Ib qho lus hais tsis kawg qhia txog qhov tsis muaj tseeb lossis tsis paub hais txog (khoom, tus neeg) lossis nws cov khoom. Xws li pronouns muaj xws li: ib yam dab tsi, ib tug neeg, ib yam dab tsi, ib tug neeg, ib yam dab tsi, ib tug neeg, thiab lwm yam Lawv yog tsim los ntawm interrogative pronouns, thaum prefixes tsis-, ib yam dab tsi- thiab postfixes yog siv, -something, -ob. Piv txwv li, ib tug neeg - ib tug neeg, ib tug neeg, ib tug neeg, ib tug neeg, ib tug neeg; qhov twg - qhov twg, qhov twg, qhov twg, qhov twg, qhov twg; pes tsawg - pes tsawg, ob peb, pes tsawg.
Kev faib tawm ntawm cov lus tsis kawg raws li kev xa tawm
Yog li, indefinite pronouns nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab muab faib ua:
-
Referential - taw rau ib qho khoom tshwj xeeb uas muaj nyob hauv kev muaj tiag (qee yam, ib yam dab tsi, ib tug neeg). Nyob rau hauv lem, referential pronouns yuav muab faib nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm koob meej los yog obscurity.rau hauv ob chav kawm ntxiv:
1) tsis muaj zog txhais cov lus - siv nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej uas tus neeg hais lus paub qhov khoom, tab sis tib lub sijhawm nws tsis xav tias nws paub rau tus mloog (ib, ib tug, ib tug, ib tug, ib yam dab tsi nrog lub ntsiab lus ib co-) (piv txwv li: Kuv mam li qhia rau koj ib qho zais cia);
2) obscurity pronouns - siv los qhia qhov tsis meej ntawm cov khoom rau tus neeg hais lus (pronouns for -to) (piv txwv li: Ib tug neeg tuaj rau Ivan).
indefinite npe - Tsis yog-hais txog - qhia qhov khoom tsis ruaj, tsis yog khoom siv (txawm li cas los xij, -lossis, -ib yam dab tsi) (piv txwv li: Kuv yuav tsum thov Vajtswv rau ib tug neeg).
Cov lus nrog lub npe tsis yog-
Cov no suav nrog: ib tug, ib tug, ib tug, ib co, ib yam dab tsi. Thawj khub ntawm cov lus qhia txog kev paub, kev xa mus rau tus neeg hais lus, thiab tsis meej pem rau tus mloog. Txwv tsis pub, lawv yuav tsis raug hu zoo li no: indefinite pronouns. Cov kab lus nrog lawv tuaj yeem sau tau zoo li no:
- Ib tug tub hluas hnav lub tsho dawb tuaj rau hauv kuv chav.
- Kuv tus xib hwb, ib tug Ivasyuk, ib tug xib fwb thiab tus neeg zoo, tuaj rau hauv tsev.
Tsis tas li ntawd, cov lus ntawm cov koob no qee zaum siv los qhia txog kev qhia ua haujlwm, uas yog, qhia cov cim tshiab lossis xwm txheej thaum pib ntawm cov ntawv nyeem. Piv txwv li:
Nyob hauv ib lub nceeg vaj…
Qee yam, qee tus neeg hauv qee kis tuaj yeem qhia qhov tsis paub rau tus neeg hais lus. Qhov no txhais tau tias lawv yuav muaj lub ntsiab lus ntawm pronouns ntawm -to. Piv txwv li:
Ib yam dawb thiab fluffy khiav thiab dhia hauv hav zoov clearing
Pronouns on-to
Tus hais lus tsis kawg rau -to yog npaj los qhia qhov tsis paub thiab xa mus rau tus neeg hais lus:
Kuv ua tib zoo mloog thiab pom tias muaj ib tug neeg hauv chav tiag tiag
Kuj, cov lus hauv -rau siv tsis tau hauv lawv lub ntsiab lus, tab sis nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab lus ntawm -qee yam:
Ib tug yuav tsum nyob twj ywm hnub no
Dhau li ntawm, cov koob tuaj yeem ua qhov kev qhia ua haujlwm:
Qee tus tub kawm ntawv tau sau qhov tsis zoo no rau ntawm daim ntawv dub
Pronouns for anything
Lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus tsis yog hais txog yog txiav txim siab raws li cov ntsiab lus tshwj xeeb, nrog rau hom ntsiab lus uas siv cov lus.
Tus -qee yam lus txhais tau hais tias ib qho kev xaiv (lub cib fim) raug txiav txim siab tawm tsam keeb kwm ntawm lwm tus. Qhov ntawd yog, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub ntsiab lus ntawm "tshem tawm affirmativeness" yog implied. Cov keeb kwm yav dhau no yuav tshwm sim:
- yog tias muaj xwm txheej cuam tshuam rau yav tom ntej;
- yog tias muaj lwm qhov xwm txheej tshwm sim, txawm hais txog tam sim no lossis yav dhau los;
- thaum siv cov ntsiab lus faib tawm.
Yog li no, cia peb saib kom ze rau qhov no. Hauv thawj qhov xwm txheej, cov lus hais tsis kawg rau -ib yam dab tsi yuav raug siv rau:
- grammatical yav tom ntej tense (nws yuav twv yuav raug muab piv txwv; lawv yuav ntsib qhov chaw);
- teeb tsa rau yav tom ntej, suav nrogthov (Irina xav mus rau qhov chaw; Vladimir tab tom nrhiav ib yam dab tsi nthuav rau koj; nws hais kom sau ib yam dab tsi rau nws);
- rau qhov tseem ceeb (ntxiv rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev hais lus ua kev tso cai, kuj yog rau kev txiav txim) (suab qee yam; qhia peb ib nqe; ceev rub kuv ib co yeeb yaj kiab);
- qauv ntawm lub sijhawm lossis qhov tsim nyog (nws tuaj yeem (yuav tsum) hu rau ib tus neeg; yuav tsum qhia ib tus neeg; xav tau hu rau lwm tus);
- subjunctive, them (nws yuav zoo yog tias nws coj ib yam dab tsi los haus; Kuv pom zoo ua ib yam dab tsi rau nws);
- kom txiav txim siab lub hom phiaj (kom lawv ua ib yam dab tsi, lawv xav tau nyiaj).
Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub thib ob, cov lus siv los qhia:
- (nyob rau hauv) tseeb, presumption (Kuv tsis ntseeg nws ua dab tsi; Kuv tsis xav tias lawv paub dab tsi txog nws; nws yog qhov txawv uas lawv pom dab tsi; nws tsis tshua mus qhov twg; pom tseeb ib tug neeg hu nws; yog hais tias nws nqa ib yam dab tsi (nag hmo));
- nug (kuj hais lus), nug lus nug (Puas muaj leej twg hu?Puas muaj lwm tus tsis ntseeg tias qhov no muaj tseeb?);
- kev tsis sib haum (lawv coj Alena lossis qee tus phooj ywg nrog lawv);
- xov xwm (yog tias lawv tuav qee yam, lawv yuav them rau nws);
- kev hloov pauv tsis zoo (ib tus neeg tuaj yeem ua rau nws ua txhaum);
- negations in subordinating predication (Kuv tsis xav tias lawv hloov dab tsi).
Rau qhov thib peb, peb nthuav tawmPiv txwv li: Txhua tus yuav coj ib tug nrog lawv.
Interrogative pronouns uas ua haujlwm tsis muaj qhov kawg
hom ntawv tsis tau txhais yuav raug tshem tawm hauv qee qhov ntsiab lus. Sib piv kev siv cov lus hais tsis kawg hauv cov lus nug tsis ncaj thiab cov nqe lus raws cai:
Indirect question:
- Nws xav thiab xav thiab tseem hu kom paub seb nws xav tau dab tsi.
- Tawm ntawm nws lub qhov muag, nws sim saib seb puas muaj leej twg nyob ze ntawm lub tsheb.
kab lus:
- Yog muaj ib yam dab tsi tsim nyog tshwm sim, lawv tsuas yog zoo siab xwb.
- Yog leej twg los, teeb lub teeb ntsuab.
Indefinite pronouns of expression
Ntxiv rau cov npe uas tsis muaj hnub kawg, lawv kuj suav nrog:
- Reduplicated pronouns: where-where, who-who (Twb yog ib tug- leej twg, tab sis nws tsis paub).
- Cov lus raws li kev tawm tsam uas muaj cov qauv -yog li (xws li-thiab-xws, muaj-thiab-xws, vim-thiab-xws li, thiab lwm yam) (Tom qab ntawd koj yuav raug tua).
- Qee cov lus uas yog lwm qhov ntawm kev hais lus uas ua haujlwm ntawm kev siv tsis kawg: kev sib txuas zoo li no lossis qhov ntawd; adjectives paub, tej yam; tus lej ib.
- Pronominal units nrog prepositive tivthaiv, "amalgams" - pronominal builds raws li spusing, dunno-type: tsis paub leej twg, (un) meej dab tsi, tsis paub thaum twg, tsis nco qab li cas, etc.
- Pronominal units uas muajpost-positive tivthaiv, "quasi-neeg txheeb ze" - pronominal builds muaj vertexless txheeb ze clauses: nyob qhov twg, yuav ua li cas nws tig tawm, leej twg, xijpeem koj xav tau, thiab lwm yam.
Neegative thiab indefinite pronouns
Thaum pib, peb tau hais tias cov lus tsis kawg yog tsim los ntawm cov lus nug nrog kev pab ntawm qee qhov ua ntej thiab tom qab. Tab sis, dhau li ntawm lawv, cov lus tsis zoo kuj tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm cov lus nug, tsuas yog nrog kev pab ntawm cov ntawv sau ua ntej xws li tsis yog - thiab tsis yog: qhov twg - tsis nyob qhov twg, ntau npaum li cas - tsis tag nrho, leej twg - tsis muaj leej twg, thaum twg - tsis, thiab lwm yam.
Ntxiv rau, cov lus tsis zoo thiab tsis paub meej muaj ib qho ntxiv: lawv cov yam ntxwv sib xws thiab cov yam ntxwv zoo ib yam li cov uas lawv tau tsim, uas yog, los ntawm cov lus nug.
Cov lus nrog qhov tsis zoo polarization
Qhia kom meej cov lus tsis muaj tseeb uas ua los ntawm qhov tsis zoo polarization. Cov no suav nrog: xijpeem thiab xaus rau - lossis. Hauv lwm lo lus, peb tuaj yeem hais tias lawv gravitate mus rau lub ntsiab lus ntawm negativity. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv qee qhov ntsiab lus lawv tuaj yeem hloov tau los ntawm cov lus tsis zoo. Piv txwv li:
Kuv tsis tau ntsib ib qho (tsis paub meej) kev tawm tsam hauv kuv txoj kev taug
Hloov ib qho, koj tuaj yeem siv ib qho. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov lus no tuaj yeem hloov tau los ntawm qhov tsis zoo. Los yog qhov piv txwv no:
- Kuv tsis xav hloov dab tsi / Kuv tsis xav hloov dab tsi.
Nws tsim nyog sau tseg ib qho kev zam: yog tias kev tsis pom zoo siv rau hauv cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb, tom qab ntawd hauv kab lus subordinate koj tuaj yeem siv tsuas yog xijpeem lossis - lossis, tab sis koj siv tsis tau cov lus tsis zoo. Piv txwv li:
Tsis paub tias phau ntawv no puas tau (tab sis tsis tau) tiav
Spelling of negative and indefinite pronouns
Cov kev cai hauv qab no rau kev sau cov lus no tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv:
- siv cov khoom tsis yog los yog;
- cais thiab txuas ntxiv sau ntawm cov lus tsis yog thiab tsis nrog cov lus;
- hyphenated pronouns.
So:
- Cov lus tsis yog sau los ntawm kev ntxhov siab, tab sis tsis muaj kev ntxhov siab (tsis muaj leej twg, tsis muaj leej twg, tsis muaj dab tsi, ib yam dab tsi, ob peb, tsis nyob txhua qhov, tsis nyob qhov twg, ib yam dab tsi, tsis muaj dab tsi).
- Yog tsis muaj preposition, ces hais tsis thiab tsis yuav tsum tau sau ua ke (tsis muaj leej twg, ob peb, ib yam, tsis muaj leej twg, tsis muaj, tsis muaj), tab sis yog muaj ib tug, cais, thaum lub preposition yuav tsum nyob nruab nrab ntawm hais thiab pronouns (nyob rau hauv tsis muaj leej twg, tsis yog los ntawm leej twg, mus rau dab tsi, tsis muaj dab tsi). Yog li, peb tau txais kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm peb lo lus.
- Kev sau cov lus tsis kawg yog tias lawv muaj cov npe ua ntej ib yam, nrog rau cov lus tom qab -qee yam, -yam, - lossis yuav tsum sau nrog tus lej.
- Cov lus tsis muaj dab tsi ntxiv (lwm yam), zoo li tsis muaj lwm tus (lwm tus), raws li lawv tau sau nrog cov lus tsis yog, ntxiv rau, cais nyob rau hauv muaj ib qho particle, nrog rau kev sib cais ntawm nws qhov tsis muaj. Cov lus tsis muaj leej twg thiab tsis muaj dab tsi yuav tsum tau sau raws li kev cai dav dav, uas yog: tsis muaj kev ntxhov siab, thiab tsis muaj preposition, peb sau cov lus tsis yog thiab cov lus ua ke (tsis muaj dab tsi ntxiv.(lwm yam), tsis muaj lwm yam (lwm yam)).
- Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus saum toj no, qhov kev tawm tsam tuaj yeem hais tsis tau tsuas yog nrog kev pab los ntawm lub koomhaum, tab sis kuj yog ib qho, uas yuav tsum ua ntej cov kev sib txuas ua ke (cov dab neeg no tau hais rau nws los ntawm nws yawg, thiab tsis muaj lwm tus). Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog sau cia tias nrog cov kev sib txuas no yuav tsis muaj lwm qhov tsis pom zoo hauv kab lus.
- Raws li cov lus tsis muaj leej twg (lwm tus), tsis muaj dab tsi ntxiv (lwm yam), tsis yog siv los tawm tsam, tab sis hauv kab lus uas muaj kev tsis pom zoo (Tsis muaj dab tsi yuav haum koj zoo dua) thiab tsis tshua muaj nyob hauv ib qho kab lus uas tsis muaj negation (Tsuas yog nws yuav ua nws, thiab tsis muaj lwm tus). Nws yog ib nqi sau cia hais tias cov particle nyob rau hauv cov kev sib txuas yog sau ua ke nrog pronouns.
Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, qhov kev sau ntawm cov lus tsis zoo thiab tsis paub meej muaj cov cai yooj yim thiab qee qhov tshwj xeeb rau lawv. Yog li ntawd, yog tias koj nkag siab lub ntsiab lus no zoo, ces yuav tsum tsis muaj teeb meem nrog kev sau raug thiab siv cov lus no. Thiab rau cov uas kawm lus Askiv, indefinite pronouns yuav tsum tsis txhob muaj teeb meem, vim hais tias cov kev cai rau lawv siv yog zoo tib yam rau cov kev cai nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab.
Piv txwv txoj cai hauv lus Askiv
Cia peb xav txog yuav ua li cas siv cov lus uas tsis muaj hnub kawg. Lus Askiv hais txog lawv: ib yam, yam, ib tug, ib tug, ib tug, ib yam dab tsi, leej twg, leej twg, thiab lwm yam. Yog li:
- thawj lub npe feem ntau yog siv rau hauv kab lus uas muaj kev tsis pom zoo, kev tsis pom zoo,thiab tseem muaj lus nug;
- peb cov lus hauv qab no yog siv rau hauv cov kab lus lees paub, hauv cov lus nug tawm tswv yim;
- peb kawg siv rau hauv kab lus tsis zoo; nyob rau hauv ib qho teeb meem dav dav; nyob rau hauv kab lus conditional; hauv cov lus pom zoo thiab tsis zoo, yog tias cov lus no tau siv los ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm "ib yam, txhua tus".
