Muaj ib qho tshwm sim ntawm cov lus Askiv hu ua succession, lossis tense cog lus. Yog hais tias nyob rau hauv ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm kab lus tus predicate yog muab tso rau yav dhau los tense (tsuas yog nyob rau hauv yav tas los Indefinite), qhov no yuav ua rau ib tug hloov nyob rau hauv cov lus qhia ntawm lub subordinate clause. Feem ntau, qhov kev hloov pauv no tshwm sim thaum nws tsim nyog los hloov kev hais lus ncaj qha mus rau kev hais lus tsis ncaj.
Kev sib koom ua ke ntawm lub sijhawm: rooj thiab cov cai
Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub uas lub ntsiab lus ntawm ib kab lus complex muaj ib tug predicate nyob rau hauv lub tam sim no los yog yav tom ntej tense, cov lus qhia nyob rau hauv subordinate ib feem tsis txwv los ntawm tej kev cai thiab yuav ua tau nyob rau hauv ib tug yuav tsum tau tense daim ntawv. Txawm li cas los xij, yog hais tias nyob rau hauv kab lus tseem ceeb cov lus qhia ua tus predicate tau muab tso rau hauv ib qho ntawm lub sijhawm dhau los, qhov thib ob yuav tsum tau hloov pauv raws li qee qhov system. Tsis muaj qhov tshwm sim zoo li no hauv Lavxias. Qhov no yog ib qho ntawm ntau cov qauv sau ntawv uas lus Askiv muaj (kev sib koom tes ntawm tenses). Lub rooj yuav pab koj pom qhov txawv.
| hais lus ncaj | hais lus tsis ncaj | ||
| Pab Pawg Sijhawm Tam Sim No(real) | |||
|
Present Indefinite (Ib yam) |
Angela hais tias: "Kuv ua haujlwm rau nws." Angela hais tias "Kuv tabtom ua haujlwm rau nws." (ib txwm, tsis tu ncua lossis qee zaus, dhau sijhawm) |
Yav dhau los Indefinite (Ib yam) |
Anglela hais tias nws ua haujlwm rau nws. Angela hais tias nws ua haujlwm rau nws. |
|
Present Progressive (Nruam) |
Cecilia hais rau peb tias: "Kuv tabtom ua haujlwm tam sim no". Cecilia hais rau peb "Kuv tabtom ua haujlwm tam sim no". |
Past Continuous(Progressive) |
Cecilia hais rau peb tias nws ua haujlwm rau lub sijhawm ntawd. Cecilia hais rau peb tias nws tsis khoom (ua haujlwm) thaum lub sijhawm. |
| Present Perfect |
Peb xav tias: "Mary tau ua haujlwm zoo heev hnub no." Peb xav tias Mary ua tau haujlwm zoo hnub no. (thiab tam sim no qhov tshwm sim yog pom) |
Past Perfect |
Peb xav tias Mary tau ua haujlwm zoo heev hnub ntawd. Peb xav tias Mary tau ua haujlwm zoo rau hnub ntawd. |
| Present Perfect Continuous |
Camilla yws: Kuv tau ua haujlwm tau tsib teev ua ke. Camille yws: "Kuv ua haujlwm tsib teev ncaj nraim". |
Past Perfect Continuous |
Camilla yws tias nws tau ua haujlwm tau tsib teev ua ke. Camilla yws txog kev ua haujlwm tsib teev ncaj. |
| Past tenses | |||
| Past Indefinite(Ib yam) |
Clara ua haujlwm hauv tsev. Clara ua haujlwm tom tsev. |
Past Perfect |
Peb pom tias Clara tau ua haujlwm hauv tsev. Peb kawm tias Clara ua haujlwm tom tsev. |
| Past Continuous(Progressive) |
Nws paub: "Daria tau ua haujlwm nag hmo." Nws paub "Daria ua haujlwm nag hmo." |
Past Perfect Continuous |
Nws paub tias Daria tau ua haujlwm nyob ntawd hnub dhau los. Nws paub Daria tau ua haujlwm nyob ntawd hnub ua ntej. |
| Past Perfect |
Maria hais tias: "Kuv tau ua haujlwm zoo." Maria hais tias "Kuv ua tau haujlwm zoo." |
Past Perfect |
Maria paub tseeb tias nws tau ua haujlwm zoo. Maria paub tseeb tias nws ua tau haujlwm zoo. |
| Past Perfect Continuous |
Diana hais rau peb tias: "Kuv tau ua haujlwm ntawm qhov haujlwm ntawd tau ob xyoos." Diana hais rau peb, "Kuv tau ua haujlwm rau qhov haujlwm no tau ob xyoos." |
Past Perfect Continuous |
Nws paub tias nws tau ua haujlwm ntawm qhov haujlwm ntawd tau ob xyoos. Nws tau raug qhia tias Diana tau ua haujlwm rau (qhov no) qhov project tau ob xyoos. |
| Teens group Future (future) | |||
| Yav Tom NtejIndefinite |
Ben hais tias: "Kuv yuav ua haujlwm rau nws" Ben hais tias "Kuv yuav ua haujlwm rau nws." |
Yav Tom Ntej (Yeeb Yam) |
Ben cog lus tias nws yuav ua haujlwm rau qhov ntawd. Ben cog lus tias nws yuav ua haujlwm rau nws. |
| Yav Tom Ntej |
Lawv hais rau kuv: "Nws yuav ua haujlwm." Kuv tau hais "Nws yuav ua haujlwm." |
Ntawm Yav Tom Ntejin the past |
Kuv tau hais tias tej zaum nws yuav ua haujlwm. Kuv tau hais tias nws yuav ua haujlwm zoo tshaj. |
| Yav Tom Ntej Perfect |
Nws xav tias: "Kuv mam li txhais phau ntawv los ntawm hnub Sunday". Nws xav tias "Kuv yuav muaj phau ntawv txhais los ntawm Hnub Sunday". |
Perfect Futurein the past |
Nws xav tias nws yuav tau txhais phau ntawv los ntawm hnub Sunday. Nws xav tias nws yuav tau txhais phau ntawv los ntawm hnub Sunday. |
| Yav Tom Ntej Perfect Continuous |
Tau tag kis John yuav tau nyeem thiab txhais cov phau ntawv no tau ob lub hlis. tag kis nws yuav yog ob lub hlis txij li John tau nyeem thiab txhais cov phau ntawv no. |
Paj Nruag Nruam Yav Tom Ntej |
Peb paub tias tag kis John yuav tau nyeem thiab txhais cov phau ntawv no tau ob lub hlis. Peb paub tias yuav yog ob lub hlis tag kis uas Yauhas tau nyeem thiab txhais cov phau ntawv no. |
Txoj lus thiab cov lus
Thaum kev hloov pauv cuam tshuam nrog kev hloov pauv mus rau kev hais lus tsis ncaj, kev hloov pauv tshwm sim tsis yog hauv cov qauv sau ntawv xwb, tab sis kuj muaj qee cov lus nrog: adverbs of time and pronouns.
-
Nws hais rau peb tias: "Nag hmo kuv yuav lub tiab turquoise". - Nws hais rau peb tias, "Nag hmo kuv yuav lub tsho turquoise no."
Nws hais rau peb tias nws tau yuav cov tiab turquoise hnub ua ntej. - Nws hais rau peb tias nws yuav hnav khaub ncaws turquoise hnub ua ntej.
Modal verbs
Muaj qee qhov tshwj xeeb hauv kev siv cov lus qhia modal. Thaum tsiv mus rau lwm pab pawg ib ntus, qee zaum hloov pauv.
Modal verbs hloov raws li hauv qab no system.
| hais lus ncaj | hais lus tsis ncaj |
| yuav | |
| could | |
| maj | might |
| must | yuav tsum (yog tias nws yog kev xav lossis qhov laj thawj) |
| must | yuav tsum (yog tias lub luag haujlwm yog vim muaj xwm txheej sab nraud) |
| yuav | yuav tsum (yog tias nws yog lus qhia) |
Nws hais tias: "Kuv tuaj yeem ya lub dav hlau". - Nws hais tiasNws tuaj yeem ya lub dav hlau. Nws hais tias, "Kuv tuaj yeem ya lub dav hlau." - Nws hais tias nws tuaj yeem ya dav hlau.
Txawm li cas los xij, muaj ntau cov lus qhia uas tsis hloov pauv: yuav tsum, yuav tsum tsis yog, xav, muaj qhov zoo, ua tau, muaj peev xwm, yuav tsum, thiab lwm yam.
Exceptions
Kev sib koom ua ke ntawm lub sijhawm tsis siv rau txhua kis. Muaj ntau qhov kev zam:
1. Yog hais tias tus subordinate clause hais txog qee txoj cai lij choj lossis qhov tseeb paub zoo uas tseem muaj feem cuam tshuam txawm tias muaj kev cuam tshuam lossis kev xav ntawm tib neeg, ces lub sijhawm raug cais tawm.
2. Thaum siv cov subjunctive nyob rau hauv subordinate clause, cov lus qhia tsis hloov mus rau lwm lub tense.
Qhov tshwm sim grammatical zoo li qhov kev pom zoo ntawm tenses tsis nyob hauv Lavxias. Yuav kom paub cov ntaub ntawv no, koj yuav tsum tsis yog tsuas yog nkag siab txog cov cai zoo, tab sis kuj yuav tsum xyaumtus kheej-composing kab lus thiab kev sib tham siv lub ntsiab lus no. Ib txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj yog rov hais dua qhov kev sib tham hauv koj cov lus.
