Tsis muaj qhov tsis ntseeg, kos duab thiab kos duab ntawm Greeks thaum ub tau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau cov tiam tom ntej. Lawv txoj kev zoo nkauj zoo nkauj thiab kev sib haum xeeb tau dhau los ua qauv, nrog rau qhov kev tshoov siab rau cov keeb kwm yav dhau los. Cov tuam tsev thaum ub ntawm tim Nkij teb chaws yog monuments ntawm Hellenic kab lis kev cai thiab kos duab.
Lub sijhawm tsim ntawm Greek architecture
Hom tuam tsev hauv tebchaws Greece thaum ub muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog lub sijhawm tsim kho. Muaj peb lub sijhawm hauv keeb kwm ntawm Greek architecture thiab kos duab.
- Archaic (600-480 BC). Lub sij hawm ntawm Persian invasions.
- Classic (480-323 BC). Lub hnub qub ntawm Hellas. Kev sib tw ntawm Alexander lub Great. Lub sijhawm xaus nrog nws txoj kev tuag. Cov kws tshaj lij ntseeg tias nws yog kev sib txawv ntawm ntau haiv neeg uas pib nkag mus rau hauv Hellas los ntawm Alexander lub conquests uas ua rau poob ntawm classical Hellenic architecture thiab kos duab. Cov tuam tsev thaum ub ntawm tim Nkij teb chaws kuj tsis dim txoj hmoo no.
- Hellenism (ua ntej 30 BC). Lub sij hawm lig xaus nrogRoman conquest ntawm Egypt.
Kev nthuav tawm kab lis kev cai thiab qauv ntawm lub tuam tsev
Hellenic kab lis kev cai nkag mus rau hauv Asia Me, Sicily, Ltalis, Egypt, North Africa thiab ntau qhov chaw. Cov tuam tsev qub tshaj plaws ntawm tim Nkij teb chaws yog nyob rau lub sijhawm archaic. Lub sijhawm no, Hellenes pib siv cov khoom siv hauv tsev xws li limestone thiab marble es tsis siv ntoo. Nws ntseeg tau tias lub tsev qub qub ntawm Greeks yog cov qauv rau cov tuam tsev. Lawv yog cov qauv duab plaub nrog ob kab ntawm qhov nkag. Cov tsev ntawm hom no tau hloov zuj zus mus rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv nyuaj.
qauv tsim
Cov tuam tsev Greek thaum ub, raws li txoj cai, tau ua rau ntawm lub hauv paus. Lawv yog cov tsev tsis muaj qhov rais uas nyob ib puag ncig ntawm txhua kab. Sab hauv yog ib tug pej thuam ntawm ib tug deity. Cov kab ua haujlwm yog kev txhawb nqa rau hauv pem teb kab teeb. Cov tuam tsev thaum ub ntawm tim Nkij teb chaws muaj lub ru tsev gable. Nyob rau hauv lub sab hauv, raws li ib tug txoj cai, twilight reigned. Tsuas yog cov pov thawj thiaj nkag tau rau ntawd. Ntau lub tuam tsev Greek thaum ub tsuas tuaj yeem pom los ntawm cov neeg zoo tib yam los ntawm sab nraud. Nws ntseeg tias qhov no yog vim li cas cov Hellenes tau them nyiaj ntau rau qhov pom ntawm cov tsev teev ntuj.
Cov tuam tsev Greek thaum ub tau ua raws li qee txoj cai. Txhua qhov ntau thiab tsawg, proportions, proportions ntawm qhov chaw, tus naj npawb ntawm kab thiab lwm yam nuances tau tswj kom meej meej. Cov tuam tsev thaum ub ntawm tim Nkij teb chaws tau tsim ua hauv Doric, Ionic thiab Corinthian style. Tus hlob yog thawj tug.
Doric style
Tus qauv vaj tsev no tau tsim rov qab rau hauvlub sij hawm archaic. Nws yog characterized los ntawm simplicity, lub hwj chim thiab ib tug tej yam masculinity. Nws tshuav nws lub npe rau cov pab pawg Doric, uas yog nws tus tsim. Tsuas yog qee qhov ntawm cov tuam tsev no tau muaj sia nyob niaj hnub no. Lawv cov xim yog xim dawb, tab sis ua ntej cov qauv tsim tau npog nrog cov xim, uas tawg nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm. Tab sis cov cornices thiab friezes yog ib zaug xiav thiab liab. Ib lub tsev nto moo tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv cov style no yog lub Tuam Tsev ntawm Olympian Zeus. Tsuas yog cov ruins ntawm cov qauv zoo nkauj no tau muaj sia nyob mus txog hnub no.
Ionic style
Tus qauv no tau tsim nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Asia Minor nrog tib lub npe. Los ntawm qhov ntawd nws kis thoob plaws hauv Hellas. Cov tuam tsev Greek thaum ub nyob rau hauv cov style no ntau dua thiab muaj kuab heev thaum piv nrog Doric sawv daws yuav. Txhua kem muaj nws lub hauv paus. Lub peev nyob rau hauv nws nruab nrab ib feem zoo li lub hauv ncoo, cov ces kaum ntawm uas yog twisted mus rau hauv ib tug kauv. Nyob rau hauv cov style no, tsis muaj xws li nruj proportions ntawm qab thiab sab saum toj ntawm cov qauv, xws li nyob rau hauv lub Doric. Thiab qhov kev sib txuas ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov tsev tau dhau los ua qhov tsis tshua muaj suab nrov thiab tshee tshee.
Los ntawm txoj hmoo txawv txawv ntawm txoj hmoo, lub sijhawm xyaum tsis tau tseg lub monuments ntawm architecture ntawm Ionic style nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm tim Nkij teb chaws nws tus kheej. Tab sis lawv zoo khaws cia sab nraud. Ob peb ntawm lawv nyob hauv Ltalis thiab Sicily. Ib qho ntawm cov nto moo tshaj plaws yog Tuam Tsev Poseidon ze Naples. Nws saib squat thiab hnyav.
Corinthian style
Lub sijhawm Hellenistic, architects pib them nyiaj ntau dua rau qhov zoo nkauj ntawm cov tsev. Thaum ntawdcov tuam tsev ntawm tim Nkij teb chaws thaum ub tau pib muab lub nroog Corinthian, nplua nuj nrog cov ornaments thiab paj motifs nrog rau qhov tseem ceeb ntawm acanthus nplooj.
Divine Right
Daim duab kos duab uas cov tuam tsev ntawm Ancient tim Nkij teb chaws muaj yog ib txoj cai tshwj xeeb - txoj cai los saum ntuj los. Ua ntej lub sijhawm Hellenistic, tib neeg ntiaj teb tsis tuaj yeem tsim lawv lub tsev nyob rau hauv cov style no. Yog hais tias ib tug txiv neej nyob ib puag ncig nws lub tsev nrog cov kauj ruam, dai kom zoo nkauj nrog gables, nws yuav suav hais tias yog qhov loj tshaj audacity.
Nyob rau hauv lub xeev Dorian formations, cov cai ntawm cov pov thawj txwv tsis pub luam tawm ntawm kev coj noj coj ua. Lub qab nthab thiab phab ntsa ntawm cov tsev zoo tib yam tau tsim, raws li txoj cai, ntawm ntoo. Hauv lwm lo lus, cov qauv pob zeb yog qhov tsim nyog ntawm cov vajtswv. Tsuas yog lawv qhov chaw nyob yuav tsum muaj zog txaus los tiv thaiv lub sijhawm.
lub ntsiab lus dawb huv
Lub pob zeb thaum ub Greek cov tuam tsev tau tsim tshwj xeeb ntawm cov pob zeb vim lawv tau ua raws li lub tswv yim ntawm kev sib cais qhov pib - qhov dawb huv thiab lub ntiaj teb. Lub chaw ntawm cov deities yuav tsum tau tiv thaiv los ntawm txhua yam hauv ntiaj teb no. Cov pob zeb tuab lossis marble phab ntsa tiv thaiv lawv cov duab los ntawm tub sab nyiag, kev qias neeg, kev sib tsoo thiab txawm tias qhov muag pom.
Acropolis
Lub hnub qub ntawm cov vaj tsev ntawm Ancient Greece pib nyob rau xyoo pua 5 BC. e. Lub sijhawm no thiab nws cov kev tsim kho tshiab tau cuam tshuam nrog kev kav ntawm Pericles nto moo. Nws yog nyob rau lub sij hawm no uas lub Acropolis tau tsim - ib qho chaw ntawm ib lub roob uas lub tuam tsev loj tshaj plaws ntawm Ancient tim Nkij teb chaws tau concentrated. Cov duab ntawm lawv tuaj yeem pom hauv qhov nokhoom.
Lub Acropolis nyob hauv Athens. Txawm tias los ntawm cov ruins ntawm qhov chaw no, ib tug yuav txiav txim siab npaum li cas grandiose thiab zoo nkauj nws ib zaug. Ib tug dav heev marble staircase coj mus rau lub toj. Nyob rau sab xis ntawm nws, ntawm ib lub roob, muaj ib lub tuam tsev me me tab sis zoo nkauj heev rau tus vajtswv poj niam Nike. Cov neeg nkag mus rau Acropolis nws tus kheej los ntawm lub rooj vag nrog txhua kab. Dhau los ntawm lawv, cov neeg tuaj saib pom lawv tus kheej nyob rau hauv ib lub square crowned nrog ib tug pej thuam ntawm Athena (tus vajtswv poj niam ntawm kev txawj ntse), uas yog tus patroness ntawm lub nroog. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub tuam tsev Erechtheion, heev nyob rau hauv tsim, yuav pom. Nws qhov txawv feature yog lub portico uas protrudes ntawm sab, thiab lub qab nthab tau txais kev txhawb nqa tsis yog los ntawm tus qauv colonnade, tab sis los ntawm marble poj niam pej thuam (caritaids).
Parthenon
Lub tsev tseem ceeb ntawm Acropolis yog Parthenon - lub tuam tsev rau Pallas Athena. Nws suav hais tias yog cov qauv zoo tshaj plaws tsim hauv Doric style. Lub Parthenon tau tsim txog li 2.5 txhiab xyoo dhau los, tab sis cov npe ntawm nws cov neeg tsim tau muaj sia nyob rau hnub no. Cov neeg tsim ntawm lub tuam tsev no yog Kallikrat thiab Iktin. Nyob rau hauv nws yog ib tug duab puab ntawm Athena, uas yog sculpted los ntawm tus yawm Phidias. Lub tuam tsev tau nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm 160-meter frieze, uas qhia txog kev ua koob tsheej ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv Athens. Nws tus tsim kuj yog Phidias. Lub frieze depicts yuav luag peb puas tib neeg thiab txog ob puas nees daim duab.
Kev puas tsuaj ntawm Parthenon
Lub tuam tsev tam sim no raug puas tsuaj. Xws li cov qauv zoo li Parthenon, tej zaum, yuav muaj sia nyob mus txog hnub no. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau xyoo pua 17th, thaum Athens raug kaw los ntawm Venetians uas kav lub nroog. Cov Turks tau teeb tsa lub tsev khaws khoom hmoov hauv lub tsev, qhov tawg ntawm qhov uas tau rhuav tshem cov vaj tsev monument. Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, Briton Elgin tau coj feem ntau ntawm cov kev muaj sia nyob rau London.
Kev nthuav tawm ntawm Greek kab lis kev cai raws li kev kov yeej ntawm Alexander lub Great
Alexander's conquests ua rau Hellenic arts thiab architectural styles mus rau thoob plaws cheeb tsam. Sab nraud ntawm tim Nkij teb chaws, cov chaw loj tau tsim, xws li Asia Minor Pergamum lossis Egyptian Alexandria. Hauv cov nroog no, kev tsim kho kev ua haujlwm tau mus txog qhov tsis tau pom dua. Lawm, architecture ntawm Ancient tim Nkij teb chaws muaj kev cuam tshuam loj heev rau lub tsev.
Tej tsev thiab mausoleums nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no feem ntau yog ua nyob rau hauv Ionic style. Ib qho piv txwv nthuav ntawm Hellenic architecture yog qhov loj loj mausoleum (tombstone) ntawm King Mausolus. Nws tau raug ranked ntawm xya qhov kev xav zoo tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb. Qhov tseeb nthuav yog tias kev tsim kho tau coj los ntawm huab tais nws tus kheej. Lub mausoleum yog lub faus chamber ntawm lub hauv paus siab, surrounded los ntawm txhua. Saum toj no nws nce ib tug stepped pyramid ntawm pob zeb. Nws yog crowned nrog cov duab ntawm ib tug quadriga. Los ntawm lub npe ntawm cov qauv no (mausoleum), lwm yam grandiose funerary qauv tam sim no hu ua nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no.
