Azerbaijan yog lub tebchaws nyob rau sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm Caucasus. Ntau qhov xwm txheej tseem ceeb thiab nthuav dav tau tshwm sim hauv thaj av no. Thiab keeb kwm tuaj yeem qhia peb ntau yam txog lawv. Azerbaijan yuav tshwm sim hauv keeb kwm yav dhau los, nthuav tawm cov lus zais ntawm nws yav dhau los.
Qhov chaw ntawm Azerbaijan
Lub koom pheej ntawm Azerbaijan nyob rau sab hnub tuaj ntawm Transcaucasia. Los ntawm sab qaum teb, ciam teb ntawm Azerbaijan muaj kev sib cuag nrog Russia. Nyob rau sab qab teb, lub teb chaws ciam teb nrog Iran, sab hnub poob - nrog Armenia, nyob rau sab qaum teb-sab hnub poob - nrog Georgia. Los ntawm sab hnub tuaj, lub teb chaws raug ntxuav los ntawm dej hiav txwv Caspian.
thaj chaw ntawm Azerbaijan yog yuav luag sib npaug ntawm thaj chaw roob thiab thaj av qis. Qhov tseeb no ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev txhim kho keeb kwm ntawm lub tebchaws.
Primal Times
Ua ntej tshaj plaws, cia peb kawm txog lub sijhawm qub tshaj plaws uas keeb kwm tso cai rau peb saib. Azerbaijan tau nyob rau thaum kaj ntug ntawm tib neeg txoj kev loj hlob. Yog li, lub monument qub tshaj plaws ntawm lub xub ntiag ntawm Neanderthal nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws hnub rov qab mus rau ntau tshaj 1.5 lab xyoo dhau los.
Qhov chaw tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov txiv neej thaum ub tau pom nyob hauv Azykh thiabTaglar qhov tsua.
Ancient Azerbaijan
Thawj lub xeev, uas nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Azerbaijan, yog Manna. Nws qhov chaw nyob hauv ciam teb ntawm niaj hnub Iranian Azerbaijan.
Lub npe "Azerbaijan" los ntawm lub npe ntawm Atropat - tus tswv xeev uas pib kav Mann tom qab nws kov yeej los ntawm Persia. Nyob rau hauv kev hwm ntawm nws, tag nrho lub teb chaws pib hu ua Media Atropatena, uas tom qab hloov mus rau hauv lub npe "Azerbaijan".
Ib tug thawj haiv neeg uas nyob hauv Azerbaijan yog Albanians. Cov pab pawg neeg no tau koom nrog tsev neeg lus Nakh-Dagestan thiab muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog Lezgins niaj hnub. Nyob rau xyoo pua 1st BC, cov Albanians muaj lawv lub xeev. Tsis zoo li Manna, nws nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm lub tebchaws. Caucasian Albania tau nthuav tawm tas li mus rau qhov kev ntshaw ntawm Ancient Rome, Byzantium, Parthian lub nceeg vaj thiab Iran. Qee lub sij hawm, tus huab tais Armenian Tigran II tau muaj peev xwm nce ko taw hauv thaj chaw loj hauv lub tebchaws.
In the IV c. n. e. Cov ntseeg tau tuaj rau thaj tsam ntawm Albania, uas txog thaum ntawd tau muaj kev ntseeg hauv zos thiab Zoroastrianism, los ntawm Armenia.
Arab conquest
In the 7th century. n. e. ib qho xwm txheej tshwm sim uas tau ua lub luag haujlwm txiav txim siab hauv keeb kwm ntawm thaj av. Nws yog hais txog Arab conquest. Ua ntej, cov Arabs kov yeej Iranian lub nceeg vaj, los ntawm qhov uas Albania yog ib tug vassal, thiab tom qab ntawd pib tawm tsam rau Azerbaijan nws tus kheej. Tom qab cov Arabs ntes lub teb chaws, nws keeb kwm tau ua ib puag ncig tshiab. Azerbaijan tam sim no tau dhau los mus ib txhisinextricably txuas rau Islam. Cov Arabs, suav nrog lub tebchaws hauv Caliphate, pib ua raws txoj cai tswjfwm ntawm Islamization ntawm thaj av thiab ua tiav lawv cov hom phiaj sai. Cov nroog yav qab teb ntawm Azerbaijan tau xub raug Islamization, thiab tom qab ntawd kev ntseeg tshiab tau nkag mus rau hauv lub tebchaws thiab sab qaum teb ntawm lub tebchaws.
Tab sis tsis yog txhua yam yooj yim heev rau cov thawj coj Arab nyob rau sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm Caucasus. Xyoo 816, kev tawm tsam pib hauv Azerbaijan tawm tsam Arabs thiab Islam. Qhov kev txav nrov no tau coj los ntawm Babek, uas tau ua raws li kev cai dab qhuas Zoroastrian thaum ub. Cov kev txhawb nqa tseem ceeb ntawm kev tawm tsam yog cov neeg txawj ntse thiab cov neeg ua liaj ua teb. Tau ntau tshaj nees nkaum xyoo, cov neeg, coj los ntawm Babek, tawm tsam cov tub ceev xwm Arab. Cov neeg ntxeev siab txawm tswj tau tshem tawm cov neeg Arab garrions los ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Azerbaijan. Txhawm rau rhuav tshem kev tawm tsam, Caliphate yuav tsum sib sau ua ke tag nrho nws cov tub rog.
Lub Xeev Shirvanshahs
Txawm hais tias qhov kev tawm tsam raug rhuav tshem, Caliphate tsis muaj zog txhua xyoo. Nws tsis muaj lub zog, ib yam li yav dhau los, los tswj ntau qhov chaw ntawm lub tebchaws loj.
Cov thawj coj ntawm sab qaum teb ntawm Azerbaijan (Shirvan), pib los ntawm 861, pib hu ua Shirvanshahs thiab hloov lawv lub hwj chim los ntawm qub txeeg qub teg. Lawv tau nominally subordinate rau lub caliph, tab sis qhov tseeb lawv yog kiag li ywj siab rulers. Lub sijhawm dhau mus, txawm tias qhov kev vam khom npe ploj mus.
Lub peev ntawm Shirvanshahs yog keeb kwm Shemakha, thiab tom qab ntawd Baku. Lub xeev muaj mus txog rau xyoo 1538, thaum nws suav nrog hauv lub xeev Persian ntawm Safavids.
Tam sim no nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm lub tebchawsmuaj ntau lub xeev ntawm Sajids, Salarids, Sheddadids, Ravvadids, uas kuj tsis paub txog lub hwj chim ntawm lub Caliphate kiag li, los yog ua li ntawd tsuas yog officially.
Turkization ntawm Azerbaijan
Tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau keeb kwm tshaj li Islamization ntawm thaj av tshwm sim los ntawm Arab conquest yog nws Turkization vim muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm ntau haiv neeg Turkic nomadic. Tab sis, tsis zoo li Islamization, cov txheej txheem no tau rub rau ntau pua xyoo. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov kev tshwm sim no yog hais txog ntau yam uas ua rau niaj hnub Azerbaijan: hom lus thiab kab lis kev cai ntawm cov pej xeem niaj hnub hauv lub tebchaws yog Turkic keeb kwm.
thawj nthwv dej ntawm Turkic ntxeem tau yog kev txeeb chaw ntawm Oghuz pab pawg neeg ntawm Seljuks los ntawm Central Asia, uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XI. Nws tau nrog kev puas tsuaj loj thiab kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov neeg hauv zos. Ntau tus neeg nyob hauv Azerbaijan, khiav tawm, khiav mus rau lub roob. Yog li ntawd, nws yog thaj tsam roob ntawm lub tebchaws uas raug cuam tshuam tsawg tshaj plaws los ntawm Turkization. Ntawm no, cov ntseeg Vajtswv tau los ua kev ntseeg tseem ceeb, thiab cov neeg nyob hauv Azerbaijan sib xyaw nrog Armenians nyob hauv thaj chaw roob. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov pejxeem tseem nyob hauv lawv qhov chaw, sib xyaw nrog Turkic conquerors, tau txais lawv cov lus thiab kab lis kev cai, tab sis tib lub sijhawm khaws cov cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm lawv cov poj koob yawm txwv. Cov haiv neeg tsim los ntawm qhov sib xyaw no pib hu ua Azerbaijanis yav tom ntej.
Tom qab lub tebchaws tawg rog ntawm lub tebchaws Seljuks, Ildegezid dynasty ntawm Turkic keeb kwm tau kav nyob rau sab qab teb Azerbaijan, thiab tom qab ntawd rau lub sijhawm luv luv cov av nontes Khorezmshahs.
Nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua XIII, lub Caucasus tau raug Mongol ntxeem tau. Azerbaijan tau suav nrog hauv lub xeev ntawm Mongol Hulaguid dynasty nrog nws qhov chaw nyob hauv thaj chaw ntawm Iran niaj hnub.
Tom qab lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm Hulaguid dynasty xyoo 1355, Azerbaijan yog ib feem ntawm lub xeev Tamerlane rau lub sijhawm luv luv, thiab tom qab ntawd los ua ib feem ntawm lub xeev tsim ntawm Oghuz pab pawg ntawm Kara-Koyunlu thiab Ak-Koyunlu. Nws yog lub sijhawm no uas qhov kawg tsim ntawm cov neeg Azerbaijani tau tshwm sim.
Azerbaijan yog ib feem ntawm Iran
Tom qab lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm Ak-Koyunlu xeev, xyoo 1501, lub xeev Safavid muaj zog nrog nws qhov chaw nyob hauv Tabriz tau tsim nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Iran thiab yav qab teb Azerbaijan. Tom qab ntawd, lub peev tau tsiv mus rau Iranian lub nroog ntawm Qazvin thiab Isfahan.
Lub xeev Safavid muaj tag nrho cov cwj pwm ntawm lub tebchaws tiag tiag. Cov Safavids tau ua ib qho kev tawm tsam tshwj xeeb nyob rau sab hnub poob tawm tsam lub zog loj hlob ntawm Ottoman Empire, suav nrog hauv Caucasus.
Xyoo 1538, Safavids tau tswj hwm lub xeev ntawm Shirvanshahs. Yog li, tag nrho thaj chaw ntawm niaj hnub Azerbaijan tau nyob rau hauv lawv txoj cai. Iran tuav tswj hwm lub teb chaws raws li nram no dynasties - Hotaki, Afsharids thiab Zends. Xyoo 1795, Qajar dynasty ntawm Turkic keeb kwm tau kav hauv Iran.
Thaum lub sijhawm ntawd, Azerbaijan twb tau muab faib ua ntau lub khanates me, uas yog subordinate rau tsoom fwv hauv nruab nrab Iranian.
Kev yeej ntawm Azerbaijan los ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws
thawj zauglos tsim kom muaj Russia tswj hwm thaj chaw ntawm Azerbaijan tau ua raws li Peter I. Tab sis lub sijhawm ntawd, kev nce qib ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws nyob rau hauv Transcaucasus tsis muaj kev vam meej.
Qhov xwm txheej hloov pauv loj heev hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th. Thaum lub sij hawm ob lub Lavxias teb sab-Persian tsov rog, uas kav los ntawm 1804 mus rau 1828, yuav luag tag nrho ib ncig ntawm niaj hnub Azerbaijan tau annexed rau Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws.
Qhov no yog ib qho kev hloov pauv hauv keeb kwm. Txij thaum ntawd los, Azerbaijan tau txuas nrog Russia tau ntev. Qhov pib ntawm cov roj tsim nyob rau hauv Azerbaijan thiab kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam hnub rov qab mus rau lub sij hawm uas yog ib feem ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws.
Azerbaijan yog ib feem ntawm USSR
Tom qab lub Kaum Hli Ntuj kiv puag ncig, centrifugal tendencies tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ntau thaj tsam ntawm lub qub Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws. Thaum lub Tsib Hlis 1918, lub koom pheej ywj pheej Azerbaijan tau tsim. Tab sis cov tub ntxhais hluas lub xeev tsis tuaj yeem tiv thaiv kev sib ntaus tawm tsam Bolsheviks, suav nrog vim muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb sab hauv. Nws yog liquidated nyob rau hauv 1920.
Lub Azerbaijan SSR tau tsim los ntawm Bolsheviks. Thaum pib, nws yog ib feem ntawm Transcaucasian Federation, tab sis txij li xyoo 1936 nws tau dhau los ua ib qho kev sib luag ntawm USSR. Lub peev ntawm lub xeev tsim no yog lub nroog ntawm Baku. Nyob rau lub sijhawm no, lwm lub nroog ntawm Azerbaijan kuj tau tsim kho.
Tab sis xyoo 1991 Soviet Union poob lawm. Nrog rau qhov xwm txheej no, Azerbaijan SSR tau tso tseg.
Modern Azerbaijan
Lub xeev ywj pheej tau los ua lub npe hu ua Republic of Azerbaijan. Thawj tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm Azerbaijan yog Ayaz Mutalibov, uas yav tas los yog thawj tus tuav ntaub ntawv ntawm pawg neeg koom pheej ntawm Pawg Sab Laj. Tom qab nws, Abulfaz Elchibey thiab Heydar Aliyev hloov ua tus thawj coj ntawm lub xeev. Tam sim no, Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Azerbaijan yog tus tub tom kawg, Ilham Aliyev. Nws tau txais txoj haujlwm no xyoo 2003.
Qhov teeb meem hnyav tshaj plaws hauv Azerbaijan niaj hnub no yog Karabakh tsis sib haum xeeb, uas tau pib thaum kawg ntawm lub neej ntawm USSR. Thaum lub sijhawm muaj kev sib cav sib ceg ntawm tsoomfwv cov tub rog ntawm Azerbaijan thiab cov neeg nyob hauv Karabakh, nrog kev txhawb nqa ntawm Armenia, lub koom pheej tsis lees paub ntawm Artsakh tau tsim. Azerbaijan suav tias thaj chaw no nws tus kheej, yog li kev tsis sib haum xeeb txuas ntxiv mus ntxiv.
Tib lub sijhawm, Azerbaijan txoj kev vam meej hauv kev tsim lub xeev ywj pheej tsis tuaj yeem tsis quav ntsej. Yog tias cov kev vam meej no tsim los rau yav tom ntej, kev vam meej hauv lub tebchaws yuav yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sib koom tes ntawm tsoomfwv thiab cov neeg.
