Cov nplhaib ib ntus, cov duab uas tau nthuav tawm hauv tsab xov xwm - cov khoom siv ntawm cov poj niam Slavic, feem ntau tsau ntawm cov tuam tsev. Lawv tau ua los ntawm kub, nyiaj, tooj liab. Slavs hnav cov nplhaib ntawm lub cev ib los ntawm ib lossis ob peb khub ib zaug. Cov pab pawg sib txawv muaj ntau hom hniav nyiaj hniav kub. Rings tau txuas rau lub taub hau nrog ribbon lossis straps.
History
Thawj cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub tau pom nyob rau hauv burials ntawm Unětice thiab Catacomb civilizations. Muaj cov qauv hauv qhov faus ntawm Troy thiab Minken ntawm Bronze Age. Nyob rau sab hnub tuaj, cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub tau pom nyob rau hauv Karasuk burials. Tom qab pom tau raug ntaus nqi rau Chernolesskaya kab lis kev cai. Lub ncov ntawm ntau haiv neeg ntawm lub cev rings ntog nyob rau hauv lub heyday ntawm Slavic kab lis kev cai nyob rau hauv lub Nrab Hnub nyoog. Raws li qee cov kws tshawb fawb, cov tsos ntawm cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub tau tsim nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm Arab thiab Byzantine kev vam meej.
Slavic cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub, suav nrog lub tuam tsev cov nplhaib, tau pib tshwm sim hauv Scandinavia hauv ib nrab xyoo pua 10th. Lawv tau siv los ua kev them nyiaj. Ntawm cov khoom kho kom zoo nkauj pom nyob rau hauv Croatian burials ntawm Istria ceg av qab teb, feem ntau ntawm lawv yog cov khoom siv hlau ntawm me me.qhov loj. Qhov kawg ntawm cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub tau qhwv hauv cov voj me me. Lawv ua haujlwm los txuas cov ntsiab lus.
7-nqaj khoom
Kho kom zoo nkauj, uas tau dhau los ua qauv ntawm xya-nqaj thiab xya-lobed lub ntsej muag ntawm lub cev, tau tshwm sim ntawm Vyatichi thiab Radimichi. Ntawm lawv yog cov khoom ntawm Zaraisk cov khoom muaj nqis ntawm lub xyoo pua 9th. Ntawm cov khoom dai uas pom muaj muaj tsib-nqaj uas muaj peb lub npas ntawm kab teeb thiab xya-nqaj sawv daws nrog ib lub pob. Cov pab pawg no suav nrog cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub los ntawm Poltava cov khoom muaj nqis ntawm lub xyoo pua 9th. Cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub nrog xya rays pom nyob rau hauv Novotroitsk kev sib hais haum yog suav hais tias nyob ze rau lub Zaraysk lub cev rings. Nws ntseeg tias lawv luam cov khoom los ntawm Danube.
Lub xya-nqaj kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm kev sib haum xeeb thaum ub ntawm Khotomel hnub rov qab mus rau 8th-9th centuries. Ornaments ntawm tib hom tau pom nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm Gornal (Ramenskaya kab lis kev cai), Borshchevskaya kab lis kev cai, nyob rau hauv Kvetuni, nyob rau hauv cov chaw nyob ze Smolensk thiab Upper Poochie.
Hlau lub nplhaib ntawm lub cev ntawm Slavs: duab, hom
Qhov loj thiab cov duab ntawm cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub txiav txim siab qeb uas cov khoom no lossis cov khoom ntawd yog: lub nplhaib-shaped, bracelet-shaped, nruab nrab-loj, xam. Hauv thawj peb pawg, muaj kev faib ua hom:
- Kaw (kawg kawg).
- Knotted (nrog ib lossis ob qhov kawg).
- Open primes.
- Nrog cov khoom xaus (hloov zoo li, 1.5-2 tig).
- Flipped xaus.
- Plat-eared.
- Tes Tsho.
- Loop-ended.
Lub nplhaib me tshaj plaws ntawm lub ntsej muag lub ntsej muag tau sewn ntawm lub taub hau lossiswoven rau hauv cov plaub hau. Xws li kev kho kom zoo nkauj tau tshwm sim ntawm tag nrho cov pab pawg neeg Slavic, yog li lawv tsis tuaj yeem suav hais tias yog ib qho cim los yog haiv neeg. Cov khoom ib-thiab-ib-ib nrab tig, txawm li cas los xij, feem ntau yog ua los ntawm pawg sab hnub poob.
Lub nplhaib ntawm lub cev ntawm Dregovichi, Glade, Drevlyan, Buzhan yog lub nplhaib zoo li. Lawv txoj kab uas hla txawv ntawm 1 mus rau 4 cm. Qhov nrov tshaj plaws yog ornaments nrog qhib thiab sib tshooj kawg. Tsis tshua pom muaj yog S-kawg thiab khoov-kawg rings, polychrome, peb-pob hlaws thiab ib leeg-pob cov khoom.
Northern hniav nyiaj hniav kub
Cov yam ntxwv ntawm haiv neeg ntawm cov Slavs yog kauv figurines ntawm 9th-12th centuries. Cov poj niam hnav 2-4 daim ntawm ob sab. Hom hniav nyiaj hniav kub no tau los ntawm cov khoom siv kauv uas muaj nyob rau hauv 6th-7th centuries. nyob rau sab laug ntug dej ntawm lub Dnieper. Cov kab lis kev cai yav dhau los yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm cov duab hluav taws xob tsis tseeb-grained ornaments ntawm 8th-13th centuries. Lawv tau nthuav tawm nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov ntawv luam ntawm cov khoom kim heev. Rings XI-XIII centuries. kev ua plees ua yi.
Krivichi
Smolensk-Polotsk pawg neeg ua haujlwm zoo li cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub. Lub nplhaib ntawm lub cev ntawm Krivichi tau txuas nrog tawv pluaj rau lub taub hau ua los ntawm cov tawv ntoo los yog cov ntaub ntom ntom. Txhua lub tuam tsev muaj 2-6 dai kom zoo nkauj. Nyob rau hauv lub XI-XII centuries, lub Smolensk-Polotsk Krivichi hnav rings nrog ob khi xaus, thiab me ntsis tom qab - nrog ib tug. Nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm Klyazma thiab Istra, muaj ntau lub nplhaib nyob rau hauv cov duab ntawm tsab ntawv S tau pom.
Ntawm cov Pskov Krivichi, cov nplhaib zoo li lub nplhaib kuj tseem muaj, tab sis lub ntsej muag thiab khoov-kawg. Qee zaum, cov poj niam dai tswb los yog trapezoid pendants ntawm chains los ntawm lawv.
Novgorod Slavs
Lawv ua cov ntaub thaiv npog. Cov khoom ntxov tshaj plaws suav nrog lub nplhaib ntsuas 9-11 cm nrog cov ntaub thaiv npog ntshiab rhombic. Nyob rau hauv lawv yog ib tug dotted kab qhia txog tus ntoo khaub lig nyob rau hauv ib tug rhombus. Qhov kawg ntawm tus ntoo khaub lig yog dai kom zoo nkauj nrog peb lub voj voog. Qhov kawg ntawm lub nplhaib raug khi, los yog ib daim thaiv npog tau ua rau ntawm ib qho ntawm lawv. Hom hniav nyiaj hniav kub no hu ua classic rhomboid. Cov khoom zoo li no tau tshwm sim hauv X-XII centuries. Me ntsis tom qab, lawv pib kos tus ntoo khaub lig hauv lub rhombus nrog plaub lub voj voog.
Lub sijhawm dhau mus, cov ntaub thaiv npog tau pib ua kom du, thiab tom qab ntawd - oval. Tseem ceeb txo txoj kab uas hla ntawm lub nplhaib. Nyob rau hauv lub XII-XIII centuries. lawv pib ua cov khoom siv tes tsho, dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov kab ntev ntev los yog bulges. Nyob rau hauv lub XIII-XV centuries, lub cev rings ua nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug inverted lo lus nug cim tau nrov.
xya-lobed ray ornaments
Ib qho cim ntawm cov qauv ntxov tshaj plaws yog lawv hnav khaub ncaws ntxhib. Cov khoom qub tshaj plaws ntawm xya-bladed khoom hnub rov qab mus rau xyoo pua 11th. T. V. Ravdina sau tseg tias cov khoom no tau muab faib (nrog qee qhov kev zam) sab nraum thaj chaw ntawm kev siv cov khoom siv xya-hnub qub. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tus kws sau ntawv taw qhia txog qhov tsis muaj kev hloov pauv hloov pauv hloov pauv los ntawm cov khoom qub tshaj plaws ntawm lub xyoo pua 11th mus rau cov neeg ntawm Moskvoretsk ntawm 12th-13th centuries. Txawm li cas los xij, raws li qhov pom ntawm ob peb xyoos dhau los qhia, qhov no tsis muaj tseeb kiag li.
Piv txwv li, ntau yam khoom qub qub tau pom nyob hauv Zvenigorod koog tsev kawm ntawv ntawm cheeb tsam Moscow. Lawv cov seem feem ntau pom nyob rau thaj tsam ze ntawm qhov qub kev sib haum xeeb ntawm Duna hauv thaj av Tula. Archaeologists hais tias hom hniav nyiaj hniav kub no tau nthuav dav thaum lub sijhawm tig ntawm 11th-12th centuries. Yog li ntawd, txawm tias tsis muaj kev hloov pauv mus zuj zus, nws tuaj yeem yog qib tom ntej ntawm kev txhim kho ntawm xya-hniav khoom.
hom hniav nyiaj hniav kub no yog qhov txawv ntawm nws qhov me me, sib npaug ntawm cov hniav zoo li lub ntsej muag, thiab tsis muaj cov nplhaib sab. Lub tom kawg pib tshwm nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 12th. nrog rau ib tug hatched ornaments uas tuaj rau ntawm cov hniav nrog cov lus qhia ntse. Qhov kawg lawv tus kheej ua ax-puab.
Kev txhim kho xya-bladed ornaments
Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua XII, muaj ob peb yam kev hloov pauv ntawm cov nplhaib zoo li no. Piv txwv li, cov khoom uas muaj lub ntsej muag zoo li lub ntsej muag thiab cov nplhaib sab, nrog cov khoom zoo nkauj, cov hniav zoo li tus ncej puab thiab cov qauv uas tsis mus dhau lawv tau pom. Tom qab kho kom zoo nkauj muaj tag nrho cov cim no. Nyob rau hauv lub XII-XIII centuries. lub nplhaib xya-lobed ua loj dua, cov qauv thiab cov ornaments ua ntau dua. Ob peb hom ntawm xws li ornaments tau pom. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov hniav txawv ntawm 3 mus rau 5.
Kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb
T. V. Ravdina sau tseg tias thaj chaw uas muaj ntau tshaj plaws ntawm cov kab nrib pleb ntawm lub cev tau pom tsis nyob hauv Vyatichi. Qhov no tau lees paub los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm annals. Muaj ob peb yam zoo li no tau pom nyob rau sab saud ntawm Oka. Yog li ntawd, cov kws tshawb fawb tau ntsib cov lus nug: nws puas tuaj yeem ua tauXav txog cov khoom no yog tus cwj pwm ntawm Vyatichi?
Nws yuav tsum tau hais tias yam qub tshaj plaws ntawm xya-hniav ornaments feem ntau pom nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Radimichi. Raws li Rybakov, ib ntus rings ntawm no hom, tuaj rau lawv los ntawm txoj kev Volgodonsk. Cov khoom zoo li no tau tshwm sim hauv thaj av ntawm Vyatichi thiab Radimichi rau lub sijhawm ntev - txog rau xyoo pua 13th. Los ntawm lawv tuaj Radimich xya-beam lub tuam tsev kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm 10th-11th centuries thiab Vyatichi xya-bladed rings ntawm lub xyoo pua 12th. Lawv tau siv mus txog thaum Mongol ntxeem tau.
Lub hauv paus ntawm cov khoom lag luam yog lub nplhaib, qhov qis dua uas yog dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov hniav tawm sab hauv. Ntev daim duab peb sab rays tuaj tawm, uas yog feem ntau decorated nrog nplej. Cov khoom no, uas tuaj rau sab hnub tuaj Slavs thawj zaug, tsis suav hais tias yog pab pawg neeg kos npe. Txawm li cas los xij, dhau sijhawm, lawv tau zoo nyob hauv thaj chaw uas nyob hauv Vyatichi thiab Radimichi. Nyob rau hauv lub 9th-11th centuries, nws yog cov nplhaib uas tau los ua ib tug kos npe rau ntawm pab pawg neeg. Lub xya-beam rings tau fastened rau ntawm ib tug ntsug ribbon, uas tau sewn rau headdress. Xws li cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub hu ua ribbon.
Beaded Jewelry
Lawv kuj yog rau cov khoom siv ribbon. Beaded rings raug hu vim cov hlaws me me tau threaded rau ntawm cov hlau. Txhawm rau tiv thaiv cov ntsiab lus los ntawm kev txav mus los, lawv tau kho nrog lub winding ntawm nyias hlau. Ntawm cov hlaws hlaws, cov hauv qab no muaj ntau yam txawv:
- Smooth. Cov pab pawg no suav nrog cov nplhaib nrog cov hlaws ntawm tib yam thiab sib txawv. Thawj tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv X-XIII centuries, qhov thib ob - nyob rau hauv lub XI-XIV centuries.
- Spoon.
- Smooth with filigree.
- Zoo.
- Ntsuab nplej.
- Openwork filigree.
- Grain filigree.
- sib xyaws.
- Knotty.
- Polychrome nrog cov hlaws ua los ntawm pob zeb, muab tshuaj txhuam, amber, iav.
Colts
Hauv thaj chaw deb nroog, tshwj tsis yog qee thaj chaw, cov hlaws hlaws tsis tshua pom. Lawv tau faib feem ntau ntawm cov neeg hauv nroog. Ribbons nrog peb-bead rings, raws li txoj cai, xaus nrog ib pawg ntawm ob los yog peb yam ornaments los yog ib tug hnyav pendant. Nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 12th, lub hnub qub-zoo li tus colt ua raws li tom kawg. Lub shackle ntawm lub nplhaib yog dav. Nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 12th, es tsis txhob ntawm ib tug flattened lub sab sauv beam, lub lunar caij nrog ib tug nqaim hneev.
Lub sijhawm dhau mus, qhov loj ntawm lub colt txo. Scanned-grained beam khoom los ua masterpieces ntawm ancient Lavxias teb sab hniav nyiaj hniav kub masters. Lub siab tshaj plaws nobility hnav lunar hollow pendants. Lawv tau ua los ntawm kub thiab decorated nrog enamel kos duab ntawm ob sab. Xws li kolts kuj tau ua los ntawm nyiaj. Lawv tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog dub. Raws li txoj cai, mermaids tau piav qhia ntawm ib sab thiab turya horns ntawm lwm qhov. Cov khoom zoo sib xws tau muaj nyob rau ntawm lwm cov khoom siv nyiaj kub tau piav qhia hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm V. Korshun. Rybakov ntseeg hais tias cov duab no cim fertility.
Lunar kolts tau hnav, raws li txoj cai, ntawm ib txoj hlua, uas tau txuas nrog lub taub hau hauv lub tuam tsev. Los ntawm lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 12th, hollow enamel kolts pib ua los ntawm tooj liab. Lawv tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog kos duab thiabgilding. Cov pendants no pheej yig dua li cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub zoo nkauj. Yog li ntawd, cov khoom siv tooj liab tau dhau los ua ntau dua. Txawm tias pheej yig dua yog colts ua los ntawm tin-lead alloys. Lawv tau tshwm sim mus txog rau xyoo pua 14th.
Lub sijhawm ntawm cov khoom siv nyiaj txiag ntawm cov neeg Slavs thaum ub tau xaus tom qab kev tsim tsa lub Tatar-Mongol quab yuam. Nrog kev cuam tshuam ntawm nomads, thev naus laus zis ploj mus, uas tau rov qab los tsuas yog tom qab ob peb puas xyoo.
