Dab tsi ua rau tus neeg hais lus (txawm sau lossis hais lus) nkag siab tshaj plaws? Yog tsis muaj dab tsi nws yuav pluag thiab inexpressive? Tau kawg, tsis muaj adjectives. Piv txwv li, yog tias koj nyeem lo lus "tsob hav zoov" hauv cov ntawv tsis muaj cov ntsiab lus, koj yuav tsis to taub qhov twg txhais tau tias. Tom qab tag nrho, nws tuaj yeem yog coniferous, deciduous los yog tov, lub caij ntuj no, caij nplooj ntoos hlav, lub caij ntuj sov los yog caij nplooj zeeg. Lavxias teb sab lus zoo heev. Ib tug zoo adjective yog ib qho kev lees paub ncaj qha ntawm qhov no. Txhawm rau kom pom tseeb thiab pom tseeb sawv cev rau txhua daim duab, peb xav tau qhov kev hais lus zoo no.
Lub ntsiab lus thiab lub ntsiab lus
Lub npe yog ib lub npe uas qhia txog tus cwj pwm ntawm ib yam khoom, uas yog, nws cov khoom, uas muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm qhov zoo, ntau, muaj. Piv txwv li, lawv muab txhais los ntawm xim, saj, tsw; qhia txog qhov kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm qhov tshwm sim, nws qhov xwm txheej, thiab lwm yam. Feem ntau, cov lus nug raug nug rau nws: dab tsi (th, -th)?yog dab tsi (-a, -o)? nws (-s, -e)? Nov yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm kev hais lus.
Cov yam ntxwv grammatical ntawm ib qho adjective suav nrog:
- sib txawv ntawm poj niam txiv neej (piv txwv li, liab yog txiv neej, daj yog poj niam, ntsuab yog neuter);
- declension by case (kos: nominative - sandy, genitive - iron, dative - morning; instrumental - yav tsaus ntuj; prepositional - txog hmo);
- muaj peev xwm ntawm daim ntawv luv thiab qib ntawm kev sib piv (zoo adjective);
- variability los ntawm tus lej (piv txwv li, xiav - lus piv txwv, xiav - plural).
Syntactic role
- Qhov feem ntau adjectival txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ib kab lus yog ib tug txhais. Nws feem ntau yog nyob ntawm lub npe thiab ua tiav nrog nws. Xav txog cov kab lus: Muaj cov hneev taw tob hauv cov daus. Cov kab (dab tsi?) tob. Lub adjective yog ib qho kev txhais uas nyob ntawm cov ntsiab lus hais los ntawm lub npe. Daim duab qhia los ntawm kab wavy.
- Kev muaj peev xwm txav los ntawm ib feem ntawm kev hais lus mus rau lwm qhov tso cai rau cov npe ua tus tswv cuab tseem ceeb ntawm kab lus - cov ntsiab lus. (Piv txwv: Tus neeg mob tau mus pw hauv tsev kho mob mob hnyav.)
- Ntau zaus ntau npaum li cas cov lus pom muaj nyob hauv qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm qhov predicate hauv daim ntawv ntawm qhov nominal? Quality nyob rau hauv ib tug nutshell. (Piv txwv: Nws tau qaug zog los ntawm kev mob nkeeg. - Tus me nyuam tub tsis muaj zog. Nyob rau hauv thawj rooj plaub, tus tswv cuab tseem ceeb yog cov lus qhia, nyob rau hauv thib ob - lub adjective nyob rau hauv lub compound nominalkwv yees.)
Adjectives: qualitative, txheeb ze, possessive
nqe lus no muaj peb pawg, sib txawv ntawm daim ntawv thiab lub ntsiab lus. Xav txog tag nrho lawv cov cim rau kev sib piv hauv lub rooj.
| Nyob zoo |
Nyob zoo |
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Qhov kev qhia ntawm qhov kev kawm no muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov tshwm sim hauv nws. Ib qho tuaj yeem ua redder lossis whiter thiab lwm qhov me lossis loj dua. Tsuas yog lawv tuaj yeem tsim cov kab lus nrog cov lus qhia xws li "tsis txaus" thiab "tsis tshua muaj", "heev" thiab "extraordinary", "too". Muaj peev xwm muaj daim ntawv luv: muaj zog, invincible, glorious. Tsuas yog cov ntsiab lus zoo tuaj yeem tsim qib kev sib piv. Piv txwv: cutest, kindest, siab tshaj. Lawv tuaj yeem ua cov lus nyuaj los ntawm kev rov hais dua: ntxim hlub-ntxim hlub, xiav-xiav. |
Cov kos npe uas lawv xaiv tsis muaj qib siab dua lossis tsawg dua, zoo li cov npe zoo. Piv txwv li: ib tus ntsia hlau tsis tuaj yeem ua ironer dua li lwm tus, thiab tsis muaj lub ntiaj teb lub lauj kaub tais diav tshaj plaws. Lawv qhia cov khoom uas cov khoom yog tsim los yog muaj: ntoo pem teb, xuab zeb puam, kub hniav nyiaj hniav kub. Qhia qhov chaw lossis qhov ze rau ib yam: thaj chaw hauv cheeb tsam, ntug hiav txwv. Pov thawj ntawm lub sijhawm: Lub Ob Hlis blizzards, yav tsaus ntuj promenade, xyoo ua ntej. Txiav txim seb muaj pes tsawg: tus menyuam muaj peb xyoos, ib thiab ib nrab meterspointer. Qhia lub hom phiaj ntawm cov khoom: tshuab xaws, tsheb npav tsis tu ncua, chaw thau khoom platform. Tsis muaj daim ntawv luv luv thiab qib sib piv. |
Qhia tias ib tug neeg lossis ib yam dab tsi muaj cov khoom no. Yog tus hma muaj tus Tsov tus tw, nws yog hma, lub kaus mom tuaj yeem yog pog los yog txiv. Lub ntsiab qhov txawv yog lo lus nug "leej twg"? |
Quality varies
Nws tsim nyog nyob rau hauv kom meej ntxiv ntawm cov ntsiab lus hloov tau yooj yim tshaj plaws hauv kev siv thiab tsim cov lus, uas yog lub npe hu ua cov lus zoo. Cov piv txwv ntawm lawv lub ntsiab lus txawv txawv txawv. Lawv yuav qhia tau tias:
- ntawm cov duab ntawm cov khoom: multifaceted, round, angular;
- nws loj: siab, dav, loj;
- xim: txiv kab ntxwv, ntsuab tsaus, ntshav;
- tsw: tsw ntxhiab tsw, tsw qab, tsw qab;
- qib thiab lub suab yam ntxwv: ntsiag to, nrov, dov;
- ntsuas dav dav: tsim nyog, muaj txiaj ntsig, tsis tseem ceeb.
temperature: txias, sov, kub;
Kev cais tawm ntxiv
Muaj lwm yam txawv uas koj yuav tsum paub txhawm rau kom tsis txhob cuam tshuam cov txiaj ntsig zoo, txheeb ze thiab muaj peev xwm. Yog li, thawj ntawm lawv muaj cov yam ntxwv:
- tsim cov lus tshiab nrog lub npe "tsis yog": tus neeg tu siab, khoom kim; los yog diminutive suffixes: grey - grey - greyish;
- pawgxaiv cov ntsiab lus: zoo siab - zoo siab; ci - ci ntsa iab; antonyms: txias - kub, phem - zoo;
- adverbs in -o, -e originate from zoo adjective: white - white, tender - maj.
Ntau txog qib kev sib piv
Lawv kuj muaj cov lus zoo xwb. Piv txwv ntawm kev tsim cov kev sib piv yooj yim: pom ntau dua, tsaus dua, ntev dua. Ib qho kev sib piv kev sib piv yog ib kab lus: "tsawg" lossis "ntau" ntxiv rau cov lus hais: tsawg zog, softer.
Qib superlative yog hu ua qhov ntawd vim tias nws qhia qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb hauv ib qho khoom dua lwm qhov zoo sib xws. Nws tuaj yeem yooj yim: nws yog ib qho kev tsim nrog kev pab ntawm cov lus -eysh-, -aysh-. Piv txwv li: lub siab ncaj tshaj plaws, qis tshaj. Thiab compound: adjective yog siv ua ke nrog lo lus "feem ntau": qhov zoo tshaj plaws, qhov tob tshaj.
Puas adjectives change their place?
Thiab dua, nws tsim nyog nco ntsoov lub peev xwm dav ntawm cov lus Lavxias. Txhua yam ua tau hauv nws. Yog li ntawd, tsis muaj ib yam dab tsi xav tsis thoob nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb hais tias zoo, txheeb ze thiab muaj adjectives nyob rau hauv ib tug tej yam ntsiab lus hloov lawv lub ntsiab lus los ntawm qeb.
Piv txwv li, hauv kab lus "iav hlaws" txhua tus nkag siab tias peb tab tom tham txog cov hlaws ua los ntawm iav. Tab sis "cov lus sib cav iav" twb yog ib qho piv txwv, cov no yog cov tsis yooj yim kiag li, tsis yooj yim sib cav. Nws tuaj yeem xaus tias tus txheeb zeadjective (thawj piv txwv) hloov mus rau qualitative (thib ob).
Yog tias peb piv cov lus "hmoov lub qhov" thiab "hma liab cim", ces koj tuaj yeem pom tias cov tsiaj nyob hauv tsev hloov mus rau qhov zoo ntawm tib neeg qhov xwm txheej, uas txhais tau hais tias cov khoom muaj npe tau dhau los ua qhov zoo.
Cia peb siv ob nqe lus ntxiv ua piv txwv: "hare hneev taw" thiab "hare hat". Cov ntawv luam ntawm cov tsiaj me tsis zoo li lub taub hau ua los ntawm nws. Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, lub npe muaj peev xwm hloov mus ua ib tus txheeb ze.
