Cov Khoom Siv Kev Tshawb Fawb thiab Tshuab yog ib qho kev qhuab qhia tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau yuav luag txhua tus tub ntxhais kawm kawm engineering engineering. Kev tsim cov kev tsim kho tshiab uas tuaj yeem sib tw hauv kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb yog tsis yooj yim sua kom xav txog thiab siv yam tsis muaj kev paub zoo txog cov ncauj lus no.
Kawm ntau yam ntawm ntau yam khoom siv raw thiab lawv cov khoom yog cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb. Ntau yam khoom ntawm cov ntaub ntawv siv predetermine ntau yam ntawm lawv daim ntawv thov nyob rau hauv engineering. Cov qauv sab hauv ntawm cov hlau lossis cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke ncaj qha cuam tshuam rau cov khoom zoo.
Basic nta
Cov Khoom Siv Science thiab Cov Khoom Siv Hluav Taws Xob Tshuab qhia txog plaub yam tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov hlau lossis hlau. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, cov no yog lub cev thiab txhua yam nta uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm los kwv yees cov kev ua hauj lwm thiab technology zoo ntawm ib tug yav tom ntej cov khoom. Lub ntsiab mechanical khoomntawm no yog lub zog - nws ncaj qha cuam tshuam rau indestructibility ntawm cov khoom tiav nyob rau hauv tus ntawm kev ua hauj lwm loads. Cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm kev puas tsuaj thiab lub zog yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov chav kawm "cov ntaub ntawv science thiab technology". Qhov kev tshawb fawb no tsim cov theoretical hauv paus rau kev nrhiav cov qauv hlau zoo thiab cov khoom siv rau kev tsim cov khoom nrog cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub zog xav tau. Cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis thiab kev ua haujlwm ua rau nws muaj peev xwm kwv yees tus cwj pwm ntawm cov khoom tiav hauv kev ua haujlwm thiab kev thauj khoom hnyav, suav cov kev txwv lub zog, thiab ntsuas qhov ua tau ntev ntawm tag nrho cov txheej txheem.
Main Materials
Lub sijhawm dhau los, cov hlau tau ua cov khoom tseem ceeb rau kev tsim cov tshuab thiab cov tshuab. Yog li ntawd, kev qhuab qhia "khoom siv science" them nyiaj zoo rau kev tshawb fawb hlau - kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov hlau thiab lawv cov alloys. Ib qho txiaj ntsig zoo rau nws txoj kev loj hlob tau ua los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb Soviet: Anosov P. P., Kurnakov N. S., Chernov D. K. thiab lwm tus.
Materials Science Goals
Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb yuav tsum tau kawm los ntawm cov engineers yav tom ntej. Tom qab tag nrho, lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm kev suav nrog qhov kev qhuab qhia no hauv cov ntaub ntawv kawm yog qhia cov tub ntxhais kawm engineering kom xaiv cov khoom tsim nyog rau cov khoom lag luam txhawm rau txhawm rau txuas lawv lub neej kev pab cuam.
Ua tiav lub hom phiaj no yuav pab cov engineers yav tom ntej daws cov teeb meem hauv qab no:
- Kho kom raug ntsuas cov khoom ntawm cov khoom siv los ntawm kev txheeb xyuas cov xwm txheej tsim khoomkhoom thiab nws lub neej muaj txiaj ntsig.
- Kom muaj cov tswv yim tshawb fawb zoo txog qhov muaj peev xwm tiag tiag ntawm kev txhim kho cov khoom ntawm cov hlau lossis hlau los ntawm kev hloov nws cov qauv.
- paub txog txhua txoj hauv kev los ua cov khoom siv tawv tawv uas tuaj yeem ua kom lub zog thiab ua haujlwm ntawm cov cuab yeej thiab cov khoom.
- Muaj kev paub txog cov pab pawg tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv siv, cov khoom ntawm cov pab pawg no thiab cov peev txheej.
xov xwm tseem ceeb
Hu kawm "Cov Khoom Siv Science thiab Technology ntawm Cov Khoom Siv Hluav Taws Xob" yog npaj rau cov menyuam kawm ntawv uas twb nkag siab thiab tuaj yeem piav qhia lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov yam ntxwv xws li kev ntxhov siab, thauj khoom, yas thiab elastic deformation, lub xeev ntawm kev sib sau ntawm cov teeb meem, atomic- siv lead ua qauv ntawm cov hlau, hom tshuaj bonds, yooj yim lub cev ntawm cov hlau. Hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev kawm, cov tub ntxhais kawm tau txais kev cob qhia yooj yim, uas yuav muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau lawv kom kov yeej cov kev qhuab qhia profile. Cov kev kawm qib siab ntxiv suav nrog ntau cov txheej txheem tsim khoom thiab thev naus laus zis, uas cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb.
Leej twg ua haujlwm?
Kev paub txog tus qauv tsim thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov hlau thiab cov hlau yuav muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau tus kws tshaj lij, kws ua haujlwm lossis tus tsim qauv ua haujlwm hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov tshuab niaj hnub thiab cov tshuab. Cov kws tshaj lij hauv cov khoom siv thev naus laus zis tshiab tuaj yeem nrhiav lawv qhov chaw ua haujlwm hauv engineering, automotive, aviation,lub zog thiab chaw lag luam. Tsis ntev los no, tau muaj kev tsis txaus ntawm cov kws tshaj lij nrog daim ntawv pov thawj hauv cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis hauv kev lag luam tiv thaiv thiab hauv kev txhim kho kev sib txuas lus.
Kev txhim kho cov ntaub ntawv science
Raws li kev qhuab qhia cais, cov ntaub ntawv kev tshawb fawb yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm kev siv txuj ci uas piav qhia txog kev muaj pes tsawg leeg, qauv thiab cov khoom ntawm ntau yam hlau thiab lawv cov alloys nyob rau hauv ntau yam kev mob.
Lub peev xwm los rho tawm cov hlau thiab ua ntau yam alloys tau txais los ntawm ib tus neeg thaum lub sij hawm decomposition ntawm cov txheej txheem qub qub. Tab sis raws li kev tshawb fawb cais, cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb thiab cov khoom siv thev naus laus zis tau pib kawm me ntsis dhau 200 xyoo dhau los. Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th yog lub sijhawm ntawm kev tshawb pom los ntawm Fab Kis tus kws sau keeb kwm Réaumur, uas yog thawj zaug sim kawm cov qauv sab hauv ntawm cov hlau. Cov kev tshawb fawb zoo sib xws tau ua los ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom Askiv Grignon, uas nyob rau xyoo 1775 tau sau ib daim ntawv qhia luv luv ntawm cov qauv columnar nws pom, uas yog tsim thaum lub sij hawm solidification ntawm hlau.
Nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws, thawj scientific ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv metallurgy teb yog nyob rau hauv M. V. Lomonosov, uas nyob rau hauv nws phau ntawv tau sim piav luv luv lub ntsiab ntawm ntau yam metallurgical txheej txheem.
Kev tshawb fawb hlau tau ua rau muaj kev vam meej nyob rau thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, thaum txoj kev tshiab rau kev kawm ntau yam ntaub ntawv tau tsim. Nyob rau hauv 1831, P. P. Anosov tej hauj lwm qhia tau hais tias muaj peev xwm mus soj ntsuam cov hlau nyob rau hauv ib tug microscope. Tom qab ntawd, ntau tus kws tshawb fawb los ntawm ntau lub teb chaws tau ua pov thawjCov qauv kev hloov pauv hauv cov hlau thaum lawv txias tas li.
Ib puas xyoo tom qab, lub sijhawm ntawm optical microscopes tau tso tseg. Kev siv tshuab ntawm cov khoom siv tsis tuaj yeem tsim cov kev tshawb pom tshiab uas siv cov txheej txheem dhau los. Optics tau hloov los ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Kev tshawb fawb hlau pib mus rau kev siv hluav taws xob ntawm kev soj ntsuam, tshwj xeeb, neutron diffraction thiab electron diffraction. Nrog kev pab los ntawm cov thev naus laus zis tshiab no, nws muaj peev xwm ua kom cov ntu ntawm cov hlau thiab cov alloys nce mus txog 1000 zaug, uas txhais tau hais tias muaj ntau lub hauv paus rau kev tshawb fawb xaus.
Cov ntaub ntawv theoretical txog cov qauv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv
Nyob hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev kawm kev qhuab qhia, cov tub ntxhais kawm tau txais kev paub txog kev paub txog cov qauv sab hauv ntawm cov hlau thiab alloys. Thaum kawg ntawm chav kawm, cov tub ntxhais kawm yuav tsum tau txais cov txuj ci thiab peev xwm hauv qab no:
- hais txog cov qauv siv lead ua sab hauv ntawm cov hlau;
- txog anisotropy thiab isotropy. Dab tsi ua rau cov khoom no, thiab lawv tuaj yeem cuam tshuam li cas;
- txog ntau yam tsis xws luag hauv cov qauv ntawm cov hlau thiab alloys;
- txog txoj hauv kev ntawm kev kawm cov qauv sab hauv ntawm cov khoom.
Kev tshawb fawb hauv kev qhuab qhia ntawm cov ntaub ntawv science
Department of material science muaj nyob rau hauv txhua lub tsev kawm txuj ci. Thaum lub sijhawm kawm ntawm ib chav kawm, cov tub ntxhais kawm kawm txog cov hauv qab no thiab cov thev naus laus zis:
Fundamentals of metallurgy - keeb kwm thiab niaj hnub txoj kev tsim cov hlau alloys. Kev tsim cov hlau thiab hlau nyob rau hauv niaj hnub blast furnaces. Pouring steel thiab cam khwb cia hlau, txoj kev los txhim kho cov khoom zoometallurgical ntau lawm. Kev faib tawm thiab kev kos npe ntawm cov hlau, nws cov yam ntxwv thiab lub cev. Smelting ntawm non-ferrous hlau thiab lawv alloys, zus tau tej cov txhuas, tooj liab, titanium thiab lwm yam non-ferrous hlau. Khoom siv
- Cov hauv paus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv kev tshawb fawb suav nrog kev kawm txog kev tsim cov khoom tsim, nws lub xeev tam sim no, cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis rau kev tsim cov castings.
- Txoj kev xav ntawm cov yas deformation, qhov txawv ntawm qhov txias thiab kub deformation yog dab tsi, kev ua hauj lwm hardening, lub ntsiab ntawm kub stamping, txias stamping txoj kev, ntau yam ntawm daim ntawv thov ntawm stamping cov ntaub ntawv.
- Forging: lub ntsiab ntawm cov txheej txheem no thiab cov haujlwm tseem ceeb. Dab tsi yog cov khoom siv dov thiab siv qhov twg, cov khoom siv dab tsi yuav tsum tau ua rau dov thiab kos duab. Yuav ua li cas cov khoom tiav tau siv cov thev naus laus zis no, thiab lawv siv qhov twg.
- Vuam ntau lawm, nws cov yam ntxwv dav dav thiab kev cia siab rau kev txhim kho, kev faib cov txheej txheem vuam rau ntau yam ntaub ntawv. Physico-chemical processes kom tau txais welds.
- Cov khoom siv sib xyaw. Cov yas. Txoj kev tau txais, cov yam ntxwv dav dav. Cov txheej txheem ua haujlwm nrog cov khoom sib xyaw. Daim ntawv thov kev cia siab.
Kev txhim kho niaj hnub ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb
Tsis ntev los no, cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb tau txais lub zog muaj zog rau kev txhim kho. Qhov kev xav tau ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tshiab ua rau cov kws tshawb fawb xav txog kev tau txais cov hlau ntshiab thiab ultrapure, kev ua haujlwm tab tom tsim los tsimntau yam ntaub ntawv raw raws li thawj zaug xam tus yam ntxwv. Cov cuab yeej siv niaj hnub ntawm cov khoom siv tsim qauv qhia txog kev siv cov khoom tshiab es tsis txhob siv cov qauv hlau. Kev saib xyuas ntau dua yog them rau kev siv cov yas, ceramics, cov ntaub ntawv sib xyaw uas muaj lub zog tsis sib xws nrog cov khoom siv hlau, tab sis tsis muaj qhov tsis zoo.
