Glucose fermentation yog ib qho ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tseem ceeb los ntawm kev npaj cov dej cawv ua tau. Nws tuaj yeem ua tau nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev, nyob rau hauv txhua yam ntawm tus kheej cov khoom tsim. Cov txheej txheem no ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm peb lub neej, los ntawm kev ua noj thiab ua cov khoom lag luam cawv thiab vodka rau cov kev cuam tshuam uas tshwm sim hauv peb lub cev.
History
Cov txheej txheem ntawm fermentation ntawm qabzib thiab lwm yam suab thaj tau siv los ntawm cov neeg thaum ub. Lawv noj me ntsis fermented zaub mov. Cov zaub mov zoo li no muaj kev nyab xeeb dua, vim nws muaj cawv, uas muaj ntau yam kab mob phem tuag. Hauv tebchaws Iziv thiab Npanpiloo thaum ub, tib neeg twb paub yuav ua li cas ferment ntau cov dej qab zib thiab mis nyuj. Thaum cov neeg nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th tau tswj kom zoo dua kev kawm cov txheej txheem no, nws hom thiab possibilities rau kev txhim kho, xws li industries xws li kvass, brewing thiab wine-vodka loj hlob zoo heev.
Yam fermentation
Oddly txaus, tab sis cov txheej txheem no txawv. Thiab muaj ntau hom qabzib fermentation los ntawm cov khoom kawg. Yog li, muaj lactic acid, cawv, citric acid, acetone, butyric thiab lwm yam. Cia peb tham me ntsis txog txhua homcais. Lactic acid fermentation ntawm qabzib yog cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb hauv kev npaj cov khoom xws li yogurt, qaub cream, kefir, tsev cheese. Nws kuj tseem siv los khaws cov zaub thiab ua haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv peb lub cev: hauv cov xwm txheej tsis muaj oxygen, cov piam thaj hloov mus rau hauv cov khoom kawg - lactic acid, uas ua rau mob nqaij thaum lub sijhawm thiab tom qab kev cob qhia.
Alcoholic fermentation yog qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov ethyl cawv yog tsim los ua cov khoom kawg. Nws tshwm sim nrog kev pab los ntawm microorganisms - poov xab. Thiab nws ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ua noj, txij li ntxiv rau cov khoom tseem ceeb, carbon dioxide raug tso tawm thaum lub sij hawm cawv fermentation ntawm qabzib (qhov no piav qhia qhov zoo nkauj ntawm cov poov xab ua khob noom cookie).
Citric acid fermentation tshwm sim, raws li koj yuav twv, nrog rau kev tsim ntawm citric acid. Nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm qee hom fungus thiab yog ib feem ntawm Krebs lub voj voog, uas ua kom lub cev ua pa ntawm txhua lub hlwb hauv peb lub cev.
Acetone-butyl fermentation zoo ib yam li butyric fermentation. Yog li ntawd, butyric acid, butyl thiab ethyl cawv, acetone thiab carbon dioxide tsim. Butyric fermentation tsuas yog lub npe-cov kabmob acid thiab carbon dioxide.
Tam sim no peb yuav saib txhua yam kom ntxaws ntxiv, tab sis cia peb pib nrog qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws - cawv fermentation ntawm qabzib. Txhua qhov kev tshwm sim thiab cov nuances ntawm lawv cov chav kawm yuav raug tshuaj xyuas kom meej.
Cia peb qhia me ntsis txog kev fermentation ntawm qabzib, qhov sib npaug ntawm qhov yog:S6N12O6=2S2N 5OH + 2CO2. Yuav kawm tau dab tsi los ntawm qhov kev tshwm sim no? Peb muaj ob yam khoom: ethyl cawv thiab carbon dioxide. Vim qhov tom kawg, peb saib qhov o ntawm cov poov xab ua khob noom cookie. Thiab vim yog thawj zaug, peb muaj lub sijhawm kom tau txais qhov tsis nco qab saj ntawm cawv thiab cawv cawv. Tab sis qhov tseeb, qhov no tsuas yog kev sib npaug yooj yim xwb. Qhov ua tiav cov piam thaj fermentation cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog qhov nyuaj dua, yog li cia peb rhuav nws me ntsis.
Muaj cov txheej txheem xws li glycolysis. Qhov tseeb, nws lub npe txhais ua "splitting ntawm qab zib." Nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub cev, thiab nws cov by-product yog pyruvic acid, thiab lub ntsiab yog adenosine triphosphate (ATP), uas yog tsim thaum lub sij hawm no cov tshuaj tiv thaiv los ntawm lwm cov compound. Peb tuaj yeem hais tias ATP yog lub zog thauj khoom hauv lub cev, thiab qhov tseeb, glycolysis ua haujlwm los muab peb lub cev muaj zog.
Peb tau kov cov txheej txheem no vim yog vim li cas. Qhov tseeb, fermentation zoo ib yam li glycolysis, txij li thawj theem yog tib yam rau lawv. Nws tuaj yeem hais tau tias cawv fermentation ntawm qabzib yog qhov txuas ntxiv ntawm glycolysis. Cov pyruvate (pyruvic acid ion) tsim nyob rau hauv lub tom kawg yog hloov mus rau hauv acetaldehyde (CH3-C(O)H) nrog kev tso tawm ntawm carbon dioxide raws li ib tug by-product. Tom qab ntawd, cov khoom tsim tau raug txo los ntawm NADH coenzyme uas muaj nyob hauv cov kab mob. Kev txo qis ua rau tsim cov ethyl cawv.
Yog li, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv fermentation ntawm qabzib rau ethyl cawv zoo li no:
1)C6H12O6=2 C3H 4O3 + 4 H+
2) C3H4O3=CH3 -COH + CO2
3) CH3-COH + NADH + H+=C2H 5OH + NAD+
NADH ua haujlwm rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, thiab NAD ion +ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv theem pib ntawm glycolysis, thiab, tsim thaum kawg ntawm cawv fermentation, rov qab mus rau qhov txheej txheem.
Cia peb mus rau lwm hom tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv qab kev kawm.
Lactic acid fermentation ntawm qabzib
Hom kab no txawv ntawm cawv vim tias nws tshwm sim tsis yog los ntawm cov poov xab, tab sis nrog kev pab los ntawm cov kab mob lactic acid. Yog li ntawd, peb muaj cov khoom sib txawv kiag li. Lactic acid fermentation kuj tshwm sim hauv peb cov leeg thaum peb ua haujlwm hnyav thiab tsis muaj oxygen.
Muaj ob hom txheej txheem no. Thawj yog homofermentative fermentation. Yog tias koj tau hnov lo lus ua ntej "homo", ces koj yuav nkag siab tias nws txhais li cas. Homofermentative fermentation yog txheej txheem uas muaj ib qho enzyme. Hauv thawj theem, glycolysis tshwm sim thiab pyruvic acid tsim. Tom qab ntawd cov txiaj ntsig pyruvate (hauv kev daws cov kua qaub no tsuas muaj nyob hauv daim ntawv ntawm ions) raug rau hydrogenation siv NADH+H thiab lactate dehydrogenase. Yog li ntawd, cov khoom txo qis yog lactic acid, uas ua rau li 90% ntawm tag nrho cov khoom tau txais thaum lub sij hawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Qhov kev sib xyaw no, txawm li cas los xij, kuj tuaj yeem tsim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm obCov isomers sib txawv: D thiab L. Cov hom no txawv ntawm qhov lawv yog cov duab iav ntawm ib leeg thiab, yog li ntawd, cuam tshuam rau peb lub cev sib txawv. Yam twg isomer yuav raug tsim kom muaj ntau dua txiav txim siab tus qauv ntawm lactate dehydrogenase.
Cia peb mus rau hom thib ob ntawm lactic acid fermentation - heterofermentative. Cov txheej txheem no suav nrog ntau cov enzymes thiab ua raws txoj hauv kev nyuaj dua. Vim li no, ntau cov khoom sib txawv tau tsim thaum lub sij hawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv: ntxiv rau lactic acid, peb tuaj yeem pom acetic acid thiab ethyl cawv muaj.
Yog li peb tau txiav txim siab lactic acid fermentation. Qhov no yog cov txheej txheem uas peb tuaj yeem txaus siab saj ntawm tsev cheese, curdled mis nyuj, fermented ci mis nyuj thiab kefir. Cia peb suav thiab sau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv dav dav ntawm lactic acid fermentation ntawm qabzib: C6H12O6=2 C 3H6O3. Tau kawg, qhov no yog daim duab yooj yim ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm homofermentative fermentation, txij li txawm tias daim duab ntawm cov txheej txheem heterofermentative fermentation yuav nyuaj heev. Chemists tseem tab tom kawm txog lactic fermentation ntawm qabzib thiab elucidating nws tag nrho cov txheej txheem, yog li tseem muaj chaw rau kev txhim kho.
YCitric acid fermentation
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm hom fermentation no tshwm sim, xws li cawv, nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm nceb ntawm qee hom. Tag nrho cov txheej txheem ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no tseem tsis tau nkag siab tag nrho, thiab peb tuaj yeem tso siab rau qee qhov yooj yim. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj cov lus qhia tias thawj theem ntawm cov txheej txheem yog glycolysis. Tom qab ntawd pyruvic acid hloov mus rauhloov mus rau ntau yam acids thiab tuaj rau citric. Vim qhov no mechanism, lwm cov kua qaub nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nruab nrab - cov khoom ntawm oxidation tsis tiav ntawm qabzib.
txheej txheem no tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub zog ntawm oxygen, thiab nyob rau hauv feem ntau cov nqe lus nws yuav sau tau raws li nram no kab zauv: 6 +3O2=2C 6N8O 7 + 4H2O. Ua ntej hom fermentation no tau pom, tib neeg tau muab citric acid tshwj xeeb los ntawm nias cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntawm cov ntoo sib xws. Txawm li cas los xij, cov kua qaub no tsis ntau tshaj 15% hauv cov txiv qaub, yog li txoj kev no tau ua tsis zoo, thiab tom qab tshawb pom cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no, tag nrho cov kua qaub pib tau los ntawm fermentation.
YButyric fermentation
Cia mus rau lwm hom. Hom fermentation no tshwm sim nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov kab mob butyric acid. Lawv nthuav dav, thiab cov txheej txheem uas lawv ua rau plays lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov voj voog tseem ceeb ntawm cov tsiaj txhu. Nrog kev pab los ntawm cov kab mob no, lub decomposition ntawm cov kab mob tuag tshwm sim. Lub butyric acid tsim thaum lub sij hawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv attracts scavengers nrog nws tsw.
hom fermentation no yog siv hauv kev lag luam. Raws li koj tuaj yeem twv, lawv tau txais butyric acid. Nws cov esters tau dav siv hauv perfumery thiab muaj qhov tsw qab ntxiag, tsis zoo li nws tus kheej. Txawm li cas los xij, butyric fermentation tsis yog ib txwm muaj txiaj ntsig. Nws tuaj yeem ua rau zaub, zaub mov kaus poom, mis nyuj thiab lwm yam khoom. Tab sis qhov no tuaj yeem tshwm sim tsuas yog cov kab mob butyric acid tau nkag mus rau hauv cov khoom.
Cia peb txheeb xyuas cov txheej txheem ntawm butyricfermentation ntawm qabzib. Nws cov lus teb zoo li no: C6H12O6 → CH3 CH2CH2COOH + 2CO2↑ + 2H 2. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, lub zog kuj tsim tawm, uas ua kom cov haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov kab mob butyric.
Acetone-butyl fermentation
hom no zoo ib yam li butyric. Tsis tsuas yog qabzib, tab sis kuj glycerol thiab pyruvic acid tuaj yeem ferment li no. Cov txheej txheem no tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob theem: thawj (qee zaum hu ua acidic) yog butyric fermentation. Txawm li cas los xij, ntxiv rau butyric acid, acetic acid kuj tso tawm. Raws li cov piam thaj fermentation nyob rau hauv txoj kev no, peb tau txais cov khoom uas mus rau theem ob (acetonobutyl). Txij li thaum tag nrho cov txheej txheem no kuj tshwm sim nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov kab mob, thaum nruab nrab yog acidified (nce nyob rau hauv lub concentration ntawm acids), tshwj xeeb enzymes raug tso tawm los ntawm cov kab mob. Lawv induce hloov cov piam thaj fermentation khoom rau hauv n-butanol (butyl cawv) thiab acetone. Tsis tas li ntawd, qee qhov ethanol yuav raug tsim tawm.
Lwm hom fermentation
Ntxiv rau tsib hom txheej txheem no, muaj ob peb yam ntxiv. Piv txwv li, qhov no yog acetic fermentation. Nws kuj tshwm sim nyob rau hauv kev ua ntawm ntau cov kab mob. Hom fermentation no tuaj yeem siv rau lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb thaum pickling. Nws tiv thaiv cov zaub mov los ntawm cov kab mob pathogenic thiab cov kab mob txaus ntshai. Kuj tseem muaj alkaline lossis methane fermentation. Tsis zoo li yav dhau los hom, hom nofermentation tuaj yeem nqa tawm rau feem ntau cov organic tebchaw. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm ntau qhov kev cuam tshuam tsis yooj yim, cov tshuaj organic tau muab faib ua methane, hydrogen thiab carbon dioxide.
Lub luag haujlwm lom neeg
Fermentation yog txoj kev qub tshaj plaws ntawm kev tau txais lub zog los ntawm cov kab mob muaj sia. Qee cov tsiaj tsim cov tshuaj organic, tau txais lub zog ntawm txoj kev, thaum lwm tus ua kom cov khoom no rhuav tshem, thaum tseem tau txais lub zog. Peb lub neej tag nrho yog tsim los ntawm qhov no. Thiab nyob rau hauv peb txhua tus, fermentation tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ib daim ntawv los yog lwm yam. Raws li peb tau hais los saum toj no, lactic acid fermentation tshwm sim hauv cov leeg thaum lub sijhawm kev cob qhia hnyav.
Yuav nyeem dab tsi?
Yog tias koj txaus siab rau biochemistry ntawm cov txheej txheem nthuav dav no, koj yuav tsum pib nrog cov ntawv hauv tsev kawm ntawv hauv chemistry thiab biology. Ntau lub tsev kawm ntawv cov phau ntawv qhia ntxaws ntxaws uas tom qab nyeem lawv koj tuaj yeem dhau los ua tus kws tshaj lij hauv daim teb no.
Zoo kawg
Ntawm no peb los txog kawg. Peb tau soj ntsuam txhua hom qabzib fermentation thiab cov ntsiab lus dav dav ntawm cov txheej txheem no, uas ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov kab mob nyob thiab hauv peb txoj kev lag luam. Muaj peev xwm hais tias yav tom ntej peb yuav nrhiav tau ntau yam ntawm cov txheej txheem qub no thiab kawm paub siv lawv kom zoo dua li peb tau ua nrog cov uas twb paub peb lawm.
