Cov khoom phom sij hluav taws kub ib txwm nyiam cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm Ministry of Emergency Situation. Qhov no yog qhov nkag siab: qhov tawg tuaj yeem ua rau tsis yog tsuas yog ua rau kev puas tsuaj rau cov khoom ntawm kev lag luam kev lag luam, tab sis kuj tseem tuaj yeem coj lub neej ntawm ntau tus neeg. Cov xwm txheej ntawm cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob raug suav hais tias yog qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws, thiab cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb thiab cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb tau siv los kho thaj chaw thiab tshem tawm lawv.
Hluav taws kub, tawg. Txhais
Nws yog kev cai hu rau hluav taws kub qhov hluav taws kub uas npog ib cheeb tsam. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov hluav taws kub, cov khoom muaj nqis raug puas tsuaj, ib puag ncig puas tsuaj, thiab muaj kev hem thawj ntawm kev ploj tuag lossis kev noj qab haus huv rau tib neeg. Qhov hluav taws kub tau txuas ntxiv rau lub sijhawm: nws tuaj yeem kav ntev li teev thiab txawm hnub. Feem ntau qhov hluav taws kub tshwm sim los ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev tawg - nrog rau lub ntsej muag ntse ntawm cov pa roj, qhov kub thiab txias ua rau lub teeb ntawm tag nrho cov khoom siv hluav taws xob nyob ib puag ncig. Tseem muaj cov xwm txheej rov qab, thaum cua sov qeeb ua rau lub foob pob tawg.
tawg yog ib qho hluav taws xob ntse ntawm cov khoom sib txuas los yog cov nplaim hluav taws, cov khoom sib tov, cov khoom khib nyiab. Ignition tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ib tug luv luv lub sij hawm ntawm lub sij hawm. NtawmNyob rau hauv ib qho kev tawg, cov khoom combustible ignites sharply, tsim ib tug sib piv ntawm ambient kub thiab kub ntuj txiag teb tsaus ntawm lub epicenter ntawm qhov tawg. Los ntawm qhov sib txawv no, txawm tias cov khoom siv hluav taws xob puas raug puas tsuaj, uas, hauv paus ntsiab lus, tuaj yeem tiv taus cua sov ntev. Qhov laj thawj tseem ceeb ntawm kev tawg yog qhov tawg ntawm combustibles.
Cov khoom tawg
Feem ntau, cov chaw tsim khoom tawg muaj xws li cov tsev rau kev lag luam thiab tsev neeg. Qhov no suav nrog cov tsev khaws khoom thiab cov chaw tsim khoom ntawm kev cob qhia rau kev tsim thiab khaws cov khoom tawg, cov khoom sib tov lossis lawv cov khoom. Feem ntau ntawm cov hluav taws kub, tawg lossis xau ntawm cov khoom sib tov uas muaj kev phom sij tau sau npe ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom tshwj xeeb hauv kev tsim cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab cov khoom tawg.
Pab pawg txaus ntshai thib ob yog cov mines. methane thiab thee hmoov av yog thawj qhov ua rau hluav taws kub thiab tawg ntawm cov chaw mining. Cov tshuaj no muaj nyob rau hauv txhua lub mine thiab ua rau muaj kev phom sij loj heev rau lub neej ntawm cov miners. Tau kawg, cov neeg tua hluav taws tus kheej tau muab rau ntawm txhua qhov chaw mining thiab tag nrho cov kev ntsuas kev nyab xeeb tsim nyog raug coj mus. Tab sis qhov no tsis yog kev lees paub tiav ntawm kev tiv thaiv kev tawg thiab hluav taws.
Pab pawg txaus ntshai thib peb yog thaj chaw kawm tub rog, qhov chaw uas tsis tau tawg thiab cov mines sib sau ua ke ntau lub sijhawm. Lawv txoj kev nyab xeeb yog lub luag haujlwm ncaj qha ntawm sapper units, tab sis thaum qhov xwm txheej tau tawm ntawm kev tswj hwm, rooj plaub raug coj mus thiabkev pabcuam pej xeem ntawm Ministry of Emergency Situations. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm qhov xwm txheej ceev ntawm qhov chaw pov tseg tau ua tib zoo kawm, tab sis cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tshawb xyuas feem ntau tau muab zais los ntawm cov neeg pej xeem nyiam vim li cas tsis pub leej twg paub.
Qhov laj thawj tseem ceeb ntawm qhov tshwm sim
Cov xwm txheej kub ntxhov tsis tshwm sim los ntawm kos. Cov kws tshaj lij txheeb xyuas cov laj thawj tseem ceeb ntawm hluav taws kub thiab tawg ntawm kev ua haujlwm, suav nrog:
- Kev ua txhaum cai ntawm kev nyab xeeb hluav taws thiab cov cai los ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm.
- Tus cwj pwm tsis zoo los ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm tua.
- Ua haujlwm tsis zoo lossis siv tsis raug ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob.
- Ua qee txoj haujlwm yam tsis muaj cov cuab yeej tsim nyog thiab kev nyab xeeb.
- Qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev tawg ua rau muaj xwm txheej kub ntxhov lossis cov khoom tawg yooj yim.
- Tsis quav ntsej txog kev txiav txim, tsis ua raws li cov cai ntawm kev huv hauv cheeb tsam ua haujlwm.
- Khaws cov khoom siv hluav taws kub thiab cov khoom hauv qhov chaw txwv.
- Intentional arson.
Kev mob siab rau thiab tsis txhob txwm ua rau hluav taws. Leej twg lub luag hauj lwm yog nws
Cov xwm txheej thiab ua rau hluav taws kub thiab tawg yog ib lub ntsiab lus sib txawv, uas tau ua tib zoo kawm los ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm Ministry of Emergency thiab ntau lub tuam tsev ua haujlwm rau tib neeg thiab ib puag ncig kev nyab xeeb. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev ua haujlwm, cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb uas ua rau muaj hluav taws kub thiab tawg tau raug txheeb xyuas.
Ua rau hluav taws
Kev tsis saib xyuas kev nyab xeeb yog qhov ua rau muaj hluav taws ntau tshaj plaws. Qhov tseeb, nws yuav tsum xav txogtxhob txwm, vim hluav taws kub los yog tawg nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yog ua hauj lwm ntawm tus txiv neej. Cov no yog kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo, thiab tsis ua raws li kev siv tshuab ntawm cov txheej txheem ntau lawm, thiab ntau ntxiv. Kev puas tsuaj los ntawm qhov kev puas tsuaj no feem ntau yog them los ntawm cov khoom lag luam sab hauv lossis los ntawm tus neeg uas nws ua rau hluav taws.
Ib feem me me ntawm txhua qhov xwm txheej ceev hauv cheeb tsam no yog hluav taws kub nyhiab los ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov xwm txheej - xob laim, av qeeg lossis cua daj cua dub. Tej yam tshwm sim ntawm hluav taws kub thiab tawg yog ib tug qauv clause nyob rau hauv daim ntawv cog lus kev tuav pov hwm kev lag luam. Kev puas tsuaj los ntawm kev quab yuam majeure yuav raug them los ntawm kev tuav pov hwm.
Tiv thaiv hluav taws thiab tawg
Cov xwm txheej thiab ua rau hluav taws kub thiab tawg yog qhov muaj cai ntawm lub chaw saib xyuas kev nyab xeeb, Ministry of Emergency Situation and Labor Protection Inspectors. Lawv cov kev sib koom tes tau tsim muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm cov lus qhia thiab cov lus pom zoo, kev ua raws li qhov yuav txo tau qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm hluav taws kub lossis tawg. Tag nrho cov txheej txheem tswj hwm kev tiv thaiv hluav taws yog ua raws li kev soj ntsuam ntawm qhov ua rau hluav taws kub thiab tawg, nrog rau lawv qhov chaw nyob thiab tsim cov algorithms rau kev tua kom tiav.
Kev ntsuas rau kev tiv thaiv hluav taws hauv kev lag luam tuaj yeem muab faib ua plaub pawg. Cov kws tshuaj xyuas kev nyab xeeb hluav taws thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm Ministry of Emergency Services ua haujlwm nrog cov pab pawg no. Cia peb ua tib zoo saib cov kev ntsuas txhawm rau tiv thaiv qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov ua rau hluav taws kub thiab tawg hauv kev lag luam thiabcoj mus muag vaj tse.
Technology and control
Thawj kab lus teev cov xwm txheej hauv qab uas tsis suav nrog hluav taws kub thiab tawg. Ntawm no yog sau cov lus pom zoo, kev soj ntsuam uas ua rau kev tiv thaiv ntawm kev tsim cov khoom tawg thiab cov khoom sib xyaw uas provoke qhov tshwm sim ntawm nplaim taws. Cov neeg tsim tawm ntawm cov lus pom zoo qhia, yog tias ua tau, txhawm rau txheeb xyuas qhov ua rau hluav taws kub thiab tawg, lawv qhov tshwm sim, los hloov cov khoom phom sij uas tsis tshua muaj hluav taws kub thiab tawg, lossis ntxiv inert additives rau cov khoom sib xyaw. Kev qhia txog cov tshuaj ntxiv N2, CO22 rau hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, dilution ntawm cov pa roj carbon monoxide txo qis qhov tshwm sim. ntawm qhov hluav taws kub thiab ua rau cov tshuaj no tsis tshua muaj kev phom sij thaum thauj, txav los yog cia.
Ntev thiab nyab xeeb
Ib qho khoom cais hauv pab pawg no muaj cov lus pom zoo txog kev txhim kho cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis. Qhov no yog hais txog cov thev naus laus zis uas txo qis cov khoom phom sij hauv cov cuab yeej siv. Qhov no kuj suav nrog cov txheej txheem automation uas txo cov tib neeg kev koom tes hauv kev tswj hwm cov txheej txheem txaus ntshai; sealing systems, ntau lawm cov nroj tsuag thiab industrial tanks.
khoom siv tiv thaiv
Kev siv cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv kom txo tau qhov tshwm sim ntawm hluav taws thiab tawg. Cov khoom no suav nrog kev teeb tsa hluav taws xob rods, compensators, grounding. Qhov no kuj suav nrog kev teeb tsa cov tshuab cua niaj hnub,uas ncaj qha huab cua ntws mus rau qhov chaw xaiv, saib xyuas kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov cua sov thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob.
Qhov kawg ntawm pab pawg no tuaj yeem suav tias yog kev piav qhia ua haujlwm nrog cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm lub tuam txhab, uas piav qhia txog qhov ua rau thiab qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev tawg thiab hluav taws kub siv cov piv txwv tshwj xeeb, ua raws li cov lus pom zoo txog kev nyab xeeb hluav taws thiab cov cai ntawm kev coj ua hauv chaw ua haujlwm.
ntsuas kev tiv thaiv
Kev tiv thaiv yog txhawm rau txo qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov ua rau hluav taws kub thiab tawg twb nyob rau theem kev npaj ntawm kev tsim kho vaj tse.
Ntawm cov kev ntsuas no yog cov hauv qab no:
- tshem tawm qhov muaj feem cuam tshuam loj ntawm kev puas tsuaj los ntawm kev tawg lossis hluav taws;
- kev txiav txim siab ntawm qhov chaw rau kev txhim kho, suav nrog cov yam ntxwv ntawm toj roob hauv pes, huab cua, huab cua, txoj kev thiab lwm yam;
- Kev npaj cov tsev, cov qauv ib ntus thiab cov qauv ruaj khov ua raws li kev nyab xeeb ntawm qhov chaw tsim kho;
- tsev zoning, kev tso chaw, ua raws kev nkag nrog kev nyab xeeb hluav taws;
- ua raws li cov lus pom zoo ntawm tus tsim tawm raws li kev xaiv ntawm cov khoom tsis muaj hluav taws kub;
- qhov chaw thiab kev saib xyuas ntawm cov teeb meem hluav taws kub uas twb muaj lawm: cov teeb meem, cov phab ntsa hluav taws, cov qab nthab tiv thaiv hluav taws thiab lwm yam.
Kev khiav tawm nyab xeeb
Kev ntsuas kev ruaj ntseg suav nrog kev npaj txoj hauv kev,uas tuaj yeem koom nrog kev khiav tawm ntawm cov khoom muaj nqis thiab cov neeg los ntawm thaj chaw puas tsuaj. Thaum ua cov kab lus no, koj yuav tsum xyuam xim rau cov ntsiab lus hauv qab no:
- khoom yuav tsum tau muab tso rau hauv pem teb, suav nrog lawv qhov muaj peev xwm hluav taws kub lossis tawg;
- yuav tsum muaj tus lej txaus ntawm kev tawm thaum muaj xwm txheej ceev, davhlau ntawm ntaiv, qhov rooj, thiab lwm yam.;
- engineers yuav tsum muab rau hauv txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim cov tshuab xa tawm thaum muaj xwm txheej ceev, ntxiab, tso tsheb hlau luam, thiab lwm yam.
Cov xwm txheej rau kev tshem tawm qhov hluav taws kub lossis tawg
Qhov ua rau tawg thiab hluav taws tuaj yeem tshem tawm tau zoo yog tias muaj kev ceev faj txog kev nyab xeeb. Ib qho tseem ceeb sib npaug ntawm qhov kev puas tsuaj ntawm qhov hluav taws kub txaus ntshai yog kev ua raws li qhov tseeb algorithm ntawm kev ua kom tshem tawm qhov chaw tawg lossis hluav taws. Cov kev ua no suav nrog:
- Xaiv qhov raug thiab qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom siv tua hluav taws. Daim ntawv teev cov cuab yeej tua hluav taws yuav tsum tau pom zoo nrog tus kws tshuaj xyuas hluav taws hauv zos.
- Txhim kho yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau cov cuab yeej tua hluav taws, nrog rau cov hydrants, reservoirs thiab dej systems.
- Muab cov chaw nyob hauv kev tsim kho thiab ua tiav nrog cov khoom siv tshwj xeeb uas ceeb toom txog qhov kub thiab txias hauv qhov chaw.
- Tsim cov lus qhia kom pab cov neeg ua haujlwm cog lus teb kom tsim nyog thaum muaj hluav taws kub.
Kev txhim kho ua haujlwm li caslus qhia?
Qhov tseem ceeb, kev txhim kho ntawm cov txheej txheem yog raws li kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm qhov ua rau hluav taws kub thiab tawg uas tshwm sim ua ntej ntawm cov tuam txhab ntawm tib lub hom phiaj kev lag luam. Nrog rau qhov kev tshuaj ntsuam no:
- lub npe thiab txheej txheem rau kev siv cov khoom tawg thiab cov nplaim hluav taws xob hauv cov txheej txheem tsim khoom raug suav nrog;
- txiav txim siab theem ntawm kev phom sij ntawm hluav taws kub hauv cov chaw lag luam;
- yam tseem ceeb ntawm cov txheej txheem tsim khoom raug txheeb xyuas, thaum tshwm sim ntawm cov khoom tawg tuaj yeem ua tau.
Qhov no yog qhov kev paub dhau los hauv kev tiv thaiv hluav taws thiab tawg hauv cov koom haum thiab cov txheej txheem tau txiav txim siab, tom qab ntawd koj tuaj yeem cawm txoj sia thiab kev noj qab haus huv ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm thiab cov khoom ntawm lub tuam txhab. Cov kws tshaj lij kev nyab xeeb hluav taws tau koom nrog hauv kev txhim kho cov lus qhia, thiab kev tswj hwm lawv qhov kev ua tiav yog nyob ntawm lub xub pwg ntawm cov thawj coj. Feem ntau, hauv cov chaw lag luam uas cov neeg ua haujlwm ntau tshaj 70-100 tus neeg, raug xaiv ib tus neeg saib xyuas kev nyab xeeb tshwj xeeb. Hauv cov tuam txhab uas cov neeg ua haujlwm puv sijhawm tsis tshaj 70, txoj haujlwm no yog tuav los ntawm tus thawj coj lossis tus thawj coj.
Ua rau hluav taws hauv tsev
Ib cheeb tsam ntawm kev tshawb fawb los ntawm cov kws tshwj xeeb yog kev tshuaj xyuas qhov ua rau hluav taws kub thiab tawg hauv tsev. Feem ntau qhov hluav taws kub hauv tsev yog tshwm sim los ntawm:
- ua txhaum txoj cai rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob;
- ua haujlwm nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tsis raug;
- ua txhaum txoj cai siv lub qhov cub los yogkem;
- kev ua haujlwm tsis tu ncua ntawm qhov qhib hluav taws.
Txog kom txo cov hluav taws kub hauv tsev, kev sib tham tiv thaiv nrog cov pej xeem, thiab kev nyab xeeb ntawm lub neej yog qhia rau cov menyuam kawm ntawv. Kev siv zog ntawm cov kws qhia lossis cov neeg soj ntsuam tsis yog ib txwm ua rau muaj kev nkag siab txog kev phom sij ntawm kev qhib hluav taws, tab sis kev ua haujlwm hauv cov lus qhia no tseem txuas ntxiv. Peb cia siab tias tsis ntev no txhua tus menyuam yaus thiab cov tub ntxhais hluas yuav paub qhov ua rau hluav taws kub thiab tawg, thiab cov neeg uas tau thov los ntawm hluav taws yuav raug txo kom tsawg.
