Lavxias teb chaws chav locomotives: keeb kwm ntawm creation, theem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm chav locomotive tsev, keeb kwm tseeb thiab cov xwm txheej

Cov txheej txheem:

Lavxias teb chaws chav locomotives: keeb kwm ntawm creation, theem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm chav locomotive tsev, keeb kwm tseeb thiab cov xwm txheej
Lavxias teb chaws chav locomotives: keeb kwm ntawm creation, theem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm chav locomotive tsev, keeb kwm tseeb thiab cov xwm txheej
Anonim

Keeb kwm ntawm chav locomotives nyob rau hauv Russia yog nthuav thiab tshwj xeeb. Tom qab tag nrho, lawv tau los ua lub hauv paus ntawm kev thauj mus los ntawm kev tsheb ciav hlau, uas niaj hnub no txuas cov chaw nyob deb tshaj plaws ntawm lub tebchaws. Ntau tus lees tias qhov no yog ib qho amazing tshaj plaws uas tau tsim los ntawm tib neeg. Lub tshuab uas tswj tau ua ke huab cua, hluav taws, hlau thiab dej.

Forerunner ntawm chav locomotive

Tus thawj ntawm chav locomotives nyob rau hauv Russia yog lub ntxaib chav cav, uas yog thawj nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no invented los ntawm Ivan Ivanovich Polzunov. Xyoo 1763, nws tau tsim ib lub cav rau lub tshuab hluav taws xob, thiab xyoo tom qab, nws pib tsim lub tshuab nws tus kheej.

Txoj haujlwm txawm tias tau pom zoo los ntawm Empress ntawm Russia Catherine II, uas txhawb nqa lub siab zoo hauv tsev, nws pauv 400 rubles rau Polzunov.

Nyob rau xyoo 1766, tus neeg tsim khoom tuag thaum muaj hnub nyoog 38, tsuas yog ib lub lis piam ua ntej thawj qhov kev sim ntawm nws lub tshuab. Thaj, qhov nro loj heev uas nws tau ua haujlwm tsis ntev los no ua lub luag haujlwm tuag. Hmoov tsis zoo, nyob rau hauv Soviet lub sij hawm, txawm tias nws lub ntxa tau ploj,Yog li lub cim xeeb ntawm Polzunov tau xyaum tsis tau khaws cia.

thawj locomotive

Lavxias teb chaws chav locomotives tuaj ncaj qha los ntawm lub tshuab tsim los ntawm leej txiv thiab tus tub Cherepanovs - Efim Alekseevich thiab Miron Efimovich. Qhov no tshwm sim nyob rau hauv 1833, ib tug puv ob xyoos ua ntej nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees.

cov yam ntxwv ntawm locomotive
cov yam ntxwv ntawm locomotive

Ntxiv mus, thawj chav locomotives nyob rau hauv Russia tau ua tiav zoo heev uas lawv txawv ntawm lawv txawv teb chaws counterparts nyob rau hauv lawv cov thawj tsim kev daws teeb meem.

Lub tshuab tsim los ntawm Cherepanovs tuaj yeem nqa ntau tshaj peb tons ntawm cov khoom thauj, txav ntawm qhov nrawm ntawm li 16 km ib teev. Xyoo 1835, lawv tau tsim lub tshuab hluav taws xob thib ob, lub peev xwm nqa tau nce ntau zaus, mus txog 16.4 tons, thiab qhov ceev tseem nyob rau tib theem, uas yog qhov ua tiav loj.

Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas thawj chav locomotive nyob rau hauv Russia hu ua lo lus "steamboat", uas yog txawv kiag li rau peb. Qhov no yog li cas lub tshuab hluav taws xob yooj yim tshaj plaws tau piav qhia, uas siv nws lub zog.

Kev txiav txim txawv teb chaws

Lavxias teb sab Railways
Lavxias teb sab Railways

Xav tsis thoob li nws yuav zoo li, thawj lub tshuab hluav taws xob hauv Lavxias txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau, uas tau pib siv rau pej xeem siv, raug txiav txim tsis yog los ntawm Cherepanovs, tab sis los ntawm txawv teb chaws. Nws tshwm sim hauv 1838. Lawv pib khiav ntawm txoj kev St. Petersburg - Tsarskoye Selo.

Lub hauv paus rau kev loj hlob loj ntawm lub tsev ua haujlwm chav tsev yog kev tsim kho ntawm txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau ntawm Moscow thiab St. Nws tsuas yog pib xyoo 1843. Los ntawm txoj kev, rau nws cov tsheb twb tau tsimcov lag luam hauv tsev. Nyob rau hauv 1845, lawv tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub Hoobkas Aleksandrovsky.

Tam sim no los ntawm nruab nrab-60s ntawm lub xyoo pua XIX, keeb kwm ntawm chav locomotives nyob rau hauv Russia tau loj hlob sai. Qhov no tau txhawb nqa los ntawm kev tsim kho loj ntawm txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau tshiab, uas ua rau muaj kev nce ntxiv hauv qhov kev thov rau chav locomotives.

Txij li xyoo 1869, lub tshuab hluav taws xob tau pib tsim tawm ntawm cov nroj tsuag Kamsko-Votkinsky thiab Kolomensky, thiab ib xyoos tom qab ntawd ntawm M altsevsky thiab Nevsky. Txij li thaum xyoo 1892, ntau lub tshuab hluav taws xob tau tsim tawm ntawm Putilov, Kharkov, Bryansk, Lugansk, thiab Sormovo nroj tsuag.

Own txoj kev loj hlob

Domestic locomotive tsev
Domestic locomotive tsev

Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas kev tsim cov chav locomotives nyob rau hauv Russia tau tsim raws nws tus kheej txoj kev. Lub sijhawm dhau mus, txawm tias lub tsev kawm tshwj xeeb ntawm lub tsheb ciav hlau tau tsim.

Yog li, xyoo 1878 nws nyob ntawm Kolomna tsob nroj uas lub ntiaj teb thawj cov neeg caij tsheb kauj vab tau tshwm sim, uas muaj lub hauv ntej bogie. Nws muaj kev nyab xeeb dua. Txawv teb chaws, analogues ntawm xws li chav cav pib tsim tsuas yog tom qab 14 xyoo.

Xyoo 1891, nws yog nyob rau hauv Russia uas thawj chav locomotive nrog chav condensation tshwm sim. Thiab txij li thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, cov engineers hauv tsev tau siv superheaters txhua qhov chaw.

Tib lub sijhawm, cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm kev tsheb ciav hlau traction twb tau ua tiav hauv tebchaws Russia. Cov kws tshawb fawb hauv tsev tau hloov nws mus rau hauv kev tshawb fawb tiag tiag, uas ua rau nws tuaj yeem suav qhov ceev, huab hwm coj ntawm lub tsheb ciav hlau, lub sijhawm ntawm nws txoj kev txav mus los nrog qhov tseeb tshaj plaws, nrog rau teeb tsa qhov kev ncua deb nyob ntawm qhov xwm txheej.

Chav tsev thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th

Thawj chav locomotives nyob rau hauv Russia
Thawj chav locomotives nyob rau hauv Russia

Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, Russia thaum kawg tau tso nws tus kheej los ntawm kev cuam tshuam txawv teb chaws hauv thaj chaw ntawm lub tsev loj. Cov kws tshaj lij Lavxias tau tsim cov ntawv qub uas tau ntsib cov thev naus laus zis ntawm lawv lub sijhawm.

Los ntawm 1898 mus rau lub Kaum Hli Ntuj kiv puag ncig, ntau tshaj 16 txhiab chav locomotives tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws. Ntxiv mus, lub nkoj ntawm cov tshuab no muaj ntau haiv neeg. Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Ruaj Ntseg txawm qhia txog kev sib cais rau txoj kev ntiag tug thiab xeev.

Soviet keeb kwm

Nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm Russia thiab USSR chav locomotives nyob ib qho chaw tshwj xeeb. Nyob rau hauv Soviet kev lag luam, thawj lub tshuab nqus tsev vacuum pib tsim nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm 1920. Nws yog thaum ntawd 5-xyoo txoj kev npaj rau kev txhim kho thiab kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam locomotive tau saws.

Xyoo 1925, ib qho ntawm cov neeg caij tsheb zoo tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb thaum lub sijhawm ntawd tau tsim. Xyoo 1931, lub tshuab hluav taws xob muaj zog tshaj plaws hauv Tebchaws Europe tau tsim tawm ntawm txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau, txij li xyoo tom ntej lawv cov khoom loj tau pib ntawm Voroshilovgrad cog.

Qhov kev lag luam no kuj tsim tom qab kawg ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Loj Loj. Thaum kawg ntawm 40s, ob lub tsheb thauj khoom loj tau tsim nyob rau hauv USSR, thiab xyoo 1950 lub tsheb muaj zog, uas muaj kev ua tau zoo tshaj plaws.

Chav locomotive competitors

Keeb kwm ntawm chav locomotives nyob rau hauv Russia
Keeb kwm ntawm chav locomotives nyob rau hauv Russia

Lub sijhawm dhau mus, chav locomotives pib tawm los rau hluav taws xob thiab diesel locomotives ntawm lub zog thiab kev ua haujlwm. Tab sis tau ntau xyoo lawv dhau lawv nyob rau hauv unpretentiousness thiab amazing endurance.

Tshwj xeeb, lub tshuab hluav taws xob muaj peev xwm tiv taus ntau dhau ntawm 400%nrog rau nws cov peev xwm ntsuas. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws tuaj yeem ua kom sov los ntawm yuav luag txhua hom roj. Piv txwv li, nrog cov ntoo nyoos, thiab thaum Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob, nws txawm poob nrog cov kab qhuav.

Ntxiv rau, cov tshuab no tau pheej yig dua los kho dua li cov tshuab hluav taws xob thiab diesel, uas yog vim li cas lawv tsis tau tso tseg ntev li ntawd. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov roj roj thiab cov thee tau ntau zaus pheej yig dua thiab pheej yig dua li cov roj diesel thiab hluav taws xob. Qhov no tau ua lub luag haujlwm txiav txim siab nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb tias nws yog qhov chaw locomotives ua kom muaj kev ua haujlwm zoo ntawm txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau thaum lub sijhawm Tsov Rog Tsov Rog Loj.

Vim li ntawd, keeb kwm ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob muaj txog 130 xyoo. Txawm tias thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 21st, qhov kev txaus siab ntawm cov roj locomotives tseem muaj nyob.

Ntxim qab tshaj plaws chav locomotive

Keeb kwm ntawm chav locomotives
Keeb kwm ntawm chav locomotives

Muaj ntau qhov chaw tshwj xeeb hauv keeb kwm. Qhov teeb meem tsis muaj teeb meem feem ntau tau txiav txim siab, uas nyob rau xyoo 1912 tau muab OVs. Nws yooj yim npaum li ua tau los kho thiab tswj. Nws tau rhuab nrog roj roj, thee, peat, firewood.

Nyob rau xyoo 1930, lawv tau pauv mus rau txoj kev loj thib ob, thiab tom qab ntawd lawv tau siv feem ntau hauv kev thauj mus los. Cov qauv no tau ua haujlwm txog thaum nruab nrab-50s.

Lub tshuab loj tshaj plaws hauv keeb kwm ntawm kev siv lub tshuab hluav taws xob yog E-chav kawm. Thawj cov tshuab ntawm hom no tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 1912, lawv tau ua tiav thiab txhim kho kom txog rau thaum xyoo 1957. Cov pejxeem hu ua “Eshaks”

Cov locomotive no ua haujlwm ntawm kev thauj khoom thiab cov neeg caij tsheb. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, kwv yees li 11 txhiab lub tshuab tau tsim. Tam sim no cov locomotives tseem nyob xwbnyob rau hauv tsev cia puav pheej, tab sis lawv tuaj yeem pom hauv ntau cov yeeb yaj kiab hauv tsev. Piv txwv li, hauv "The Elusive Avengers" lossis "Admiral".

Lub tsheb loj tshaj plaws yog P-38. Nws qhov kev pabcuam hnyav yog ntau npaum li 383 tons. Qhov no yog qhov ntev ntawm 38 meters. Vim qhov kev ncua ib ntus ntawm kev tsim cov chav locomotives nyob rau hauv Russia, lub series tau dhau los ua kev txwv. Yog li ntawd, tsuas yog plaub lub tsheb thauj khoom tau tsim. Qhov no tshwm sim nyob rau nruab nrab xyoo 1950. Lawv tseem nyob hauv keeb kwm raws li qhov hnyav tshaj plaws, thiab yog li ntawd, ib qho ntawm cov muaj zog tshaj plaws.

Ib chav locomotive yog ib qho kev tsim tawm uas kev tshawb fawb hauv tsev tuaj yeem txaus siab rau.

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