Lub tsev ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th: nta ntawm architecture. Cov tsev. Lub tsev ntawm ib tug nobleman. Cov tsev muaj txiaj ntsig hauv tebchaws Russia ntawm xyoo pua 19th

Cov txheej txheem:

Lub tsev ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th: nta ntawm architecture. Cov tsev. Lub tsev ntawm ib tug nobleman. Cov tsev muaj txiaj ntsig hauv tebchaws Russia ntawm xyoo pua 19th
Lub tsev ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th: nta ntawm architecture. Cov tsev. Lub tsev ntawm ib tug nobleman. Cov tsev muaj txiaj ntsig hauv tebchaws Russia ntawm xyoo pua 19th
Anonim

Lub tsev ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th yog ib yam ntxwv ntawm lub sijhawm tshiab ntawm kev tsim peev txheej. Lub sijhawm no, cov tsos ntawm cov nroog loj hauv Russia tau hloov pauv ntau heev. Kev kawm txuj ci thiab kev loj hlob hauv chav kawm tshiab - cov tub lag luam loj, cov tswv ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom thiab cov chaw tsim khoom tsim cov haujlwm tshiab rau cov kws tsim vaj tsev. Cov tsev tshiab tau tsim, chaw nres tsheb, khw loj, chaw lom zem: ua yeeb yam, circuses. Capitalism nyob rau hauv architecture kuj yog tshwm sim los ntawm cov tsos ntawm tenement tsev nyob rau hauv lub zos.

cov tsev nyob lig xyoo pua 19th
cov tsev nyob lig xyoo pua 19th

19th century houses

Lavxias teb sab haiv neeg ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19 yog chav kawm, qhov no cuam tshuam cov tsev uas lawv cov neeg sawv cev nyob. Muaj ntau nyob ntawm qhov chaw koj nyob. Cov pawg tseem ceeb ntawm cov tsev nyob ntawm lub sijhawm no tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv:

  • Noble.
  • Tshuaj.
  • Meshchanskaya.
  • Peasant.
  • Profitable.

Txhua qhov sib txawvnta uas nyob ntawm lub neej ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov cuab yeej cuab tam, ntawm kev vam meej thiab lub hom phiaj. Yog li ntawd, muaj nroog, nyob deb nroog thiab tsev loj, lub teb chaws vaj tse. Tshiab yog qhov tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub nroog ntawm lub teb chaws tsev, qhov twg lawv mus rau lub caij ntuj sov. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv nroog tau nce mus tas li. Qhov no yog txuas nrog cov tsos ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th ntawm tenement tsev, kev tsim kho uas nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19 tau tsim sai heev.

Russia yog ib lub tebchaws uas muaj hav zoov loj heev. Yog li ntawd, feem ntau ntawm cov tsev yog ntoo. Qhov no kuj yog vim huab cua txias. Cov tsev ntoo tau sov thiab ruaj khov. Hauv Moscow, St. Petersburg thiab lwm lub nroog nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm Russia, lub tsev nyob rau xyoo pua 19th tau tsim los ntawm pob zeb.

Lub tsev nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19 nyob rau hauv Russia
Lub tsev nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19 nyob rau hauv Russia

Txoj kev ntawm Lavxias teb sab architecture ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th

Lavxias teb sab architecture ntawm lub tsev ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th predetermined cov tsos ntawm niaj hnub nroog. Nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua, qhov tseem ceeb qauv yog classicism nrog nws nruj, kev txiav txim thiab meej npaj. Nws embodied lub tswv yim ntawm antiquity, qhov hnyav ntawm canons thiab logic. Nws lub ntsiab feature yog Tuscan kev txiav txim, uas yog enlarged thiab hais txog qhov hnyav ntawm cov phab ntsa loj, colonnades thiab arches. Qhov no siv ob qho tib si rau kev npaj hauv nroog dav dav thiab rau cov tsev ib leeg. Nws tau hloov los ntawm eclecticism - kev sib xyaw ntawm cov ntsiab lus sib txawv.

Noble Mansion

Lub siab tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub nroog ua luxurious mansions, kev tsim kho uas nyiam cov kws kos duab nto moo. Ntau tsev neeg thiab cov tub qhe nyob hauv lawv. Nyob rau hauv pem teb yog economicquarters thiab qhev lub quarters. Qhov thib ob tau nyob los ntawm ntau chav nyob, boudoirs thiab chav pw. Lub tsev thib peb muaj cov tsev nyob nrog cov qab nthab qis.

Cov chav tshwj xeeb yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub tsev loj thiab vaj tsev, lub hom phiaj ntawm qee qhov ntawm lawv tsis meej meej rau cov neeg niaj hnub no:

  • Hallway. Cov chaw no tuaj yeem pom tsuas yog hauv cov tsev loj hauv Lavxias thiab cov tsev. Nyob rau lub caij ntuj no txias, muaj ntau cov khaub ncaws sab nrauv, uas yuav tsum tau muab tshem tawm thiab muab tso rau ntawm qhov nkag mus rau chav sov. Tsis muaj txoj hauv kev hauv cov tsev nyob sab Europe. Qhov chaw uas cov tsho plaub, tsho loj, lub kaus mom, lub kaus mom, cov khau sov tau dai nrog cov railings. Muaj iav thiab rooj zaum ntawm no.
  • Valet, npe li ntawd vim tias nws yog tus valet ntawm lub luag haujlwm. Nws tau muab nrog cov rooj tog zoo mahogany. Paintings adorned phab ntsa.
  • Portrait chav. Ntawm no, cov duab ntawm cov neeg hauv tsev neeg lossis cov poj koob yawm txwv dai rau ntawm phab ntsa. Cov rooj tog yog mahogany. Cov phab ntsa tau pleev xim rau hauv cov xim ntuj los yog npog nrog cov ntawv ntsa. Feem ntau lawv tau siv cov duab kos ua yeeb yaj kiab.
  • Cabinet. Nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua hauv xyoo 19th noble tsev lossis vaj tse. Raws li kev cai, rooj tog tau tsim los ntawm Karelian birch, poplar lossis mahogany. Cov phab ntsa tau npog nrog phab ntsa lossis pleev xim rau hauv qab.
  • chav noj mov. Ib chav loj uas cov tswv tsev noj mov thiab kho cov qhua. Nws tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog lub rooj loj loj, cov rooj tog kim thiab cov duab kos rau ntawm phab ntsa, uas tau pleev xim rau hauv cov xim ntuj.
  • Chav pw nrog boudoir. Ntawm no tus hostess so. Lub txajtau npog nrog ib qho screen, nyob rau hauv lub ces kaum feem ntau muaj ib lub thaj neeb nrog cov cim uas ib tug yuav thov Vajtswv. Lub boudoir raug cais tawm ntawm chav pw. Nyob rau hauv nws, tus tswv tsev yuav saib xyuas nws chav dej thiab kev lag luam: embroider, sib haum. Raws li txoj cai, muaj lwm chav pw rau tsev neeg thiab cov qhua hauv tsev.
chav nyob hauv nobleman lub tsev
chav nyob hauv nobleman lub tsev

chav nyob. Chav pem hauv ntej uas cov qhua tau txais. Nws yog cov khoom siv nplua nuj, cov duab kos dai rau ntawm phab ntsa, cov rooj tog upholstered tau nruab rau kev so thiab kev sib tham. Cov chav nyob hauv lub tsev ntawm ib tug nom tswv ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th tau teem caij raws li qhov tseem ceeb. Nws yog lub sijhawm ntawm classicism nrog lub suab meej meej thiab kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov rooj tog zaum thiab cov khoom kos duab tso. Mahogany rooj tog tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov khoom sib tw ua los ntawm gilded bronze los yog tooj dag. Fab Kis zam rau cov khoom qub qub tau qhia tias muaj cov mlom uas nyob hauv chav nyob. Lub décor ntawm chav sib phim qhov no. Ib tug neeg nplua nuj nyob hauv xyoo pua 19th lub tsev uas muaj ntau tus qhua muaj ntau chav nyob

Cov neeg txawv teb chaws xav tsis thoob los ntawm ob lub thav duab ntawm lub qhov rais, qhov cub loj mus txog lub qab nthab, dai nrog cov vuas zoo nkauj. Lub qhov cub tsis tau sov thaum lub caij ntuj no. Txij li thaum huab cua txias nkag los ntawm lawv. Lawv raug kaw rau lub caij ntuj no thiab dai kom zoo nkauj nrog paj. Cov qhua txawv teb chaws xav tsis thoob los ntawm cov paj loj hauv tsev, lawv nyob txhua qhov chaw.

Lub tsev architecture ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th
Lub tsev architecture ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th

Nyob Noble Manor

Cov vaj tse yog ib qho nyuaj, uas suav nrog lub tsev nyob thiab ntau lub tsev: kev siv hluav taws xob, kev ua vaj tsev, chaw ruaj khov, tib neeg thiab lwm yam. Lawv sib haum xeeb haum rau hauv lub tiaj ua si manor. Yog ibtsis muaj tus dej nyob ze, ces ib lub pas dej nrog ib kob yog teem, alleys tau nteg, rotundas tau teem, ruins thiab grottoes tau nteg tawm. Cov vaj tse muaj nyiaj muaj tsev teev ntuj. Tus tswv tsev tau npaj raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm lub nroog lub tsev.

Muaj ib yam li cov cuab yeej cuab tam Lavxias. Nws yog qhov tshwj xeeb heev, nws nyuaj rau pom txhua yam zoo li nws sab nraud ntawm Russia, qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov qauv no tau txiav txim siab los ntawm serfdom thiab ntev mus los ntawm cov nroog loj. Muaj ntau tus neeg ua haujlwm hauv vaj tse uas nyob ntawm no. Kev cais tawm ntawm lub nroog tseg nws lub cim, raws li cov nom tswv yuav tsum tau saib xyuas tsev neeg, sib txuas lus nrog cov neeg ua liaj ua teb tas li.

Ntshai kev mus ncig rau lub nroog lossis lub nroog hauv nroog yog qhov tshwm sim tiag tiag. Lwm thaj chaw nyob deb kaum kilometers deb, yog li cov qhua tsis tuaj ntau zaus. Cov rooj tog zaum tom qab kev tsim kho ntawm lub tsev tau pauv mus rau cov qub txeeg qub teg. Xov xwm ntawm fashion, styles tuaj lig. Tab sis muaj cov vaj tse uas tau tsim los ntawm cov kws kos duab nto moo, qee qhov ntawm lawv tau muaj sia nyob mus txog niaj hnub no. Cov no yog cov monuments tiag tiag ntawm Lavxias teb sab architecture.

cov tsev nyob rau xyoo pua 19th
cov tsev nyob rau xyoo pua 19th

Tshuaj Lub Tsev

Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm peev txheej tau coj mus rau qhov tseeb tias muaj peev txheej dawb uas yuav tsum tau nqis peev. Kev tsim vaj tsev sai sai los ntawm cov tub lag luam loj thiab cov chaw tsim khoom pib. Cov tsev lag luam ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, muaj cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov chav kawm no, feem ntau zoo ib yam li palaces. Nto moo architects feem ntau raug caw mus rau kev tsim kho.

Tab sis feem ntau, cov tsev lag luam yog cov ntoo, ntoo-pob zeb thiab pob zeb, uastawm mus rau hauv lub vaj txiv hmab. Lub tshav puam tau yoog rau kev khaws cov khoom, cov rooj tog sib txawv heev, tsis tas yuav tham txog ib qho style ntawm no. Nrog rau cov duab kos rau lub ntees, muaj ntau lub cim. Lawv sim xyaum cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov chav kawm siab nyob rau hauv txhua yam. Tab sis rau feem ntau, tsuas yog ob peb ua tiav, cov uas tau txais kev kawm zoo.

Cov nom tswv maj mam poob nyiaj, muag lawv cov cuab yeej cuab tam. Cov tub lag luam loj hlob nplua nuj thiab yuav lawv, yoog raws lawv txoj kev ua neej. Tab sis feem ntau ntawm cov kev nplua nuj nouveaux qhia lawv cov me nyuam tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv Russia, tab sis kuj txawv teb chaws. Cov menyuam tub lag luam uas kawm tau ntawv zoo twb nyuaj rau qhov txawv ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov chav kawm sab saud. Lawv tau npaj lawv lub tsev nyob rau xyoo pua 19th hauv tebchaws Russia txawv dua li lawv txiv. Lawv paub ntau yam lus, to taub painting, architecture, ntaub ntawv.

cov tsev lag luam ntawm xyoo pua 19th
cov tsev lag luam ntawm xyoo pua 19th

Russian tub lag luam style

Nyob hauv cov nroog me me, cov tub lag luam ua tsev yooj yim dua. Ib tug tub lag luam style tshwm sim, uas lub tsev nyob rau hauv txoj kev npaj yog ib tug loj square los yog duab plaub. Nws feem ntau muaj ob pem teb. Thawj qhov yog loj, ua los ntawm pob zeb, nrog ib tug loj cellar. Nyob rau hauv pem teb yog ib tug hewn thav duab, lined nrog ntoo, nrog ib tug nplua nuj carved tiav. Sab hauv, cov tsev no feem ntau yog plastered.

Petty-bourgeois tsev

Cov chav kawm philistine suav nrog cov kws qhia ntawv, cov neeg ua haujlwm hnub thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm ntiav. Lawv ua rau feem coob ntawm cov pej xeem hauv nroog, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tom qab xyoo 1861, thaum serfdom raug tshem tawm. Cov neeg nyob hauv nroogyog ib lub tsev xauj los yog tsev me me ntawm nws tus kheej. Feem ntau lawv yog me me, ua raws li cov qauv ntawm cov tsev nyob deb nroog. Lawv cov qauv sib txuas rau thaj chaw uas lawv nyob.

tsev tsev
tsev tsev

Apartment tsev

Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov nroog, kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam kev lag luam, cov tsev kawm ntawv, ua rau muaj coob tus neeg tsis tuaj yeem tsim lossis yuav tsev. Cov pawg no suav nrog cov kws qhia ntawv, kws kho mob, cov tuam txhab nyiaj txiag, cov tub ceev xwm, engineers, xib fwb, cov tub ntxhais kawm. Lawv xav tau cov tsev nyob zoo, xis nyob uas tuaj yeem xauj.

Nyob hauv nroog, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg, Moscow, cov tub ceev xwm hauv nroog tau tsim kev tsim kho vaj tse. Kev tsim kho vaj tse nyob qhov twg cov tsev xauj tsev tau ua tiav raws li cov haujlwm ntawm cov kws kos duab nto moo. Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, muaj ntau tshaj li 550 lub tsev nyob rau hauv Moscow ib leeg. Cov tswv ntawm lub tsev sim nyiam cov neeg xauj tsev tseem ceeb. Qhov no tau ua rau lub hom phiaj ntawm kev tshaj tawm. Cov tsev uas siv rau cov tsev xauj tsev tau ua nyob ib ncig ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv. Ntawm no, nws cov xibfwb thiab cov kws qhia ntawv xauj tsev zoo heev.

Dhau li ntawm lawv, cov neeg ua haujlwm, cov tsev neeg hluas, cov kws tshaj lij, cov kws kho mob tau nyob hauv cov tsev tsev. Cov tsev kuj tau tsim rau cov neeg muaj nyiaj tsawg tsawg: cov neeg ua haujlwm me, cov neeg ua haujlwm, cov tub ntxhais kawm. Qhov twg nws muaj peev xwm mus xauj ib chav los yog ib lub tsev me me, nyob rau hauv uas tus nqi yog npaum li cas tsawg. Kuj tseem muaj lub npe hu ua doss tsev, qhov twg tsev xauj tsev - ib chav lossis ib lub txaj rau hmo ntuj.

lub zos tsev ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th
lub zos tsev ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th

Russian nyob deb nroog style

Lub teb chaws tsev ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th muaj lawv tus kheej style thiab nta. Txog thaum peb lub sijhawm, lawv tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv cov chaw nyob deb nroog thiab cov nroog me. Lawv tau ua nyob rau hauv ib qho, tsawg dua nyob rau hauv ob pem teb. Kev lig kev cai, cov no yog plaub-los yog tsib-phab ntsa cabins nrog ob-pitched los yog peb-pitched ru tsev, tab sis nyob rau hauv sab hnub tuaj los yog yav qab teb cheeb tsam ib tug yuav nrhiav tau ib tug plaub-pitched ru tsev. Ib qho kev nthuav dav ntawm Lavxias teb sab nyob deb nroog style yog lub teeb, uas tau teem rau hauv qab nthab.

Lub tsev tau ua ob yam. Thawj muaj ib lub tsev pheeb suab uas muaj lub rooj nkag loj. Qhov thib ob - los ntawm ob lub tsev pheeb suab, uas tau hu ua pem hauv ntej thiab nram qab, interconnected los ntawm ib tug dav povet thiab qab nthab. Tag nrho cov no tau nyob hauv ib lub ru tsev. Lub cheeb tsam nyob ib ncig ntawm lub tsev tsis tau fenced nrog ib tug dawb huv laj kab, tsuas yog pem hauv ntej vaj tau npaj. Carved architraves tau txais kev kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm cov tsev. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tsev nyob hauv Lavxias tau ua los ntawm cib thiab tuaj yeem ua ob-zaj dab neeg.

Siberian peasant style

19th caug xyoo lub tsev ntawm cov style no yog ib qho zoo rau thaj tsam Siberian. Lawv muaj qhov sib txawv me me ntawm cov tsev ntawm Lavxias style. Lawv loj, muaj lub ru tsev hipped tsis muaj teeb. Fenced tawm nrog ib tug lag ntseg siab laj laj. Decorated nrog carved platbands.

Russian dacha style

Los ntawm cov nroog nyuaj thaum lub caij ntuj sov, cov neeg hauv nroog tau mus rau thaj chaw nyob ze, qhov twg tag nrho cov zos hnub so loj hlob tuaj. Nws yog thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19 uas muaj ntau lub tsev ntawm Lavxias teb sab style pib tsim. Dachas yog ob lub tsev nyob rau lub caij ntuj sov tsis muaj cua sov, thiab cov tsev peev nrog lub qhov cub cua sov thiab qhov cub. Ib txwmdaim ntawv ntawm xws li ib lub tsev yog ntoo cav cabins, sheathed nrog clapboard, nrog ib tug mezzanine thiab ib tug obligatory veranda. Cov neeg nplua nuj tau tsim lub tsev pob zeb uas tau siv ua lub tsev nyob rau lub caij ntuj sov.

Ingrian style

Hom tsev no tau tshwm sim nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm thaj av Leningrad niaj hnub no. Nws cov yam ntxwv feature yog lub imposing cib los yog pob zeb phab ntsa, qhov twg ib hom masonry yog intertwined nrog rau lwm. Ib lub tsev uas muaj kev tsim kho thiab lub laj kab zeb ua rau qhov chaw kaw.

Xyoo 19th xyoo pua ntoo ntoo
Xyoo 19th xyoo pua ntoo ntoo

Vologda style

Lub tsev Vologda tau ua elongated hauv lub tshav puam, nws yog ib-zaj dab neeg lossis ob-zaj dab neeg. Ib qho yuav tsum tau ua yog ib qho khoom siv nyob rau hauv lub ces kaum ntawm lub qab nthab facade. Thiab yog hais tias lub tsev yog ob-zaj dab neeg, ces ib lub sam thiaj tau ua saum lub qab nthab. Tab sis lub ntsiab feature ntawm Vologda style yog kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm lub tsev nrog ntoo carved ntsiab, zoo li lace. Qhov ntau ntawm nws yog qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb.

Pom zoo: