Niaj hnub Kazakhstan yog qhov loj tshaj plaws ntawm thaj chaw tom qab Russia thiab yog ib lub tebchaws tsim kev lag luam tshaj plaws ntawm CIS. Nws tam sim ntawd predecessor yog lub koom pheej ntawm lub Soviet Union - lub Kazakh SSR. Cov keeb kwm ntawm lub xeev tsim no ib txhij txuas nrog peb cov Soviet yav dhau los thiab niaj hnub qhov tseeb ntawm Kazakhstan. Cia peb saib nws dhau lub prism xyoo dhau los.
Backstory
Tab sis txhawm rau tsim cov txheej txheem dab tsi coj mus rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub xeev xws li Kazakh SSR, peb yuav tsum rov qab mus rau ntau pua xyoo dhau los, mus rau lub hauv paus ntawm lub xeev ntawm Kazakhs.
Lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm Kazakh xeev yog hais txog lub sijhawm ntawm kev tawg ntawm Golden Horde thiab kev sib cais ntawm Kazakh Horde los ntawm Uzbek Khanate raws li nws cov ruins. Nws yog kev cai rau hnub tim qhov kev tshwm sim rau xyoo 1465, thaum cov thawj coj ntawm Kerey thiab Zhanibek, tsis txaus siab rau txoj cai ntawm Uzbek Khan Abulkhair, tau tawm ntawm nws lub xeev nrog lawv cov nomads. Cov pab pawg neeg uas ua raws lawv tau pib hu lawv tus kheej Kazakhs, uas txhais los ntawm Turkic li "cov neeg dawb."
Txawm li cas los xij, kev tsim lub xeev tshiab tsis ruaj khov, thiabyeej tsis tau tag nrho centralized. Nyob rau hauv 1718, nyob rau hauv lub siab ntawm raiding Jungars, nws thaum kawg tawg mus rau hauv peb qhov chaw: lub Junior, Middle thiab Senior zhuz. Tom qab ntawd lub sijhawm ntshav ntawm Kazakh-Dzungarian tsov rog pib. Tsuas yog maj mam lees txais kev ua pej xeem Lavxias los ntawm Kazakh khas thaum xyoo pua 18th tau pab cawm Kazakhs los ntawm kev tua neeg kom tiav. Thaum pib, cov khanates muaj kev ywj pheej loj heev, tab sis thaum xyoo pua 19th qhov no tau raug tshem tawm ntau zuj zus, uas ua rau muaj kev tawm tsam. Xyoo 1824, Khan lub zog thaum kawg raug tshem tawm, thiab Kazakh thaj av tau los ua ib feem ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws.
Sab qab teb ntawm niaj hnub Kazakhstan, yav dhau los yog ib feem ntawm Senior Zhuz, tab sis tau poob nws txoj kev ywj pheej, tau koom nrog Russia thaum lub sij hawm Central Asian campaigns nyob rau hauv ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th. Thaj chaw ntawm Kazakh kev sib hais haum tau muab faib nruab nrab ntawm Turkestan thiab West Siberian tus thawj tswj hwm, nrog rau lub xeev Orenburg. Thaum lub sij hawm no, lawv pib hu ua Kirghiz-Kaisaks, thiaj li tsis txhob totaub nrog Lavxias teb sab Cossacks.
Tab sis xyoo 1917 kev tawg ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws tau tshwm sim, lub sij hawm ntawm Tsov Rog Pej Xeem tau pib, uas muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau txoj hmoo ntawm Kazakhs thiab ua lub luag haujlwm txiav txim siab hauv kev tsim Kazakh SSR.
Lub sijhawm Standoff
Thaum Tsov Rog Hauv Pej Xeem, kev nom kev tswv thiab kev tawm tsam kuj tau ua nyob rau thaj chaw ntawm Kazakhstan niaj hnub no. Lub sijhawm no, lub tebchaws ywj pheej tau tsim - nyob rau sab qaum teb - Alash (Alash-Orda) nrog lub chaw hauv Semipalatinsk, thiab sab qab teb - Turkestan nrog lub peev hauv Kokand. Ob lub xeev cov koom haum tau liquidated nyob rau hauvThaum Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb los ntawm Bolsheviks: thawj - hauv 1920, thiab thib ob - hauv 1918. Ntawm lawv thaj chaw, raws li, Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet koom pheej thiab Turkestan Soviet koom pheej tau tsim.
Kyrgyz ASSR
Thaum lub sijhawm tsim lub Xya Hli 16, 1920, thaj chaw ntawm Kirghiz ASSR suav nrog feem ntau ntawm Kazakhstan niaj hnub. Nws tsis suav nrog tsuas yog thaj chaw nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm lub tebchaws, uas, raws li tau hais los saum toj no, suav nrog Turkestan Soviet koom pheej. Tab sis Karakalpakia thiab niaj hnub Orenburg cheeb tsam yog ib feem ntawm Kirghiz ASSR, thiab Orenburg yog nws qhov chaw tswj hwm. Lub Kirghiz ASSR, ntawm txoj cai ntawm kev ywj pheej, tau suav nrog hauv RSFSR, nrog rau Turkestan.
Thaum nws nyob, thaj chaw ntawm KASSR tau hloov pauv tseem ceeb. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv 1924-1925, nws muaj nyob rau hauv nws muaj pes tsawg leeg nyob rau hauv lub yav qab teb thaj chaw ntawm niaj hnub Kazakhstan, uas mus txog rau thaum lub sij hawm ntawd yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm lub Turkestan Soviet koom pheej.
Kazakh ASSR
Muab hais tias qhov hloov pauv "Kirghiz-Kaisaki" tsis yog tus kheej lub npe ntawm Kazakhs, lub Plaub Hlis 1925 Kirghiz ASSR tau hloov npe rau hauv Kazakh ASSR. Lub peev tau tsiv los ntawm Orenburg mus rau Kyzyl-Orda, yav tas los hu ua Ak-Mechet, thiab cheeb tsam Orenburg nws tus kheej tau cais tawm ntawm thaj chaw ntawm kev ywj pheej thiab hloov mus rau kev tswj hwm ntawm RSFSR. Xyoo 1927, lwm qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm lub peev tau tshwm sim, lub sijhawm no mus rau Alma-Ata, uas tseem yog qhov chaw tswj hwm ntawm ntau lub xeev. Kazakhs txog 1997, uas yog, 70 xyoo.
Nyob rau xyoo 1930, Karakalpak Autonomous Region tau cais tawm ntawm Kazakh ASSR, uas tau hloov mus rau qhov ncaj qha subordination ntawm RSFSR. Yog li, thaj chaw ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej Kazakh USSR tau tsim yuav luag tag, thiab tsuas yog kev hloov pauv me me tau tshwm sim yav tom ntej.
Tsim tsa Kazakh SSR
Xyoo 1936, tau txais tsab cai lij choj tshiab hauv USSR, raws li Kazakh ASSR tau txais cov xwm txheej ntawm lub koom haum koom pheej. Hauv qhov no, nws tau raug tshem tawm ntawm RSFSR, tau txais txoj cai sib npaug nrog nws, thiab txij li ntawd los nws tau dhau los ua lub npe hu ua Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic. Qhov no yog li cas Kazakh SSR tau tsim.
Kev tswj hwm hauv Kazakh SSR
Qhov tseeb, kev tswj hwm ntawm Kazakh SSR tau ua tiav tag nrho ntawm tes ntawm Pawg Neeg Communist ntawm Kazakhstan, tsim xyoo 1937, uas yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm CPSU. Tus neeg tseem ceeb ntawm lub koom pheej yog Thawj Tus Tuav Ntaub Ntawv ntawm Party. Txawm hais tias nominally lub taub hau ntawm lub koom pheej tau suav hais tias yog Presidium ntawm Pawg Sab Laj ntawm Kazakhstan. Thiab Supreme Council nws tus kheej yog lub koom haum tsim cai. Nws tau coj los ntawm Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Pawg Thawj Tswj Hwm mus txog rau xyoo 1990, thiab tom qab ntawd los ntawm Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Pawg Sab Laj.
Territorial division of the Kazakh SSR
Kazakh SSR muaj cov qauv kev tswj hwm zoo ib yam li thaj chaw ntawm lwm lub tebchaws Soviet. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, 19 cheeb tsam tau tsim nyob rau lub sijhawm sib txawv. Thaum ntxov 60s, qee thaj tsam ntawm Kazakh SSR tau koom ua ib thaj chaw (Tselinny, West Kazakhstan, South Kazakhstan), txawm li cas los xij, nrogtswj lawv txoj haujlwm tswj hwm. Tab sis twb nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-60s, nws tau txiav txim siab tso tseg xws li ib feem ntawm lub teb chaws.
Symbolics
Zoo li txhua lub xeev tsim, Kazakh SSR muaj nws tus kheej cov cim - chij, cim thiab anthem.
Thawj tus chij ntawm lub tebchaws yog tus chij liab nrog cov ntawv sau "Kazakh SSR" hauv Lavxias thiab Kazakh, nrog rau rauj thiab rab ntaj nyob rau sab laug sab sauv. Nws yog tus chij no uas tau kho raws li lub xeev chij los ntawm Txoj Cai Lij Choj ntawm Kazakh SSR ntawm 1937. Tab sis xyoo 1953 muaj kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb: cov ntawv sau tau raug tshem tawm, tab sis lub hnub qub tsib-taw tes thiab xiav kab txaij tau ntxiv rau hauv qab ntawm daim ntaub. Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no, tus chij ntawm Kazakh SSR muaj mus txog rau thaum lub heev tshem ntawm lub koom pheej los ntawm lub Union.
Tom qab ntawd, xyoo 1937, lub tsho ntawm caj npab ntawm Kazakh SSR tau txais yuav. Tsis zoo li tus chij, nws tau dhau los ua qhov kev hloov pauv tsawg kawg ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm nws lub neej. Nws daim duab qhia hauv qab no.
Lub suab nkauj ntawm Kazakh SSR tau pom zoo xyoo 1945. Nyob rau hauv nws, cov lus ntawm Kayum Mukhamedkhanov, Abdilda Tazhibaev thiab Gabit Musrepov tau teem rau suab paj nruag los ntawm Mukan Tulebaev, Evgeny Brusilovsky thiab Latif Khamidi.
Kev txhim kho kev lag luam hauv tebchaws
Kazakh SSR thaum lub sijhawm xyoo ntawm Soviet lub zog tau mus txog tam sim no qhov tsis pom kev lag luam thiab qib kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam hauv tebchaws. Lub sijhawm ntawd, kev lag luam tau tsim kho, cov chaw tsim khoom thiab cov chaw tsim khoom tau tsim, cov av nkauj xwb tau nce siab, Baikonur cosmodrome tau tsim, lub peev ntawm Kazakh SSR, Alma-Ata, tab tom rov tsim kho. Tshwj xeebmetallurgy, mechanical engineering, thee mining kev lag luam tsim intensive.
Tab sis tsis txhob hnov qab txog lub sijhawm muaj kev tshaib kev nqhis, yuam kev sib sau ua ke, kev tsim txom ntawm lub teb chaws cov neeg txawj ntse, uas cov neeg Kazakhstan tau ntsib hauv 20s-30s ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem.
Kev ua txhaum ntawm Kazakh SSR
Cov txheej txheem kev ywj pheej uas tau pib hauv Soviet Union nyob rau ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo 80s tsis tuaj yeem tab sis cuam tshuam rau Kazakh SSR, uas cov kev xav centrifugal muaj zog. Xyoo 1986, thawj qhov kev tawm tsam tawm tsam tsoomfwv hauv USSR tau tuav hauv lub nroog Kazakhstan, Alma-Ata. Nws yog ib qho kev tawm tsam tawm tsam kev xaiv tsa los ntawm Moscow los ua Thawj Tus Thawj Tuav Haujlwm ntawm Pawg Sab Laj ntawm Kazakhstan ntawm ib tus neeg uas tsis tau nyob hauv tebchaws ua ntej. Lub zog tau raug txwv tsis pub siv cov tub rog.
Hauv xyoo 1989, Nursultan Nazarbayev, uas yav dhau los ua Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Pawg Thawj Kav Tebchaws, tau los ua Thawj Tus Tuav Ntaub Ntawv. Lub Plaub Hlis 24 ntawm xyoo tom ntej, Pawg Sab Laj tau xaiv nws tus thawj tswj hwm. Lub Kaum Hli 1990, Kev Tshaj Tawm Txog Lub Xeev Sovereignty ntawm Kazakhstan tau txais yuav. Tom qab lub yim hli ntuj coup, Nazarbayev tawm ntawm lub CPSU. Nyob rau lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1991, tag nrho kev ywj pheej ntawm lub koom pheej ntawm Kazakhstan tau tshaj tawm. Yog li Kazakh Soviet Socialist koom pheej tsis muaj nyob.
