Txawm hais tias keeb kwm ntawm physics li kev tshawb fawb ywj pheej tau pib tsuas yog nyob rau xyoo pua 17th, nws lub hauv paus pib rov qab mus rau qhov qub qub tshaj plaws, thaum tib neeg pib tsim lawv thawj qhov kev paub txog lub ntiaj teb nyob ib puag ncig lawv. Txog rau tam sim no, lawv tau koom nrog lub tswv yim ntuj tsim thiab suav nrog cov ntaub ntawv hais txog mechanics, astronomy thiab physiology. Cov keeb kwm tiag tiag ntawm physics pib ua tsaug rau qhov kev sim ntawm Galileo thiab nws cov tub ntxhais kawm. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub hauv paus ntawm qhov kev qhuab qhia no tau tso los ntawm Newton.
Nyob rau xyoo 18th thiab 19th, cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb tau tshwm sim: lub zog, huab hwm coj, atoms, lub zog, thiab lwm yam. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th, cov kev txwv ntawm classical physics tau pom tseeb (ntxiv rau nws, quantum physics, txoj kev xav ntawm Relativity, txoj kev xav ntawm microparticles, thiab lwm yam., tau yug los) d.). Kev paub txog kev tshawb fawb ntuj tau raug ntxiv txawm tias niaj hnub no, raws li cov kws tshawb fawb ntsib ntau yam teeb meem tsis daws teeb meem thiab cov lus nug txog qhov xwm txheej ntawm peb lub ntiaj teb thiab tag nrho lub ntiaj teb.
Antiquity
Ntau yam kev ntseeg ntawm lub ntiaj teb thaum ub tau ua raws li kev tshawb fawb thiab kev paub ntawm astrologers. Ua tsaug rau lawv cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm lub ntuj hmo ntuj, qhov tsim ntawm optics coj qhov chaw. Kev sib sau ntawm kev paub astronomical tsis tuaj yeem tab sis cuam tshuam rau kev txhim kho lej. Txawm li cas los xij, theoretically piav qhia vim li caslub ntuj phenomena ntawm ancients ua tsis tau. Cov pov thawj hais tias xob laim thiab hnub ci eclipses los saum ntuj los txoj kev npau taws, uas tsis muaj dab tsi cuam tshuam txog science.
Tib lub sijhawm, cov neeg Iyiv thaum ub tau kawm ntsuas qhov ntev, qhov hnyav thiab lub kaum sab xis. Qhov kev paub no yog tsim nyog rau architects nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho ntawm monumental pyramids thiab cov tuam tsev. Applied mechanics tsim. Cov Npanpiloo kuj muaj zog nyob hauv nws. Lawv, raws li lawv txoj kev paub astronomical, pib siv hnub los ntsuas lub sijhawm.
Keeb kwm Suav keeb kwm ntawm physics pib thaum xyoo pua 7 BC. e. Cov kev paub dhau los hauv cov khoom siv tes ua thiab kev tsim kho tau raug tsom mus rau kev tshawb fawb, cov txiaj ntsig tau nthuav tawm hauv cov ntawv sau philosophical. Lawv tus sau nto moo tshaj plaws yog Mo-tzu, uas nyob hauv lub xyoo pua 4 BC. e. Nws ua thawj zaug los tsim txoj cai lij choj ntawm inertia. Txawm li ntawd los, Suav yog thawj tus tsim lub tshuab raj. Lawv nrhiav tau cov kev cai ntawm geometric optics thiab paub txog lub neej ntawm lub koob yees duab obscura. Nyob rau hauv lub Celestial faj tim teb chaws, qhov pib ntawm txoj kev xav ntawm suab paj nruag thiab acoustics tau tshwm sim, uas tau ntev lawm tsis xav tias nyob rau sab hnub poob.
Antiquity
keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm physics paub zoo tshaj plaws ua tsaug rau Greek philosophers. Lawv cov kev tshawb fawb tau ua raws li kev paub txog geometric thiab algebraic. Piv txwv li, cov Pythagoreans yog thawj zaug tshaj tawm tias xwm ua raws li txoj cai thoob ntiaj teb ntawm kev ua lej. Cov Greeks pom cov qauv no hauv optics, astronomy, suab paj nruag, mechanics thiab lwm yam kev qhuab qhia.
Keeb kwm ntawm kev txhim kho physics tsis yooj yim nthuav tawm yam tsis muaj kev ua haujlwm ntawm Aristotle, Plato, Archimedes, LucretiusKara thiab Gerona. Lawv tej hauj lwm tau muaj sia nyob mus rau peb lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv ib tug ncaj tiav daim ntawv. Greek philosophers txawv ntawm ib lub sij hawm los ntawm lwm lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv hais tias lawv piav qhia lub cev txoj cai tsis nrog mythical lub tswv yim, tab sis nruj me ntsis los ntawm ib tug scientific point of view. Tib lub sijhawm, cov Hellenes kuj ua yuam kev loj. Cov no suav nrog cov neeg kho tshuab ntawm Aristotle. Keeb kwm ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm physics raws li ib tug science tshuav nqi ntau rau cov neeg xav ntawm Hellas, yog tias tsuas yog vim lawv lub tswv yim ntuj tseem yog lub hauv paus ntawm kev tshawb fawb thoob ntiaj teb mus txog rau xyoo pua 17th.
Kev koom tes ntawm Alexandrian Greeks
Democritus tsim txoj kev xav ntawm atoms, raws li txhua lub cev muaj qhov sib cais thiab me me. Empedocles tau tshaj tawm txoj cai ntawm kev txuag cov teeb meem. Archimedes nteg lub hauv paus ntawm hydrostatics thiab mechanics, qhia txog txoj kev xav ntawm lub zog thiab xam qhov loj ntawm lub zog buoyancy ntawm cov kua. Nws kuj tau los ua tus sau lo lus "center of gravity".
Heron lub Alexandrian Greek yog suav tias yog ib tus kws tshaj lij engineers hauv tib neeg keeb kwm. Nws tau tsim ib lub tshuab turbine, kev paub dav dav txog qhov elasticity ntawm huab cua thiab compressibility ntawm gases. Keeb kwm ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm physics thiab optics txuas ntxiv ua tsaug rau Euclid, uas tau kawm txoj kev xav ntawm iav thiab cov kev cai ntawm kev xav.
Hnub Nyoog Kawg
Tom qab lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm Roman faj tim teb chaws tuaj lub cev qhuav dej ntawm ancient civilization. Ntau yam kev paub tau tsis nco qab lawm. Teb chaws Europe nres nws txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev tshawb fawb yuav luag ib txhiab xyoo. Christian monasteries tau dhau los ua cov tuam tsev ntawm kev paub thiab tau tswj xyuas qee qhov kev sau ntawv yav dhau los. Txawm li cas los xij, kev vam meej tau cuam tshuam los ntawm pawg ntseeg nws tus kheej. Nws subdued philosophycov lus qhuab qhia theological. Cov neeg xav uas tau sim mus dhau qhov ntawd tau tshaj tawm tias yog neeg ntxeev siab thiab raug txim hnyav los ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb.
Tawm tsam keeb kwm no, qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev tshawb fawb ntuj tau dhau mus rau cov neeg Muslims. Keeb kwm ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm physics ntawm cov Arabs yog txuas nrog kev txhais lus rau hauv lawv cov lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb Greek thaum ub. Ntawm lawv lub hauv paus, cov neeg xav ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj tau ua ntau qhov kev tshawb pom tseem ceeb ntawm lawv tus kheej. Piv txwv li, tus inventor Al-Jaziri piav txog thawj crankshaft.
Teb chaws Europe stagnation mus txog rau Renaissance. Thaum lub sij hawm Nrab Hnub nyoog, tsom iav tau tsim nyob rau hauv Lub Ntiaj Teb Qub thiab cov tsos ntawm zaj sawv tau piav qhia. Lub xyoo pua 15th German philosopher Nicholas ntawm Cusa yog thawj zaug qhia tias lub ntiaj teb no tsis muaj kawg, thiab txog tam sim no ua ntej nws lub sijhawm. Ob peb xyoos tom qab, Leonardo da Vinci tau los ua tus nrhiav pom ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm capillarity thiab txoj cai ntawm kev sib txhuam. Nws kuj tau sim tsim lub tshuab txav mus tas li, tab sis tau ua tsis tiav nrog txoj haujlwm no, nws pib ua pov thawj qhov kev ua tsis tau zoo ntawm qhov project.
Renaissance
Nyob rau xyoo 1543, Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus tau luam tawm txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm nws lub neej, "Ntawm kev hloov ntawm lub cev xilethi-aus." Nyob rau hauv phau ntawv no, thawj zaug nyob rau hauv lub Christian Old World, ib tug sim los tiv thaiv lub heliocentric qauv ntawm lub ntiaj teb no, raws li lub ntiaj teb revolves nyob ib ncig ntawm lub hnub, thiab tsis vice versa, raws li lub Ptolemaic geocentric qauv saws los ntawm lub ntiaj teb no. pawg ntseeg tawm tswv yim. Ntau tus kws tshawb fawb physicists thiab lawv cov kev tshawb pom tau hais tias yog qhov zoo, tab sis nws yog qhov pom ntawm phau ntawv "Ntawm kev hloov ntawm lub cev xilethi-aus" uas suav tias yog qhov pib ntawm kev hloov pauv kev tshawb fawb, uas tau ua raws li. Kev tshwm sim tsis yog tsuas yog niaj hnub physics, tab sis ntawm kev tshawb fawb niaj hnub tag nrho.
Lwm tus kws tshawb fawb nto moo ntawm lub sijhawm tam sim no, Galileo Galilei, paub zoo tshaj plaws rau nws qhov kev tsim lub tsom iav raj (nws kuj tau tsim lub ntsuas kub). Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tsim txoj cai ntawm inertia thiab lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib raug zoo. Ua tsaug rau qhov discoveries ntawm Galileo, ib tug kiag li tshiab mechanics tau yug los. Yog tsis muaj nws, keeb kwm ntawm kev kawm ntawm physics yuav tsum tau stalled rau lub sij hawm ntev. Galileo, zoo li ntau ntawm nws lub siab dav, yuav tsum tawm tsam lub siab ntawm pawg ntseeg, sim nrog nws lub zog kawg los tiv thaiv qhov qub kev txiav txim.
XVII caug xyoo
Kev txaus siab hauv kev tshawb fawb txuas ntxiv mus rau xyoo pua 17th. Tus kws kho tsheb German thiab lej Johannes Kepler tau los ua tus nrhiav pom ntawm cov cai ntawm kev txav mus los hauv lub hnub ci (Kepler txoj cai). Nws piav txog nws txoj kev xav hauv phau ntawv "New Astronomy", luam tawm xyoo 1609. Kepler tawm tsam Ptolemy, xaus lus tias lub ntiaj teb txav mus rau hauv ellipses, thiab tsis nyob rau hauv lub voj voog, raws li tau ntseeg nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm. Tib tus kws tshawb fawb tau ua qhov tseem ceeb rau kev txhim kho ntawm optics. Nws tshawb xyuas farsightedness thiab myopia, elucidating lub physiological functions ntawm lub lens ntawm lub qhov muag. Kepler tau qhia txog cov ntsiab lus ntawm optical axis thiab tsom, tsim txoj kev xav ntawm lo ntsiab muag.
Fab Kis Rene Descartes tau tsim kev qhuab qhia kev tshawb fawb tshiab - analytical geometry. Nws kuj tau tawm tswv yim txoj cai ntawm refraction ntawm lub teeb. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm Descartes yog phau ntawv "Principles of Philosophy", luam tawm xyoo 1644.
Ib tug physicists thiab lawv cov discoveries muaj npe nrov li tus neeg Askiv Isaac Newton. ATNyob rau hauv 1687, nws tau sau ib phau ntawv revolutionary, Cov Ntsiab Lus Txog Kev Ua Lej ntawm Natural Philosophy. Nyob rau hauv nws, tus kws tshawb fawb tau piav qhia txog txoj cai ntawm universal gravitation thiab peb txoj cai ntawm mechanics (tseem hu ua Newton txoj cai). Tus kws tshawb fawb no tau ua haujlwm ntawm kev xav xim, optics, ib qho thiab qhov sib txawv. Keeb kwm ntawm physics, keeb kwm ntawm cov kev cai ntawm mechanics - tag nrho cov no yog nyob ze rau kev sib raug zoo nrog cov discoveries ntawm Newton.
New Frontiers
Lub xyoo pua 18th tau muab kev tshawb fawb ntau lub npe zoo. Leonhard Euler sawv ntawm lawv. Tus kws kho tshuab Swiss thiab lej no tau sau ntau dua 800 ua haujlwm ntawm physics thiab cov ntu xws li kev txheeb xyuas lej, celestial mechanics, optics, suab paj nruag txoj kev xav, ballistics, thiab lwm yam. Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb St. Petersburg tau lees paub tias nws yog lawv cov kws tshawb fawb, uas yog vim li cas Euler siv sijhawm. ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm nws lub neej nyob rau hauv Russia. Nws yog tus kws tshawb fawb no uas tau tsim lub hauv paus rau kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas tshuab.
Nws yog qhov nthuav tias keeb kwm ntawm kev kawm physics tau tsim raws li peb paub, ua tsaug tsis yog rau cov kws tshawb fawb nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj rau cov kws tshawb fawb amateur, uas muaj npe nrov hauv ntau lub peev xwm sib txawv. Qhov piv txwv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev qhia tus kheej no yog Asmeskas tus nom tswv Benjamin Franklin. Nws tau tsim tus pas nrig, ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev kawm ntawm hluav taws xob thiab ua qhov kev xav txog nws txoj kev sib txuas nrog qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov hlau nplaum.
Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, Italian Alessandro Volta tau tsim "tus ncej hluav taws xob". Nws invention yog thawj lub roj teeb hluav taws xob hauv tib neeg keeb kwm. Lub xyoo pua no kuj tau cim los ntawm cov tsos ntawm tus pas ntsuas kub mercury, tus tsim ntawm uasyog Gabriel Fahrenheit. Lwm qhov kev tsim kho tseem ceeb yog qhov kev tsim ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob, uas tau tshwm sim hauv xyoo 1784. Nws ua rau muaj kev tsim tawm tshiab thiab kev txhim kho kev lag luam.
Applied discoveries
Yog keeb kwm ntawm qhov pib ntawm physics tsim los ntawm kev tshawb fawb yuav tsum tau piav qhia qhov ua rau ntawm ntuj tsim, ces nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 19th qhov xwm txheej hloov pauv loj heev. Tam sim no nws muaj kev hu tshiab. Los ntawm physics pib thov kev tswj ntawm ntuj rog. Hauv qhov no, tsis tsuas yog kev sim, tab sis kuj siv physics pib tsim sai heev. André-Marie Ampère's "Newton of Electricity" tau qhia txog lub tswv yim tshiab ntawm hluav taws xob tam sim no. Michael Faraday ua haujlwm hauv tib cheeb tsam. Nws nrhiav tau qhov tshwm sim ntawm electromagnetic induction, txoj cai ntawm electrolysis, diamagnetism thiab tau los ua tus sau cov ntsiab lus xws li anode, cathode, dielectric, electrolyte, paramagnetism, diamagnetism, thiab lwm yam.
ntu tshiab ntawm kev tshawb fawb tau tshwm sim. Thermodynamics, elasticity theory, statistical mechanics, statistical physics, radiophysics, elasticity theory, seismology, meteorology - lawv txhua tus tsim ib daim duab niaj hnub ntawm lub ntiaj teb.
Nyob rau xyoo 19th, cov qauv kev tshawb fawb tshiab thiab cov ntsiab lus tau tshwm sim. Thomas Young tau lees paub txoj cai lij choj ntawm kev txuag hluav taws xob, James Clerk Maxwell tau thov nws tus kheej txoj kev xav electromagnetic. Lavxias teb sab chemist Dmitry Mendeleev los ua tus sau ntawm lub sij hawm system ntawm cov ntsiab lus uas cuam tshuam rau tag nrho physics. Nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua, hluav taws xob engineering thiab lub internal combustion engine tshwm sim. Lawv tau los ua cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntawm kev siv physics, tsom rau kev daws teeb meem.cov hauj lwm technologies.
Rethinking Science
Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th, keeb kwm ntawm physics, nyob rau hauv luv luv, tau tsiv mus rau theem thaum muaj kev kub ntxhov ntawm twb tau tsim zoo classical theoretical qauv pib. Cov qauv kev tshawb fawb qub tau pib tawm tsam cov ntaub ntawv tshiab. Piv txwv li, cov kws tshawb fawb tau pom tias qhov ceev ntawm lub teeb tsis nyob ntawm qhov zoo li tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev siv. Thaum lub sij hawm tig ntawm lub xyoo pua, qhov tshwm sim uas xav tau kev piav qhia ntxaws tau pom: electrons, radioactivity, X-rays.
Vim muaj qhov tsis paub tseeb, kev hloov kho ntawm cov qub qub physics tau tshwm sim. Qhov xwm txheej tseem ceeb hauv qhov kev hloov pauv kev tshawb fawb niaj hnub no yog qhov kev xav ntawm txoj kev xav ntawm kev sib raug zoo. Nws tus kws sau ntawv yog Albert Einstein, uas thawj zaug qhia rau ntiaj teb txog kev sib sib zog nqus ntawm qhov chaw thiab lub sijhawm. Ib ceg tshiab ntawm theoretical physics tau tshwm sim - quantum physics. Ntau tus kws tshawb fawb thoob ntiaj teb tau koom nrog hauv kev tsim ib zaug: Max Planck, Max Bohn, Erwin Schrödinger, Paul Ehrenfest thiab lwm tus.
Kev Sib Tw Niaj Hnub
Nyob rau hauv ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, keeb kwm ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm physics, lub chronology uas tseem niaj hnub no, tsiv mus rau lub hauv paus tshiab theem. Lub sijhawm no tau cim los ntawm kev vam meej ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav chaw. Astrophysics tau ua rau kev dhia tsis tau dhau los. Qhov chaw telescopes, interplanetary probes, detectors ntawm extraterrestrial hluav taws xob tshwm sim. Kev kawm ntxaws ntxaws ntawm cov ntaub ntawv lub cev ntawm ntau lub cev ntawm lub hnub ci ntiaj teb pib. Nrog kev pab los ntawm cov cuab yeej siv niaj hnub no, cov kws tshawb fawb tau tshawb pom exoplanets thiab cov luminaries tshiab, suav nrogsuav nrog xov tooj cua galaxies, pulsars thiab quasars.
Space txuas ntxiv mus nrog ntau yam tsis paub daws teeb meem. Gravitational nthwv dej, lub zog tsaus nti, qhov tsaus ntuj, qhov nrawm ntawm kev nthuav dav ntawm lub Ntiaj Teb thiab nws cov qauv raug kawm. Kev nthuav dav ntawm Big Bang txoj kev xav. Cov ntaub ntawv uas tuaj yeem tau txais hauv cov xwm txheej hauv av yog qhov tsis sib xws me me piv rau cov kws tshawb fawb ua haujlwm ntau npaum li cas hauv qhov chaw.
Cov teeb meem tseem ceeb uas ntsib cov kws kho mob niaj hnub no suav nrog ntau qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb: kev txhim kho quantum version ntawm txoj kev xav gravitational, kev nthuav dav ntawm quantum mechanics, kev sib koom ua ke ntawm tag nrho cov kev paub sib cuam tshuam rau hauv ib txoj kev xav, kev tshawb fawb "zoo tuning ntawm lub ntiaj teb", nrog rau qhov tseeb txhais tshwm sim ntawm lub zog tsaus ntuj thiab qhov tsaus ntuj.
