Proteins yog lub hauv paus ntawm kev muaj sia nyob ntawm tes. Lawv tsim ntau yam ntawm nws cov khoom. Lub tsev muaj nuj nqi ntawm cov protein nyob rau hauv lawv muaj nyob rau hauv ntau yam tib neeg lub cev thiab cov ntaub so ntswg. Feem ntau cov khoom ntom ntom yog tsim los ntawm cov protein. Piv txwv li, cov leeg, txhawb cov ntaub so ntswg, rau tes, plaub hau.
Proteins yog macromolecular compounds. Piv txwv li, ib qho protein molecule yog ob peb puas npaug ntau dua li cov dej molecule. Txhua yam khoom siv protein yog tsim los ntawm cov tshuaj hu ua amino acids. Lawv tau npaj nyob rau hauv ib tug nruj kev txiav txim, raws li ib tug tom qab lwm, tsim ib tug ntev saw, uas yog hu ua ib tug peptide saw. Cov tshuaj lom neeg thiab cov khoom siv roj ntsha ntawm cov protein yog txiav txim siab los ntawm cov amino acids nyob hauv nws. Tag nrho cov dej num uas lawv ua yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev rau cov kab mob uas muaj sia nyob, thiab ib qho ntawm lawv, kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov protein, yog lub hauv paus rau kev muaj sia nyob thiab kev loj hlob ntawm txhua yam muaj sia.
YProtein Properties
Kev tshawb fawb los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb tau ua pov thawj tias lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg lub zog ntawm cov protein yog txiav txim siab los ntawm cov amino acids uas muaj nyob hauv nws, lawv cov naj npawb thiab cov kab sib txuas.
YProteinsyog:
- insoluble thiab soluble hauv dej;
- tsis ruaj khov, hloov pauv me me rau lawv, thiab ruaj khov.
muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv:
- xov ntev;
- cov khoom ntawm cov me me kheej kheej kheej kheej.
Txawm li cas los xij, nrog cov qauv sib txawv, cov khoom ntawm cov protein nruj me ntsis sib haum rau cov haujlwm uas lawv ua. Piv txwv li, cov proteins nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm filaments yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv cov nqaij ntshiv vim hais tias lawv tau endowed nrog lub peev xwm los cog lus. Yooj yim soluble proteins, nrog cov qauv molecular ntawm cov pob me me, ua haujlwm ntawm kev thauj mus los. Proteins nrog cov qauv hloov tau yooj yim yog siv los ua catalyst.
Y
Protein Functions
Txhua yam khoom siv organic, nyob hauv lub cev, ua haujlwm qee yam. Xav txog dab tsi ua haujlwm uas ua kom lub neej ntawm tus neeg, cov protein ua haujlwm:
Kev tsim kho. Protein yog siv los tsim cov plhaub thiab cov cell membranes, ua ib feem ntawm cov hlab ntsha, cov leeg. Lub tsev muaj nuj nqi ntawm cov proteins (piv txwv li tau piav nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm) yog tag nrho manifested nyob rau hauv xws li lub cev thiab cov ntaub so ntswg xws li tawv nqaij, plaub hau, rau tes, thiab lwm yam
- Motor.
- Catalytic. Ntau yam tshuaj tiv thaiv yog tas li tshwm sim nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev. Enzymes, uas muaj cov proteins, tswj kev ceev ntawm lawv txoj kev.
Kev thauj mus los. Proteins thauj cov khoom tseem ceeb thoob plaws hauv lub cev thiab tag nrho cov ntaub so ntswg. Piv txwv li, cov protein hemoglobin nqaoxygen
Tiv thaiv. Lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob hauv cov lus teb rau cov kab mob phem txawv teb chaws uas tau nkag mus rau hauv lub cev. Antibody proteins thaiv kev tawm tsam ntawm cov teeb meem tshuaj. Kuj tseem muaj cov ntshav proteins - fibrinogens, uas tuaj yeem tiv thaiv lub cev los ntawm kev poob ntshav los ntawm kev tsim cov ntshav txhaws (ntshav txhaws)
Hormonal. Cov tshuaj hormones yog lub luag haujlwm tswj kev sib npaug hauv lub cev, tswj cov metabolism, thiab feem ntau ntawm lawv muaj cov proteins lossis polypeptides
Khoom noj khoom haus. Piv txwv li, cov protein casein muaj nyob rau hauv cov kua mis thiab yog lub luag hauj lwm rau satiety ntawm tus me nyuam
Lub tsev ua haujlwm ntawm cov protein yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm lub luag haujlwm rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev.
YNtau cov proteins hauv tib neeg lub cev
Qhov muaj cov proteins hauv txhua lub cell nyob yog tsawg kawg ib nrab ntawm nws qhov hnyav qhuav. Feem ntau, tsuas yog nees nkaum amino acids muaj nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov proteins, thaum muaj ntau yam proteins sib txawv nyob rau hauv tus naj npawb ntawm rov ua dua thiab cov kab ke ntawm cov tebchaw. Nyob ntawm qhov no, cov proteins ua haujlwm sib txawv, ib qho, tsim nyog rau lub neej txuas ntxiv, yog lub tsev ua haujlwm ntawm cov protein.
Proteins faib tsis sib npaug thoob plaws hauv lub cev.
| Ntaus, ntaub so ntswg | % protein ntawm qhov hnyav qhuav |
| Leather | 63 |
| pob txha | 20 |
| Teeb | 18 |
| Muscles | 80 |
| Npaj | 45 |
| Lub teeb | 82 |
| Spleen | 84 |
| siab | 57 |
| Adipose ntaub so ntswg | 14 |
Tsim kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov proteins
Nws nqa mus qhov twg? Nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev, kev tsim cov hlwb tshiab thiab kev rov ua kom cov ntaub so ntswg puas lawm yog tsis muaj protein ntau. Nws kuj tseem koom nrog hauv kev sib txuas ntawm cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo, yog ib feem ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob, cov tshuaj hormones. Protein kuj ua rau lub zog ua haujlwm: thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm hnyav, yuav tsum tau txais nws kom muaj kev sib npaug ntawm cov as-ham hauv lub cev.
Ib qho ntawm cov haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov protein yog kev tsim kho. Yog hais tias cov protein tsis ua kom tiav nws, lub cev muaj sia yuav tsis muaj peev xwm nyob. Yuav ua li cas yog lub tsev muaj nuj nqi ntawm cov proteins manifested? Piv txwv ntawm cov proteins thiab lawv cov txiaj ntsig rau lub cev ntawm cov tsiaj muaj sia tau piav qhia hauv qab no:
- Keratin - cov protein uas ua rau cov plaub hau, rau tes; nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj - ntaub plaub, horns, hooves. Nyob ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm cov amino acids, nws tuaj yeem ua mos thiab hloov tau, lossis nws tuaj yeem nyuaj thiab muaj zog.
- Collagen - muaj nyob rau hauv cov leeg thiab pob txha mos, nws cov fibers tsis ncab, yog li cov leeg nqaij raug coj mus rau cov pob txha uas cov leeg txuas.
- Elastin yog cov protein uas nws lub zog tsis siab heev, thaum nws muaj elasticity zoo, nws tuaj yeem ncab tau yooj yim hauv qhov siab. Nyob rau hauv phab ntsa ntawm cov hlab ntsha.
YProtein hauv cellular skeletons
Lub tsev muaj nuj nqi ntawm cov protein tau tshwm sim ob qho tib si hauv cov qauv ntawm lub cev thiab hauv cov hlwb - cov proteins tsim cov cytoskeleton sab hauv.
Muaj peb hom pob txha ntawm tes:
- microtubules;
- microfilaments;
- filaments.
Microtubules yog tubules ua los ntawm cov protein tubulin. Nrog lawv cov kev pab, cov khoom ntawm lub xov tooj ntawm tes tau pauv mus los ntawm nws.
Microfilaments yog tsim los ntawm actin protein. Lawv tsim ib tug zoo nruam mesh nyob rau hauv lub txheej membrane ntawm tes, yog li ua rau nws resilient thiab muaj zog.
Qhov muaj qee yam ntawm cov protein nyob hauv nruab nrab filaments yog txiav txim los ntawm cov hlwb uas lawv nyob. Raws li kev tshawb fawb, filaments ntseeg tau muab lub zog ntawm tes.
Amino acids
Amino acids yog ib daim ntawv cog lus ntawm carbon, hydrogen, oxygen thiab nitrogen thiab (qee zaum) sulfur. Muaj ntau tshaj 100 hom amino acids, tab sis tsuas yog 20 muaj nyob rau hauv tib neeg.
Amino acids muab faib ua peb hom:
- Replaceable - lub cev synthesizes lawv tus kheej.
- Qhov tseem ceeb - muab los ntawm zaub mov.
- Txoj cai-tseem ceeb amino acids uas tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm lub cev, tab sis qhov no yuav tsum muaj qee yam ntawm lwm cov amino acids.
Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov amino acids
Kev muaj nyob hauv lub cev ntawm cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb ntawm cov amino acids yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua, vim lawv qhov tsis txaus yuav cuam tshuam rau kev ua txhaum ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov kabmob uas lawv muaj lub luag haujlwm. Piv txwv li, tsis muaj lysine hauv cov ntshavprovokes qhov txo qis hauv hemoglobin qib, uas muaj kev cuam tshuam rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv.
Ib qho amino acid hu ua peptide, daim ntawv cog lus ntawm 3-100 amino acids yog cov protein me. Proteins tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm 100-800 amino acids hauv koob.
Yog li, lub tsev ua haujlwm ntawm cov protein nyob qhov twg? Nws tuaj yeem tshwm sim nws tus kheej ntawm qib cellular thiab hauv cov qauv ntawm tib neeg lub cev. Protein receptors pom ob qho tib si hauv cytoplasm thiab hauv cell membrane. Cov proteins uas muaj lub cev muaj zog ua haujlwm los muab lub cev muaj zog ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev, piv txwv li, lawv koom nrog cov leeg nqaij, kev txav ntawm tes.
Lub tsev muaj nuj nqi ntawm cov protein yog cov proteins muaj nyob rau hauv cell membranes, tsim cov pob txha ntawm lub cell, yog ib feem ntawm ribosomes, chromosomes thiab lwm yam tseem ceeb formations.
Protein pathway thaum lub sij hawm tsim ua haujlwm
Cov protein uas ua haujlwm hauv tsev mus rau nws txoj kev. Piv txwv li, txoj kev ua raws li cov protein uas tau nkag mus rau hauv lub cev los ntawm cov zaub mov yog raws li hauv qab no. Los ntawm cov khoom noj, nws nkag mus rau hauv lub plab, qhov twg nws tawg mus rau hauv cov amino acids. Tom qab ntawd, lawv tau absorbed los ntawm txoj hnyuv mucosa thiab nkag mus rau hauv daim siab, uas lawv kis mus rau tag nrho cov nruab nrog cev thiab cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm lub cev los xyuas kom meej cov protein synthesis. Lub tsev muaj nuj nqi ntawm cov protein yog manifested nyob rau hauv lub fact tias lawv koom nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb ntawm lub cev.
Zoo kawg
Txhawm rau ua neej nyob mus ntxiv, ib tus neeg xav tau ntau yam tshuaj lom neeg los mus tas li tshwm sim hauv nws lub hlwb. Thiab ib qho ntawmCov proteins ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb, ua tsaug rau kev txhim kho thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev.
Lub tsev muaj nuj nqi ntawm cov protein yog tshwm sim hauv kev tsim cov hlwb tshiab thiab rov tsim dua qub. Rau kev rov tsim dua tshiab, muaj qhov tsim nyog ntawm cov protein yog tsim nyog kom nws txaus los hloov cov hlwb uas ploj lawm.
Kev hnav thiab tsim kua muag zoo ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg thiab hlwb raug pom nyob rau hauv tib neeg ua lub neej kev ua si. Yog li ntawd, lawv yuav tsum tau noj cov zaub mov uas muaj protein ntau. Qhov no kuj siv tau rau cov uas koom nrog kev puas siab puas ntsws.
Cov protein muaj peev xwm khi dej, tsim cov qauv colloidal. Peb tuaj yeem hais tias lub neej yog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev muaj protein ntau, lawv txoj kev sib raug zoo nrog ib puag ncig. Yog tus txheej txheem no tso tseg, txoj sia yuav xaus.
