Mach tus lej txhais tau ntau dua li qhov koj xav

Cov txheej txheem:

Mach tus lej txhais tau ntau dua li qhov koj xav
Mach tus lej txhais tau ntau dua li qhov koj xav
Anonim

Koj puas tau xav ua tus tsav? Paub tias lub hom phiaj tsis muaj txoj kev npaj tsuas yog kev ntshaw (cov lus ntawm cov classic Antoine de Saint-Exupery). Nws tsim nyog sau cia tias nws tsis yog tus kws sau ntawv nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj yog tus kws tsav dav hlau.

Mach naj npawb
Mach naj npawb

Txhua tus neeg cuam tshuam nrog lub ntuj tau kawm hauv aerodynamics. Qhov no yog kev tshawb fawb ntawm kev txav ntawm huab cua (gas), uas tseem kawm txog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm qhov nruab nrab ntawm cov khoom siv streamlined. Ib qho ntawm cov seem ntawm aerodynamics yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev ya davhlau ntawm supersonic aircraft. Thiab ntawm no tus menyuam kawm ntawv yuav pom tsab ntawv M nyob rau hauv tag nrho nws lub yeeb koob, nws txhais li cas?

Qhia luv luv

Latin tsab ntawv M hauv phau ntawv kawm ntawm aerodynamics tsis muaj dab tsi tab sis tus lej Mach. Nws qhia txog qhov sib piv ntawm qhov khiav nrawm nyob ib ncig ntawm ib qho khoom (piv txwv li, lub dav hlau) rau lub zos ceev ntawm lub suab. Nws tshuav nws lub npe hauv aviation ua haujlwm rau Austrian tus kws tshawb fawb Ernst Mach. Hauv cov lus tshawb fawb nws zoo li qhov no:

M=v / a

Ntawm no, v yog qhov nrawm ntawm qhov ntws los, a yog qhov nrawm ntawm lub suab. Nws yog ib nqi sau cia hais tias txawv teb chaws qhov chaw siv qhov ceev ntawm cov khoom, nyob rau hauv sib piv rau domestic ntaub ntawv. Ib tug neeg uas tsis ntsib nrog qhov no hauv kev ua haujlwm tshaj lij, feem ntau yuav muaj ob lo lus nug. Lub zos ceev ntawm lub suab yog dab tsi? Vim li cas peb thiaj xav tau tus lej Mach?

Nyob rau lub nkoj

lo lus suab txhais li cas? Ua ntej tshaj plaws, nws yog nthwv dej. Tom qab tag nrho, lub suab nrov tsim kev cuam tshuam hauv ib puag ncig, uas tau xa mus rau huab cua molecules, thiab lwm yam hauv cov saw hlau. Yog li ntawd, nrog kev nce siab, qhov chaw huab cua tsis tshua muaj, lub suab nthwv dej yuav nthuav tawm ntawm qhov qis dua. Raws li, nws yog lub zos ceev ntawm lub suab uas yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub Mach naj npawb mis. Tag nrho cov txiaj ntsig rau qhov siab tshwj xeeb twb tau suav (cov lus tshwj xeeb) - koj tsuas yog yuav tsum tau hloov pauv. Qhov kev tshaj tawm uas yuav los tom ntej yog ntsuas los ntawm kev siv cua siab txais (APS), uas tau teeb tsa rau txhua lub dav hlau. Tam sim no peb muaj tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv, uas txhais tau tias peb tuaj yeem xam tus lej Mach yooj yim. Ib lo lus nug ncaj ncees tshwm sim: "Vim li cas ho tsis siv lub davhlau ceev?". Tsis txhob hnov qab, koj ya siab M tus lej.

Mach naj npawb
Mach naj npawb

Peb, ob, ib - cia mus

Mach tus lej hauv aviation (thiab tsis yog xwb) ua lub luag haujlwm loj. Yuav luag tag nrho cov pej xeem, tub rog thiab chaw shuttle pilots tsis tuaj yeem ua yam tsis muaj nws. Qhov kev ntsuas no tseem ceeb heev!

Thaum lub dav hlau txav mus rau hauv qhov chaw, cov huab cua molecules nyob ib puag ncig nws pib "thaum". Yog hais tias lub dav hlau ceev yog tsawg (M<1, ~ 400 km / h, subsonic aircraft), ces lub ambient ntom.ib puag ncig tseem nyob tas li. Tab sis, raws li lub zog kinetic nce, ib feem ntawm nws yog siv rau compressing airspace nyob ib ncig ntawm lub dav hlau. Cov nyhuv compression no nyob ntawm lub zog uas lub dav hlau ua rau huab cua molecules. Lub airspeed siab dua, huab cua ntau compressed.

Ntawm transonic ceev (~1190 km / h), me me perturbations yog kis mus rau lwm cov molecules nyob ib ncig ntawm lub dav hlau (yooj yim xav txog lub tis nto), thiab nyob rau hauv ib lub sij hawm zoo, thaum lub sij hawm ntawm ib co taw tes qhov ceev ntawm qhov yuav los. ntws sib piv nrog lub suab nrawm hauv zos (M=1, uas yog qhov ntws, lub dav hlau tuaj yeem ya ntawm qhov qis dua), qhov kev poob siab tshwm sim. Yog li ntawd, qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov tsim ntawm cov neeg tua rog yog qhov pom tseeb: lawv cov tis, tus Tsov tus tw thiab lub fuselage, piv rau cov dav hlau subsonic.

tseem ceeb heev naj npawb
tseem ceeb heev naj npawb

Nyob rau hauv dav hlau ya nrog M<1, tab sis nyob rau hauv high speeds (hnub no cov neeg nrog caij liners), qhov teeb meem no kuj tshwm sim, tsuas yog hloov mus rau transonic ceev yuav ua rau ib tug muaj zog shock yoj, ib tug tseem ceeb nce nyob rau hauv lub luag hauj lwm, ib tug txo nyob rau hauv lub transonic ceev. nqa, poob tswj thiab poob ntxiv.

Rau cov dav hlau no, cov ntaub ntawv ua haujlwm davhlau (AFM rau hauv tsev, FCOM rau txawv teb chaws) qhia tus lej Mach tseem ceeb. Qhov no yog tus nqi qis tshaj ntawm M ntawm qhov uas qhov ntws los hauv ib feem ntawm lub dav hlau yuav ncav cuag lub suab nrawm (Mcr). Nov yog tag nrho qhov zais cia!

Los ntawm txoj kev, cov neeg caij dav hlau zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Soviet Union tau mus nrawm duaniaj hnub. Tsis txhob ntseeg kuv?

Mach tus lej hauv aviation
Mach tus lej hauv aviation

New is long forgets old

Cov laus sai dua cov hluas! Thiab nws tsis yog lus dag. Ib lub dav hlau qub uas tsis nco qab los ntawm txhua tus yog ib zaug ua tus chij ntawm USSR aviation. Nws lub npe yog TU-144. Nws yog (thiab tseem yog) lub ntiaj teb thawj kev lag luam supersonic neeg nrog caij dav hlau, nrog rau qhov siab tshaj plaws txog li 2,500 km / h. Txawm hais tias lub davhlau ua haujlwm ntawm Tu-144 luv luv, nws txoj hmoo tau txuas nrog tus lej M.

Lub dav hlau zoo sib xws thib ob yog British-Fabkis Concorde. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas lawv tau ua thawj lub davhlau nrog qhov sib txawv ntawm ob lub hlis xwb. Kev paub zoo ntawm aerodynamics yuav pab cov neeg caij tsheb lag luam tsis nco qab txog kev ya davhlau ntev thoob plaws Atlantic. Thiab kev ya dav hlau thiab dav hlau yuav txuas ntxiv txhawb tib neeg mus rau qhov kev tshawb pom tshiab.

Pom zoo: