Xwm tso cai rau tus neeg kom txaus siab rau cov txiaj ntsig uas muaj nyob hauv nws. Tib lub sijhawm, tib neeg sim ua kom cov kev nplua nuj no nce ntxiv, tsim ib yam tshiab thiab kawm txog qhov tsis paub. Cov kab mob yog cov tsiaj me tshaj plaws ntawm cov tsiaj, uas tib neeg tau kawm los siv rau lawv tus kheej lub hom phiaj.
Tab sis tsis yog tsuas yog kev puas tsuaj cuam tshuam nrog cov txheej txheem pathogenic thiab kab mob yog nqa los ntawm cov kab mob prokaryotic. Lawv kuj yog lub hauv paus ntawm cov txheej txheem kev lag luam tseem ceeb uas tau siv los ntawm tib neeg txij thaum ub - fermentation. Hauv tsab xov xwm no, peb yuav txiav txim siab seb cov txheej txheem no yog dab tsi thiab yuav ua li cas lactic acid fermentation ntawm cov tshuaj tau ua tshwj xeeb.
Keeb kwm ntawm qhov tshwm sim thiab kev siv fermentation
Thawj zaug hais tias cov txheej txheem fermentation tau siv los ntawm tib neeg kom tau txais qee yam khoom tshwm sim thaum ntxov li 5000 BC. Thaum ntawd cov Npanpiloo siv txoj kev no kom tau cov khoom xws li:
- cheese;
- wine;
- curdled mis nyuj thiab lwm yamkhoom noj siv mis.
Tom qab ntawd, cov zaub mov zoo sib xws pib tau txais hauv Egypt, Tuam Tshoj, Sudan, Mexico thiab lwm lub xeev qub. Lawv pib ci ncuav ci, ferment zaub qoob loo, thiab thawj zaug ntawm cov kaus poom tau tshwm sim.
Cov txheej txheem ntawm lactic acid fermentation tau siv los ntawm tib neeg rau ntau txhiab xyoo. Cheese, kefirs, yogurts yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov pluas noj txhua lub sijhawm. Txhua tus kws kho mob thiab kws kho mob paub txog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov khoom no. Txawm li cas los xij, vim li cas vim li cas qhov kev hloov pauv no tseem tuaj yeem tsis paub ntev ntev.
Qhov tseeb tias fermentation tej yam kev mob yuav tsum muaj cov kab mob, tib neeg tsis tuaj yeem xav txog. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th, Van Helmont tau thov kom qhia lub sij hawm "fermentation" rau cov txheej txheem ua noj ua haus uas yog nrog los ntawm kev tso tawm roj. Tom qab tag nrho, hauv kev txhais lus, lo lus no txhais tau tias "boiling." Txawm li cas los xij, tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 19th, uas yog, yuav luag ob puas xyoo tom qab, Fabkis microbiologist, chemist thiab physicist Louis Pasteur nrhiav tau lub hav zoov ntawm microbes, kab mob mus rau lub ntiaj teb no.
Nws tau dhau los paub tias ntau hom fermentation yuav tsum muaj ntau hom kab mob hauv qhov muag pom. Lawv txoj kev tshawb fawb tau ua rau nws ua tau, dhau sijhawm, los tswj cov fermentation thiab coj nws mus rau qhov raug rau tus neeg.
Lub ntsiab ntawm cov txheej txheem fermentation
Yog tias peb tham txog dab tsi cov txheej txheem fermentation yog dab tsi, ces peb yuav tsum taw qhia nws cov biochemical xwm. Tom qab tag nrho, ntawm nws lub hauv paus, qhov no tsuas yog cov haujlwm ntawm cov kab mob uas rho tawm lub zog rau lawv tus kheej rau lub neej, thaum tsim ntau yam.by-products.
Feem ntau, fermentation tuaj yeem piav qhia hauv ib lo lus - oxidation. Anaerobic decomposition ntawm ib yam khoom nyob rau hauv lub cawv ntawm tej yam kab mob, uas ua rau tsim ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov khoom. Yam khoom twg yog lub hauv paus, nrog rau qhov yuav tshwm sim, yog txiav txim siab los ntawm hom txheej txheem nws tus kheej. Muaj ntau ntau txoj kev xaiv fermentation, yog li muaj kev faib tawm rau cov kev hloov pauv no.
Kev faib tawm
Muaj peb hom fermentation.
- Cawv. Nws muaj nyob rau hauv oxidation ntawm thawj carbohydrate molecule rau ethyl cawv, carbon dioxide, dej thiab ib tug ATP molecule (lub zog qhov chaw). Cov kev hloov pauv no tau ua raws li kev ua ntawm tsis tsuas yog cov kab mob, tab sis kuj fungi ntawm ntau hom thiab hom. Nws yog nyob rau hauv no txoj kev uas cov khoom xws li npias, wine, ci poov xab, thiab cawv tau txais txij thaum ancient sij hawm. Lub zog uas tso tawm thaum lub sij hawm decomposition ntawm carbohydrates yog siv los xyuas kom meej cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb ntawm cov kab mob. Qhov no yog lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cov txheej txheem.
- Lactic acid fermentation yog oxidation ntawm carbohydrates rau lactic acid nrog kev tso tawm ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm by-products. Yuav ua li cas nws tau ua thiab hom twg nws tshwm sim, peb yuav xav txog ntau yam ntxiv.
- YButyric acid. Hom fermentation no yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm lub ntuj tsim. Nws yog ua los ntawm kev ua haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov kab mob butyric acid uas nyob hauv cov xwm txheej anaerobic hauv qab ntawm swamps, dej av, thiab lwm yam. Ua tsaug rau lawv cov haujlwm hauv qhov xwm txheej, ntau cov khoom siv organic ua tiav. Cov khoom yog ntau yam khoom, lub ntsiab ntawm cov uasbutyric acid. Tsis tas li ntawd tso tawm: acetone, isopropyl cawv, carbon dioxide, acetic acid, lactic acid, ethyl cawv thiab lwm yam tebchaw.
Txhua hom kev xaiv yog qhov tseem ceeb ob qho tib si ntuj thiab kev lag luam. Cov hom kab mob uas ua tiav cov kev hloov pauv no tau kawm zoo niaj hnub no, thiab ntau ntawm lawv tau cog qoob loo kom tau txais txiaj ntsig loj ntawm cov khoom.
Lactic acid fermentation: ib lub tswv yim dav
hom fermentation no tau paub txij thaum ancient sij hawm. Txawm tias ua ntej peb lub sijhawm, cov neeg nyob hauv Ancient tim lyiv teb chaws thiab lwm lub xeev paub yuav ua li cas ua cheese, brew npias thiab cawv, ci qhob cij, ferment zaub thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo.
Hnub no, cov kab lis kev cai tshwj xeeb pib siv rau cov khoom siv mis nyuj fermented, hom kab mob tsim nyog tau cog qoob loo. Cov txheej txheem tau hloov kho tshiab thiab coj mus rau automatism, nqa tawm nrog kev pab los ntawm cov khoom tiav. Muaj ntau lub tuam txhab uas ncaj qha tsim cov lactic acid fermentation.
Lub ntsiab lus ntawm tag nrho cov txheej txheem tuaj yeem suav nrog ntau nqe lus.
- Y A carbohydrate yog noj raws li cov khoom tseem ceeb - yooj yim (fructose, qabzib, pentoses) lossis complex (sucrose, starch, glycogen thiab lwm yam).
- Anaerobic mob raug tsim.
- Cov kab mob lactic acid ntawm qee hom tau ntxiv rau cov khoom lag luam.
- Txhua yam tseem ceeb sab nraud yog muab los ua kom zoo rau cov khoom xav tau: teeb pom kev zoo, qhov kub thiab txias, muaj qee yam ntxivCheebtsam, siab.
- Tom qab cov txheej txheem fermentation tiav, cov khoom raug ua tiav thiab tag nrho cov khoom sib txuas raug cais tawm.
Tau kawg, qhov no tsuas yog piav qhia dav dav ntawm qhov tshwm sim. Qhov tseeb, nyob rau hauv txhua theem muaj ntau ntau cov tshuaj biochemical, vim hais tias cov txheej txheem ntawm lactic acid fermentation yog tshwm sim los ntawm lub luag hauj lwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov tsiaj nyob.
Basic ntawm cov txheej txheem lactic acid fermentation
Los ntawm kev pom tshuaj lom neeg, cov kev hloov pauv no yog cov theem ua tiav.
- Ua ntej, muaj kev hloov pauv hauv thawj substrate, uas yog, cov saw hlau ntawm cov khoom (carbohydrate) hloov. Qhov no ua rau cov tsos ntawm cov sib txuas nruab nrab ntawm qhov sib txawv kiag li, teej tug mus rau cov chav kawm sib txawv. Piv txwv li, yog tias thawj lub substrate yog qabzib, ces nws rov qab mus rau hauv gluconic acid.
- Oxidation-txo cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, nrog rau kev tso tawm cov pa roj, tsim cov khoom lag luam. Lub ntsiab chav nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov txheej txheem yog lactic acid. Nws yog nws leej twg yog tsim thiab accumulates thaum fermentation. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsis yog kev sib txuas nkaus xwb. Yog li, muaj kev tsim cov molecules ntawm acetic acid, ethyl cawv, carbon dioxide, dej, thiab qee zaum lwm yam nrog.
- Lub zog tawm los ntawm cov txheej txheem hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov molecules ntawm adenosine triphosphoric acid (ATP). Muaj 2 ATP molecules ib molecule ntawm qabzib, tab sis yog hais tias tus thawj substrate yog ib tug complex qauv, piv txwv li cellulose, ces muaj peb ATP molecules. Lub zog no yog siv los ntawm cov kab mob lactic acid rau lub neej ntxiv.
Nws yog ntujYog hais tias ib tug nkag siab txog biochemical transformations nyob rau hauv kom meej, ces tag nrho cov nruab nrab molecules thiab complexes yuav tsum tau qhia. Xws li:
- Ypyruvic acid;
- adenosine diphosphate;
- molecules ntawm nicotinamine diphosphate ua cov cab kuj ntawm hydrogen thiab lwm yam.
Txawm li cas los xij, qhov teeb meem no tsim nyog tshwj xeeb thiab yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab los ntawm qhov pom ntawm biochemistry, yog li peb yuav tsis kov nws hauv kab lus no. Cia wb mus saib seb dab tsi yog lub tshuab rau kev tsim cov khoom lactic acid thiab hom fermentation hauv nqe lus nug muaj nyob.
Homofermentative lactic acid fermentation cuam tshuam nrog kev siv cov ntaub ntawv tshwj xeeb ntawm cov kab mob thiab txawv ntawm heterofermentative hauv cov khoom tsim tawm thiab lawv qhov ntau. Nws tshwm sim raws txoj hauv kev glycolytic hauv lub cell ntawm cov kab mob. Cov kab hauv qab yog, zoo li feem ntau nrog kev fermentation, kev hloov pauv ntawm carbohydrates rau hauv lactic acid. Lub ntsiab kom zoo dua ntawm cov txheej txheem no yog tias cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov khoom xav tau yog 90%. Thiab tsuas yog tus so mus rau sab compounds.
Cov kab mob fermentation ntawm hom kab hauv qab no:
- YStreptococcus lactis.
- YLactobacillus casei.
- Lactobacillus acidophilus thiab lwm yam.
Lwm yam tshuaj dab tsi yog tsim los ntawm homofermentative fermentation? Cov no yog kev sib txuas xws li:
- ethyl cawv;
- volatile acids;
- carbon dioxide;
- fumaric thiab succinic acid.
Txawm li cas los xij, txoj kev tau txais cov kua mis fermented no yog siv tsis tau hauv kev lag luam. Nws yog khaws cia nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej raws li thawj theem ntawm glycolysis, nws kuj tshwm sim nyob rau hauv mammalian cov leeg hlwb thaum lub sij hawm nws exertion.
Lub thev naus laus zis rau kev tsim cov khoom tsim nyog rau tib neeg noj zaub mov suav nrog kev siv cov carbohydrates thawj zaug xws li:
- glucose;
- sucrose;
- fructose;
- mannose;
- starch thiab lwm yam.
Thiab cov kab mob homofermentative tsis tuaj yeem oxidize ntau ntawm cov tebchaw, yog li lawv siv los ua cov kab lis kev cai pib hauv kev tsim khoom.
Heterofermentative lactic acid fermentation
Txoj kev no yog qhov tseeb ntawm kev lag luam, ua tsaug uas cov khoom lag luam fermented yog nqa tawm, zaub tau khaws cia, thiab silage pub rau cov tsiaj txhu tau sau.
Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm qhov tau piav qhia ua ntej yog cov kab mob ua rau cov kab mob lactic acid fermentation nrog kev tsim cov khoom lag luam ntau dua. Tsuas yog 50% ntawm cov suab thaj ua tiav los ntawm cov kab mob mus rau hauv lactic acid, tus so mus rau kev tsim cov molecules xws li:
- acetic acid;
- glycerin;
- carbon dioxide;
- ethyl cawv thiab lwm yam.
nws zoo dua thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo li cas ntawm kev tsim 90% ntshiab lactic acid nrog homofermentative txoj kev? Qhov khoom yog tias thaum cov khoom tseem ceeb raug tsimntau dhau lawm, ces cov haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm ntau cov kab mob yog inhibited kiag li. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov khoom lag luam poob ntau qhov saj zoo uas lawv tau txais vim yog cov khoom sib txuas. Yog li, piv txwv li, lub qab ntxiag aroma ntawm cov kaus poom zaub yog muab los ntawm acetic acid thiab isoamyl cawv. Yog tias tsis muaj cov tshuaj no, ces qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev txuag yuav txawv kiag li.
Kev tawm los ntawm lactic acid ntawm 50% yog qhov txaus los cuam tshuam txoj kev loj hlob thiab kev ua haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm tag nrho cov kab mob fungal thiab kab mob hauv lub cev. Vim tias txawm tias 1-2% ua rau muaj zog acidification ntawm ib puag ncig uas tsis muaj lwm yam kab mob tuaj yeem tshwm sim, tsuas yog cov kab mob lactic acid. Tag nrho cov txheej txheem yog ua raws txoj kev pentose phosphate.
Cov xwm txheej fermentation rau cov txheej txheem heterofermentative yuav tsum yog raws li hauv qab no:
- zoo thiab tshiab pib ntxiv rau theem pib;
- zoo sab nraud uas raug xaiv rau txhua yam khoom ib tus zuj zus;
- khoom siv zoo thiab ua haujlwm zoo;
- txhua yam khoom siv tsim nyog rau cov txheej txheem.
Ntawm cov xwm txheej sab nraud, txheej txheem kub yog qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb. Nws yuav tsum tsis txhob siab dhau, tab sis qhov txias yuav ua rau qeeb tag nrho cov chav kawm ntawm fermentation.
Hnub no muaj lub tank tshwj xeeb fermentation uas cia li tsim txhua yam tsim nyog rau kev ua haujlwm zoo thiab zoo ntawm cov kab mob.
khoom siv yuav tsum
Raws li peb tau sau tseg saum toj no, ntawm cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb tshaj plawsyuav tsum tau sau tseg muaj peev xwm rau fermentation. Yog tias peb tham txog cov txheej txheem hauv tsev, ces koj yuav tsum tau them sai sai rau kev huv ntawm cov tais diav uas siv thaum lub sij hawm kev txuag, kev tsim cov yogurt thiab lwm yam khoom. Ib txoj hauv kev los txo cov naj npawb ntawm cov kab mob uas tsis muaj sia nyob yog kom tsis muaj menyuam cov thawv ua ntej siv.
Yuav ua li cas cov tais diav twg tsim nyog rau heterofermentative fermentation? Nws tuaj yeem yog iav lossis yas zoo (polypropylene, polyethylene) lub thawv uas tuaj yeem kaw nruj nrog lub hau.
Kev lag luam siv cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb rau kev tua kab mob thiab ntxuav cov ntim ua ntej pib txheej txheem fermentation.
Cov kab mob siv hauv cov txheej txheem
Yog peb tham txog kab mob kab mob uas siv los tsim cov kaus poom thiab fermented mis nyuj, ces peb tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas ntau hom kab mob ntau tshaj plaws.
- Acidophilic bulgarian stick.
- Lactobacillus hom Sporolactobacillus inulinus.
- Bifidobacteria.
- Leukostocks.
- YLactic acid cocci.
- Lactobacillus hom L. Casei.
- Cov kab mob ntawm genus Streptococcus thiab lwm yam.
Raws li kev sib xyaw ua ke thiab cov kab lis kev cai ntshiab ntawm cov kab mob uas tau teev tseg, cov kab lis kev cai pib rau cov khoom noj mis nyuj fermented yog tsim. Lawv nyob hauv pej xeem sau, leej twg tuaj yeem yuav lawv. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog saib xyuas cov xwm txheej ntawm cov txheej txheem fermentation kom tau txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm qhov tshwm simkhoom.
Cov khoom lag luam twg tau txais los ntawm qhov fermentation no?
Yog tias peb tham txog yam khoom fermentation tuaj yeem tau txais nrog kev pab ntawm lactobacilli, ces peb tuaj yeem sau npe rau ntau pawg.
- Cov khoom fermented mis nyuj (fermented ci mis nyuj, yogurts, varenets, kefir, tsev cheese, qaub cream, butter, acidophilus khoom thiab lwm yam).
- Silo-type feed for farm animal.
- Lactic acid, uas yog siv rau hauv kev tsim cov dej qab zib, hnav cov tawv nqaij thiab lwm yam.
- Baking, cheese production.
- Cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab zaub.
Txhua yam no ua pov thawj qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qee hom kab mob hauv tib neeg lub neej, lawv cov haujlwm ua haujlwm.
