Ib tug neeg tsis nco qab lawv yav tag los tsis muaj lub neej yav tom ntej. Yog li ntawd ib zaug hais tias thaum ub Greek philosopher Plato. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, "tsib tsib tus muam republics", koom ua ke los ntawm "Great Russia", inflicted ib tug crushing swb ntawm tus kab mob plague ntawm noob neej - fascism. Kev sib ntaus sib tua hnyav tau cim los ntawm ntau qhov kev yeej ntawm Red Army, uas tuaj yeem hu ua tus yuam sij. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm tsab xov xwm no yog ib qho kev txiav txim siab sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob - Kursk Bulge, ib qho ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua uas tau cim qhov kev txawj ntse kawg ntawm cov tswv yim pib los ntawm peb cov yawg koob thiab yawm txiv. Txij thaum ntawd los, cov neeg nyob hauv German pib raug tsoo ntawm txhua thaj tsam. Lub hom phiaj txav mus rau sab hnub poob tau pib. Txij thaum ntawd los, cov Nazis tsis nco qab qhov nws txhais tau tias "mus rau sab hnub tuaj."
Historical Parallels
Kev sib cav Kursk tau tshwm sim rau 1943-05-07 - 1943-23-08 ntawm thaj av Lavxias teb sab, uas yog tus huab tais loj loj Alexander Nevsky ib zaug tuav nws daim thaiv. Nws cov yaj saub ceeb toom rau Western conquerors (uas tuaj rau peb nrog ib rab ntaj) txog kev tuag uas yuav tshwm sim los ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm Lavxias teb sab ntaj uas tau ntsib lawv ib zaug tau txais lub zog. Nws yog yam ntxwv uasLub Kursk Bulge tau zoo ib yam li kev sib ntaus sib tua los ntawm Tub Vaj Ntxwv Alexander los ntawm Teutonic Knights ntawm Lake Peipsi ntawm 1242-05-04. Tau kawg, riam phom ntawm cov tub rog, qhov ntsuas thiab lub sijhawm ntawm ob qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg. Tab sis qhov xwm txheej ntawm ob qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua yog qhov zoo sib xws: cov Germans nrog lawv cov tub rog tseem ceeb tau sim ua txhaum los ntawm Lavxias teb sab kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv nruab nrab, tab sis raug tsoo los ntawm kev ua phem ntawm cov flanks.
Yog tias koj pragmatically sim hais qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm Kursk Bulge, cov ntsiab lus yuav ua raws li hauv qab no: tsis tau muaj dhau los hauv keeb kwm (ua ntej thiab tom qab) kev ua haujlwm-tactical ntom ntawm 1 km ntawm pem hauv ntej.
Kev sib ntaus sib tua
Kev tawm tsam ntawm Tub Rog Liab tom qab Tsov Rog ntawm Stalingrad txij lub Kaum Ib Hlis 1942 txog Lub Peb Hlis 1943 tau cim los ntawm kev swb ntawm 100 tus yeeb ncuab sib faib, tau tsav rov qab los ntawm North Caucasus, Don, Volga. Tab sis vim muaj kev puas tsuaj los ntawm peb sab, thaum pib ntawm lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav xyoo 1943, lub hauv ntej tau ruaj khov. Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv qhia ntawm hostilities nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub pem hauv ntej kab nrog cov Germans, nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm lub Nazi pab tub rog, ib tug ledge sawv tawm, uas cov tub rog muab lub npe Kursk Bulge. Lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav xyoo 1943 tau coj lub suab mus rau pem hauv ntej: tsis muaj leej twg tawm tsam, ob tog yuam kom sib sau ua ke txhawm rau txhawm rau txeeb lub tswv yim pib dua.
Npaj Nazi Lub Tebchaws Yelemees
Tom qab Stalingrad swb lawm, Hitler tshaj tawm kev tawm tsam, vim tias Wehrmacht loj hlob, ntau dua li npog qhov kev poob tshwm sim. "hauv qab caj npab" yog 9.5 lab tus tib neeg (xws li 2.3 lab tus neeg khaws cia). 75% ntawm cov tub rog uas npaj txhij ua rog tshaj plaws (5.3 lab tus tib neeg) tau nyob ntawm Soviet-German pem hauv ntej.
Tus Fuhrer xav txeeb lub tswv yim pib ua tsov rog. Lub ntsiab lus tig, hauv nws lub tswv yim, yog kom tshwm sim meej ntawm qhov chaw ntawm sab xub ntiag, qhov twg Kursk Bulge nyob. Txhawm rau ua raws li txoj kev npaj, Wehrmacht lub hauv paus hauv paus tau tsim lub tswv yim ua haujlwm "Citadel". Txoj kev npaj tau xav tias daim ntawv thov kev sib ntaus sib tua mus rau Kursk (los ntawm sab qaum teb - los ntawm koog tsev kawm ntawv ntawm lub nroog Orel; los ntawm sab qab teb - los ntawm koog tsev kawm ntawv ntawm lub nroog Belgorod). Yog li, cov tub rog ntawm Voronezh thiab Central Fronts poob rau hauv "cauldron".
Raws li kev ua haujlwm no, 50 kev faib tawm tau tsom mus rau qhov haujlwm ntawm sab xub ntiag, suav nrog. 16 armored thiab motorized, tag nrho 0.9 lab xaiv, tag nrho cov tub rog; 2,7 txhiab tanks; 2.5 txhiab aircraft; 10,000 mortars thiab phom.
Nyob hauv pab pawg no, kev hloov pauv mus rau riam phom tshiab tau ua tiav: Panther thiab Tiger tanks, Ferdinand phom phom.
txoj haujlwm ntawm Soviet command
Thaum npaj cov tub rog Soviet rau kev sib ntaus sib tua, ib tus yuav tsum them se rau cov tub rog txuj ci ntawm Tus Lwm Thawj Coj Thawj Coj G. K. Zhukov. Nws, ua ke nrog Tus Thawj Coj ntawm Cov Neeg Ua Haujlwm General AM Vasilevsky, tau tshaj tawm rau Tus Thawj Tub Ceev Xwm Loj I. V. Stalin qhov kev xav tias Kursk Bulge yuav dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua yav tom ntej, thiab tau kwv yees kwv yees lub zog kwv yees ntawm cov yeeb ncuab ua ntej pawg.
Ntawm kab pem hauv ntej, Nazis tau tawm tsam los ntawm Voronezh (tus thawj coj - General Vatutin N. F.) thiab Central Fronts (tus thawj coj - General Rokossovsky K. K.) nrog tag nrho cov naj npawb ntawm 1,34 lab. Tib neeg. Lawv tau ua tub rog nrog 19 txhiab mortars thiab phom; 3,4 txhiab tanks; 2.5 txhiab aircraft. (Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, qhov zoo dua yog nyob ntawm lawv sab). Tsis pub leej twg paub los ntawm tus yeeb ncuab, tom qab lub npe pem hauv ntej, cia tseg Steppe Front (tus thawj coj I. S. Konev) nyob. Nws muaj lub tank, aviation thiab tsib pawg tub rog ua ke, ntxiv los ntawm cov tub rog sib cais.
Kev tswj hwm thiab kev sib koom tes ntawm pawg neeg no tau ua tus kheej los ntawm GK Zhukov thiab AM Vasilevsky.
Tactical battle plan
Lub hom phiaj ntawm Marshal Zhukov tau hais tias kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Kursk Bulge yuav muaj ob theem. Thawj yog tiv thaiv, qhov thib ob yog tawm tsam.
Lub taub hau hauv qhov tob (300 km tob) tau nruab. Tag nrho qhov ntev ntawm nws cov trenches yog kwv yees li qhov kev ncua deb "Moscow - Vladivostok". Nws muaj 8 kab muaj zog tiv thaiv. Lub hom phiaj ntawm kev tiv thaiv zoo li no yog ua kom cov yeeb ncuab tsis muaj zog ntau li ntau tau, ua rau nws tsis muaj zog ntawm kev pib, ua kom cov hauj lwm ntawm cov neeg tawm tsam yooj yim li sai tau. Hauv qhov thib ob, kev tawm tsam ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua, ob qhov kev tawm tsam tau npaj tseg. Ua ntej: lub lag luam "Kutuzov" nrog lub hom phiaj ntawm tshem tawm cov fascist pab pawg neeg thiab liberating lub nroog ntawm "Eagle". Thib ob: "Tus Thawj Tub Ceev Xwm Rumyantsev" txhawm rau rhuav tshem Belgorod-Kharkov pawg invaders.
Yog li, nrog qhov txiaj ntsig tiag tiag ntawm Tub Rog Liab, kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Kursk Bulge tau tshwm sim los ntawm Soviet sab "ntawm kev tiv thaiv". Rau kev ua haujlwm tawm tsam, raws li cov lus qhia qhia, ob lossis peb zaug ntawm cov tub rog xav tau.
Tshuaj ntsuab
Nws tig tawm tias lub sijhawm tawm tsam ntawm cov tub rog fascisttau paub ua ntej. Hnub ua ntej ntawm German sappers pib ua cov ntawv hauv minefields. Soviet pem hauv ntej-line txawj ntse pib sib ntaus nrog lawv thiab coj cov neeg raug kaw. Los ntawm "tus nplaig" nws tau paub lub sijhawm tawm tsam: 3-00 1943-05-07
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tau sai thiab txaus: Nyob rau 02-20 1943-05-07, Marshal Rokossovsky K. K. (Tus Thawj Coj ntawm Central Front), nrog kev pom zoo los ntawm Tus Lwm Thawj Coj Tus Thawj Coj G. K. Nws yog ib qho kev tsim kho tshiab hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua. Pua pua ntawm Katyushas, 600 phom, 460 mortars raug rho tawm ntawm cov invaders. Rau cov Nazis, qhov no yog qhov xav tsis thoob, lawv raug kev puas tsuaj.
Tsuas yog 4-30, tau rov ua pawg, lawv muaj peev xwm ua tau lawv cov phom loj, thiab ntawm 5-30 mus tawm tsam. Kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Kursk tau pib.
Start of battle
Tau kawg, tsis yog txhua tus tuaj yeem kwv yees peb cov thawj coj. Tshwj xeeb, ob qho tib si General Cov Neeg Ua Haujlwm thiab Lub Tsev Haujlwm Tseem Ceeb tau xav txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov Nazis nyob rau sab qab teb, mus rau lub nroog Orel (uas tau tiv thaiv los ntawm Central Front, tus thawj coj yog General Vatutin N. F.). Hauv kev muaj tiag, kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Kursk Bulge los ntawm cov tub rog German tau tsom mus rau Voronezh pem hauv ntej, los ntawm sab qaum teb. Ob battalions ntawm hnyav tso tsheb hlau luam, yim lub tank faib, ib tug tua phom faib, thiab ib tug motorized division tau tawm tsam cov tub rog ntawm General Vatutin Nikolai Fedorovich. Nyob rau hauv thawj theem ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua, thawj qhov chaw kub kub yog lub zos ntawm Cherkasskoye (virtually so tawm ntawm lub ntsej muag ntawm lub ntiaj teb), qhov twg ob Soviet phom loj tuav rov qab.kev tawm tsam ntawm tsib pawg yeeb ncuab.
German offensive tactics
Tsov Rog Tsov Rog no yog nto moo rau kev ua yeeb yam. Lub Kursk Bulge tau ua kom pom qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm ob lub tswv yim. Qhov kev tawm tsam German zoo li cas? Cov cuab yeej hnyav tau txav mus tom ntej raws li kev tawm tsam pem hauv ntej: 15-20 Tiger tanks thiab Ferdinand self-propelled phom. Lawv tau ua raws li los ntawm tsib caug mus rau ib puas Panther nruab nrab tso tsheb hlau luam, nrog rau infantry. Tsav rov qab, lawv tau rov ua pawg thiab rov ua qhov kev tawm tsam. Kev tawm tsam zoo li lub ebb thiab ntws ntawm hiav txwv, ua raws ib leeg.
Cia peb ua raws li cov lus qhia ntawm cov tub rog keeb kwm nto moo, Marshal ntawm Soviet Union, xibfwb Zakharov Matvey Vasilyevich, peb yuav tsis ua kom zoo tshaj peb cov kev tiv thaiv ntawm 1943 qauv, peb yuav hais nws qhov tseeb.
Peb yuav tsum tham txog German tank tactics. Lub Kursk Bulge (qhov no yuav tsum tau lees paub) tau qhia txog kev kos duab ntawm Colonel-General Herman Goth, nws "jewellery", yog li hais txog tso tsheb hlau luam, coj nws cov tub rog thib 4 hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, peb 40th Army nrog 237 tso tsheb hlau luam, feem ntau nruab nrog artillery (35.4 units ib 1 km), nyob rau hauv cov lus txib ntawm General Kirill Semenovich Moskalenko, tig tawm mus rau sab laug ntau, i.e. tawm ntawm kev lag luam. Tawm tsam General Goth, 6th Guards Army (tus thawj coj I. M. Chistyakov) muaj qhov ceev ntawm rab phom ib 1 km - 24.4 nrog 135 tso tsheb hlau luam. Feem ntau ntawm cov tub rog thib 6, nyob deb ntawm cov muaj zog tshaj plaws, tuaj lub tshuab ntawm Pab Pawg Tub Rog "South", txib los ntawm tus kws tshaj lij tshaj lij ntawm Wehrmacht, Erich von Manstein. (Los ntawm txoj kev, tus neeg no yog los ntawmob peb tus uas pheej sib cav txog cov teeb meem ntawm lub tswv yim thiab kev tawm tsam nrog Adolf Hitler, uas nyob rau xyoo 1944, qhov tseeb, nws raug tso tawm).
Tank sib ntaus sib tua ze Prokhorovka
Hauv qhov xwm txheej nyuaj tam sim no, txhawm rau txhawm rau tshem tawm qhov kev tawg, Tub Rog Liab tau coj mus rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua cov tswv yim tseg: 5th Guards Tank Army (Commander Rotmistrov P. A.) thiab 5th Guards Army (Commander Zhadov A. S.)
Qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm kev tawm tsam los ntawm cov tub rog Soviet tank hauv thaj tsam ntawm lub zos Prokhorovka yav dhau los tau txiav txim siab los ntawm German General Staff. Yog li ntawd, kev faib "Tuag Head" thiab "Leibstandarte" cov kev taw qhia ntawm kev tawm tsam tau hloov mus rau 90 0 - rau kev sib tsoo taub hau nrog cov tub rog ntawm General Pavel Alekseevich Rotmistrov.
Tanks ntawm Kursk Bulge: 700 lub tsheb sib ntaus sib tua tau mus rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua los ntawm German sab, 850 los ntawm peb. Daim duab zoo nkauj thiab txaus ntshai. Raws li cov neeg ua pov thawj nco qab, lub suab nrov zoo li cov ntshav ntws los ntawm pob ntseg. Lawv yuav tsum tua point-blank, los ntawm qhov uas cov yees muab tua. Los ntawm cov yeeb ncuab los ntawm lub rear, lawv sim tua ntawm lub tso tsheb hlau luam, los ntawm cov tso tsheb hlau luam flared nrog torches. Cov tankers tau, zoo li nws tau, hauv kev pe hawm - thaum nws tseem muaj sia nyob, nws yuav tsum tau tawm tsam. Nws tsis tuaj yeem thim rov qab, nkaum.
Cov Tub Rog Liab hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Prokhorovka, tau qhia ua yeeb yam, txawm li cas los xij raug kev puas tsuaj ntau dua li German. Cov cuab yeej ntawm 18th thiab 29th tank corps raug puas tsuaj los ntawm xya caum feem pua.
Yog tias peb tham txog kev poob ntawm fronts hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Kursk, ces lub Voronezh, Steppe thiab Central pem hauv ntej poob 177.8 txhiab tus neeg, uas ntau dua70 txhiab - tua. Lub Voronezh pem hauv ntej tau dhau los ua "hacked" rau tag nrho qhov tob. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv tau txais los ntawm cov neeg keeb kwm, qhov kev poob ntawm cov neeg German tau nce me ntsis ntau dua 20% ntawm peb.
theem ob ntawm kev ua haujlwm
Kev sib sib zog nqus mus rau 35 km thiab tau raug kev puas tsuaj loj, cov neeg German paub tias lawv yuav tsis muaj peev xwm tuav lub taub hau kov yeej, thiab 1943-16-07 lawv pib rub cov tub rog rov qab. Lub Voronezh thiab Steppe pem hauv ntej tau pib ua qhov kev tawm tsam thiab rov qab los rau pem hauv ntej kab. Cov Neeg Ua Haujlwm General thiab Lub Tsev Haujlwm Hauv Tsev (peb yuav tsum them se) maj mam ntes tau "lub sijhawm ntawm qhov tseeb" thiab coj cov khoom cia rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua.
Tsis xav txog rau cov neeg German, "tshiab" Bryansk Pem hauv ntej ntawm 1943-03-08 mus rau qhov kev tawm tsam, txhawb nqa los ntawm cov flanks los ntawm cov rog ntawm Steppe thiab Central Fronts. Lub Yim Hli 5, 1943, tom qab kev sib ntaus sib tua tawv ncauj, lub nroog Orel tau dim los ntawm Bryansk Front, thiab lub nroog Belgorod tau dim los ntawm Steppe. Lub liberation ntawm lub nroog Kharkov rau 1943-23-08 ua tiav lub Kursk Duga lub lag luam. Daim ntawv qhia kev sib ntaus sib tua no suav nrog theem tiv thaiv (07/05-23/1943); Kev ua haujlwm Oryol ("Kutuzov") 12.07-18.08.1943; Belgorod-Kharkov ua haujlwm ("Commander Rumyantsev") 08/03-23/1943
Zoo kawg
Tom qab kev yeej ntawm Tub Rog Liab dhau ntawm Wehrmacht hauv Kev Sib Tw ntawm Kursk, qhov kev tawm tswv yim thaum kawg tau dhau mus rau Tub Rog Liab. Yog li ntawd, qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua no yog hu ua kev hloov pauv hauv Great Patriotic War.
Tseeb, nws tsis tsim nyog los tawm tsam cov yeeb ncuab hauv thawj theem ntawm kev ua haujlwm (yog tias peb raug kev txom nyem ib mus rau tsib poob thaum tiv thaiv, lawv yuav zoo li cas thaum tawm tsam?!). Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev ua yeeb yam tiag tiag tau tshwm sim los ntawm cov tub rog Soviet ntawm qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua no. 100000 tus neeg tau txais kev txiav txim thiab khoom plig, thiab 180 ntawm lawv tau txais lub npe siab ntawm Hero ntawm Soviet Union.
Nyob hauv peb lub sijhawm, hnub kawg - Lub Yim Hli 23 - yog txhua xyoo ua kev zoo siab los ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv lub tebchaws raws li Hnub Ua Tub Rog Zog ntawm Russia.
