rau hauv hiav txwv. Tsis ntev, thaj tsam Amur raug cais tawm ntawm nws, uas tau txais sab laug ntug dej ntawm tib lub npe, thiab xyoo 1884 Sakhalin Island tau txais cov xwm txheej ntawm lub tuam tsev tshwj xeeb ntawm Primorye.
- Cov av ntawm Central Asia thiab Kazakhstan tau txuas ntxiv rau xyoo 1860-1870. Cov cheeb tsam uas tshwm sim tau raug teeb tsa hauv cheeb tsam - Akmola, Semipalatinsk, Ural, Turkestan, Trans-Caspian, thiab lwm yam.
Nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm European ib feem ntawm lub tebchaws kuj tseem muaj ntau qhov kev hloov pauv - ciam teb feem ntau hloov pauv, thaj av tau rov faib dua, muaj kev hloov npe. ThaumCov neeg ua liaj ua teb hloov kho, cov nroog ntawm lub xeev ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 19th tau muab faib ua nyob deb nroog volosts kom yooj yim faib thiab accounting rau av.
kev faib lub tebchaws nyob rau tiam 20
Nyob rau hauv 17 xyoo dhau los ntawm lub neej ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws, tsuas yog 2 qhov kev hloov tseem ceeb tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub sphere ntawm kev tswj-tshaj tawm:
- Lub cheeb tsam Sakhalin tau tsim, suav nrog cov kob ntawm tib lub npe thiab cov kob me me uas nyob ib sab thiab archipelagos.
- Lub Uryankhai Thaj Chaw tau tsim nyob rau thaj av uas tau txuas ntxiv ntawm sab qab teb Siberia (lub koom pheej niaj hnub ntawm Tuva).
Lub xeev ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws khaws cia lawv cov ciam teb thiab cov npe tau 6 xyoo tom qab lub teb chaws poob poob, uas yog, txog rau xyoo 1923, thaum thawj qhov kev hloov pauv hauv cheeb tsam ntawm thaj chaw pib hauv USSR.
