Qhov yuav tsum tau nkag mus rau kev sib tham tau tshwm sim hauv ntiaj teb thaum ub, thiab cov ntawv hloov pauv yooj yim tau tshwm sim. Cov lus zais zais tau txiav txim siab txoj hmoo ntawm ntau qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua thiab cuam tshuam txog keeb kwm. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tib neeg tau tsim ntau thiab ntau txoj hauv kev encryption.
Code thiab cipher yog, los ntawm txoj kev, cov ntsiab lus sib txawv. Thawj txhais tau tias hloov txhua lo lus hauv cov lus nrog ib lo lus code. Qhov thib ob yog los encrypt txhua lub cim ntawm cov ntaub ntawv siv ib qho kev algorithm.
Tom qab kev lej pib nkag mus rau cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov kev tshawb xav ntawm cryptography tau tsim, cov kws tshawb fawb tau tshawb pom ntau yam muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm qhov kev tshawb fawb no. Piv txwv li, kev txiav txim siab algorithms tau pab daws cov lus tuag xws li Egyptian thaum ub lossis Latin.
Steganography
Steganography yog laus dua coding thiab encryption. Daim duab no tau nyob ib puag ncig ntev heev. Nws txhais tau tias "kev sau zais" lossis "cipher sau". Txawm hais tias steganography tsis zoo raws li cov ntsiab lus ntawm tus lej lossis cipher, nws yog npaj los zais cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm cov neeg tsis paub.qhov muag.
Steganography yog tus lej yooj yim tshaj plaws. Cov ntawv nqos tau npog hauv cov quav ciab yog cov piv txwv zoo, lossis cov lus ntawm lub taub hau shaved uas nkaum hauv cov plaub hau loj hlob. Cov piv txwv meej tshaj plaws ntawm steganography yog cov txheej txheem tau piav qhia hauv ntau cov lus Askiv (thiab tsis yog xwb) cov phau ntawv tshawb nrhiav, thaum cov lus raug xa mus los ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm, qhov twg cov ntawv sau tsis pom tseeb.
Qhov tsis zoo ntawm steganography yog tias tus neeg tsis paub zoo tuaj yeem pom nws. Yog li ntawd, txhawm rau tiv thaiv cov lus zais los ntawm kev nyeem tau yooj yim, encryption thiab coding txoj kev siv ua ke nrog steganography.
ROT1 thiab Caesar cipher
Lub npe ntawm daim ntawv no yog ROTate 1 tsab ntawv rau pem hauv ntej, thiab paub ntau tus menyuam kawm ntawv. Nws yog ib qho yooj yim hloov cipher. Nws lub ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb tias txhua tsab ntawv yog encrypted los ntawm kev hloov cov tsiaj ntawv los ntawm 1 tsab ntawv rau pem hauv ntej. A -> B, B -> C, …, Z -> A. Piv txwv li, peb encrypt cov kab lus "peb Nastya quaj nrov" thiab peb tau txais "General Obtua dspnlp rmbsheu".
ROT1 cipher tuaj yeem ua dav dav rau tus lej ntawm qhov tsis txaus ntseeg, tom qab ntawd nws yog hu ua ROTN, qhov twg N yog tus lej los ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm cov ntawv yuav tsum tau hloov. Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no, lub cipher tau paub txij thaum ancient sij hawm thiab hu ua "Caesar cipher".
Caesar cipher yog qhov yooj yim heev thiab nrawm, tab sis nws yog ib qho yooj yim permutation cipher thiab yog li yooj yim tawg. Muaj qhov tsis zoo li no, nws tsuas yog tsim rau cov menyuam yaus pranks.
Kev hloov pauv lossis hloov pauv hloov pauv
Cov hom kev hloov pauv yooj yim ciphers no hnyav dua thiab tau siv tsis ntev dhau los. Thaum Asmeskas Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thiab Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum 1, nws tau siv los xa xov. Nws algorithm muaj nyob rau hauv rearranging cov ntawv nyob rau hauv qhov chaw - sau cov lus nyob rau hauv rov qab kev txiav txim los yog rearrange cov ntawv nyob rau hauv khub. Piv txwv li, cia peb encrypt cov kab lus "Morse code kuj yog ib tug cipher" -> "akubza ezrom - hedgehog rfish".
Nrog cov algorithm zoo uas txiav txim siab qhov kev txiav txim siab tsis ncaj ncees rau txhua tus cwj pwm lossis ib pab pawg ntawm lawv, cov cipher tau ua rau cov kab tawg yooj yim. Tab sis! Tsuas yog nyob rau lub sijhawm. Txij li thaum lub cipher tau yooj yim tawg los ntawm qhov yooj yim brute quab yuam lossis phau ntawv txhais lus sib txuam, niaj hnub no txhua lub xov tooj smartphone tuaj yeem tswj nws qhov kev txiav txim siab. Yog li ntawd, nrog lub advent ntawm computers, lub cipher no kuj tsiv mus nyob rau hauv qeb ntawm cov me nyuam.
Morse code
ABC yog qhov nruab nrab ntawm kev sib pauv ntaub ntawv thiab nws txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb yog ua kom cov lus yooj yim dua thiab nkag siab ntau dua rau kev sib kis. Txawm hais tias qhov no tsis sib xws rau qhov encryption yog npaj rau. Txawm li cas los xij, nws ua haujlwm zoo li cov ciphers yooj yim tshaj plaws. Hauv Morse system, txhua tsab ntawv, tus lej, thiab cov cim cim muaj nws tus kheej cov lej, ua los ntawm ib pab pawg ntawm dashes thiab dots. Thaum xa lus siv xov tooj, dashes thiab dots sawv cev ntev thiab luv luv.
Telegraph thiab Morse code … Morse yog tus thawj patented "nws" invention nyob rau hauv 1840, txawm hais tias cov cuab yeej zoo sib xws tau tsim nyob rau hauv Russia thiab Askiv ua ntej nws. Tab sis leej twg mob siab rau tam sim no … Telegraph thiab cov tsiaj ntawvMorse code tau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj heev rau lub ntiaj teb, tso cai yuav luag tam sim ntawd xa xov ntawm cov lus hla mus rau sab av loj.
Monoalphabetic hloov pauv
ROTN thiab Morse code tau piav qhia saum toj no yog cov piv txwv ntawm cov ntawv hloov pauv monoalphabetic. Lub prefix "mono" txhais tau hais tias thaum lub sij hawm encryption, txhua tsab ntawv ntawm cov lus thawj yog hloov los ntawm lwm tsab ntawv los yog code los ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv encryption nkaus xwb.
Kev txiav txim siab yooj yim hloov cov ntawv ciphers tsis yog qhov nyuaj, thiab qhov no yog lawv qhov teeb meem loj. Lawv raug daws los ntawm qhov yooj yim enumeration lossis zaus tsom xam. Piv txwv li, nws paub tias cov ntawv siv feem ntau ntawm Lavxias yog "o", "a", "i". Yog li, nws tuaj yeem xav tias hauv ciphertext cov ntawv uas tshwm sim feem ntau txhais tau tias yog "o", lossis "a", lossis "thiab". Raws li cov kev xav no, cov lus tuaj yeem decrypted txawm tias tsis muaj kev tshawb nrhiav hauv computer.
Nws paub tias Mary I, Poj huab tais ntawm Scots los ntawm 1561 txog 1567, tau siv ntau qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm tus lej monoalphabetic cipher nrog ntau qhov sib xyaw ua ke. Txawm li ntawd los nws cov yeeb ncuab tuaj yeem txiav txim siab cov lus, thiab cov ntaub ntawv txaus los txiav txim rau poj huab tais kom tuag.
Gronsfeld cipher, lossis polyalphabetic hloov pauv
Cov ntawv ciphers yooj yim tau tshaj tawm tias tsis muaj txiaj ntsig los ntawm cryptography. Yog li ntawd, ntau ntawm lawv tau raug txhim kho. Gronsfeld cipher yog kev hloov kho ntawm Caesar cipher. Txoj kev no muaj ntau yam tiv thaiv hacking thiab lus dag nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb tias txhua tus cwj pwm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv encoded yog encrypted siv ib qho ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv sib txawv, uas yog rov ua cyclically. Nws tuaj yeem hais tias qhov no yog daim ntawv thov ntau yamqhov yooj yim tshaj hloov cipher. Qhov tseeb, Gronsfeld cipher zoo ib yam li Vigenère cipher tau tham hauv qab no.
ADFGX encryption algorithm
Nov yog lub npe nrov tshaj plaws hauv Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II cipher siv los ntawm Germans. Lub cipher tau txais nws lub npe vim hais tias lub encryption algorithm coj tag nrho cov ciphergrams rau kev hloov ntawm cov ntawv no. Qhov kev xaiv ntawm cov ntawv lawv tus kheej tau txiav txim siab los ntawm lawv txoj kev yooj yim thaum xa cov kab xov tooj. Txhua tsab ntawv nyob rau hauv lub cipher yog sawv cev los ntawm ob. Cia peb saib ntawm qhov nthuav dav ntxiv ntawm ADFGX square uas suav nrog cov lej thiab hu ua ADFGVX.
| A | D | F | G | V | X | |
| A | J | Q | A | 5 | H | D |
| D | 2 | E | R | V | 9 | Z |
| F | 8 | Y | I | N | K | V |
| G | U | P | B | F | 6 | O |
| V | 4 | G | X | S | 3 | T |
| X | W | L | Q | 7 | C | 0 |
The ADFGX squaring algorithm yog raws li nram no:
- Xaiv random n cov ntawv rau kab thiab kab.
- Tsim N x N matrix.
- Nkag mus rau cov tsiaj ntawv, cov lej, cov cim random tawg thoob plaws lub hlwb rau hauv matrix.
Cia li ua ib lub xwmfab zoo sib xws rau cov lus Lavxias. Piv txwv li, cia peb tsim ib square ABCD:
| A | B | B | G | D | |
| A | E/E | N | b/b | A | I/Y |
| B | W | V/F | G/R | З | D |
| B | Sh/Sh | B | L | X | I |
| G | R | M | O | YYu | P |
| D | F | T | T | S | U |
Cov matrix no zoo li txawv txawv vim ib kab ntawm cov hlwb muaj ob tsab ntawv. Qhov no tau txais, lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus tsis ploj. Nws tuaj yeem rov qab tau yooj yim. Nkag mus rau kab lus "Compact cipher" siv lub rooj no:
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | |
| nqe lus | K | O | M | P | A | K | T | N | S | Y | & | F | R | |
| Cipher | bw | gv | gb | qhov twg | ag | bw | db | ab | dg | hell | wa | hell | bb | ha |
Yog li, cov lus zais zaum kawg zoo li qhov no: "bvgvgbgdagbvdbabdgvdvaadbbga". Tau kawg, cov Germans tau ua ib txoj kab zoo sib xws los ntawm ntau tus lej ntxiv. Thiab thaum kawg nws tig tawm ruaj khov heevkom tawg cov lus encrypted.
Vigenère cipher
Cov ntawv cipher no yog qhov kev txiav txim siab ntau dua rau kev tawg dua li cov ntawv monoalphabetic, txawm hais tias nws yog ib qho yooj yim hloov cov ntawv cipher. Txawm li cas los xij, vim yog lub zog algorithm, nws tau txiav txim siab ntev tsis tuaj yeem hack. Thawj qhov hais txog nws hnub rov qab mus rau xyoo pua 16th. Vigenère (tus kws tshaj lij Fab Kis Fab Kis) tau lees paub yuam kev raws li nws tus neeg tsim khoom. Yuav kom nkag siab zoo dua yog dab tsi ntawm ceg txheem ntseeg, xav txog Vigenère lub rooj (Vigenère square, tabula recta) rau cov lus Lavxias.
Cia pib coding cov kab lus "Kasperovich luag". Tab sis kom encryption ua tiav, xav tau ib lo lus tseem ceeb - cia nws ua "password". Tam sim no cia peb pib encryption. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, peb sau tus yuam sij ntau zaus uas tus lej ntawm cov ntawv sib raug rau tus lej ntawm cov ntawv hauv kab lus encrypted, los ntawm kev rov ua tus yuam sij lossis txiav:
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | |
| nqe lus: | K | A | P | E | R | O | B | & | W | M | E | E | T | I | |||
| Key | P | A | R | O | L | b | P | A | R | O | L | b | P | A | R | O | L |
Tam sim no, siv lub rooj Vigenère, ib yam li hauv lub dav hlau sib koom ua ke, peb tab tom nrhiav ib lub xov tooj ntawm tes uas yog qhov kev sib tshuam ntawm cov ntawv, thiab peb tau txais: K + P=b, A + A=B, C + P=C, thiab lwm yam
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | |
| Cipher: | b | B | B | YYu | N | YYu | G | Sch | F | E | Y | X | F | G | A | L |
Peb tau txais tias "Kasperovich luag"="bvusnyugschzh eykhzhgal".
Cracking the Vigenère cipher yog qhov nyuaj heev vim tias kev soj ntsuam zaus yuav tsum paub qhov ntev ntawm lo lus tseem ceeb ua haujlwm. Yog li lub hack yog random pov qhov ntev ntawm lo lus tseem ceeb thiab sim tawg cov lus zais.
Nws tseem yuav tsum tau hais tias ntxiv rau qhov yuam kev tsis sib xws, lub rooj sib txawv Vigenère tuaj yeem siv tau. Hauv qhov no, Vigenère square muaj ib kab-los-kab sau cov tsiaj ntawv Lavxias nrog kev hloov ntawm ib qho. Uas xa peb mus rau ROT1 cipher. Thiab ib yam li hauv Caesar cipher, qhov offset tuaj yeem ua tau txhua yam. Ntxiv mus, qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv tsis tas yuav tsum yog alphabetical. Hauv qhov no, lub rooj nws tus kheej tuaj yeem yog tus yuam sij, tsis paub qhov twg nws yuav tsis tuaj yeem nyeem cov lus, txawm tias paub tus yuam sij.
Code
Cov lej tiag tiag muaj qhov sib tw rau txhua tuscov lus ntawm ib tug cais code. Txhawm rau ua haujlwm nrog lawv, cov ntawv sau npe yog xav tau. Qhov tseeb, qhov no yog tib phau ntawv txhais lus, tsuas yog muaj cov lus txhais lus rau hauv cov lej. Ib qho piv txwv yooj yim thiab yooj yim ntawm cov lej yog ASCII lub rooj - ib qho thoob ntiaj teb cipher ntawm cov cim yooj yim.
Qhov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ntawm cov lej yog tias lawv nyuaj rau kev txiav txim siab. Kev soj ntsuam zaus yuav luag tsis ua haujlwm thaum lawv raug nyiag. Qhov tsis muaj zog ntawm cov lej yog, qhov tseeb, cov phau ntawv lawv tus kheej. Ua ntej, lawv cov kev npaj yog txheej txheem nyuaj thiab kim. Thib ob, rau cov yeeb ncuab lawv tig mus rau hauv cov khoom xav tau thiab kev cuam tshuam ntawm ib feem ntawm phau ntawv yuam koj hloov tag nrho cov lej tag.
Nyob rau xyoo pua 20th, ntau lub xeev tau siv cov lej hloov pauv cov ntaub ntawv zais cia, hloov cov lej lej tom qab qee lub sijhawm. Thiab lawv kuj nquag mus yos hav zoov rau phau ntawv ntawm cov neeg nyob ze thiab cov neeg tawm tsam.
Enigma
Txhua tus paub tias Enigma yog Nazis 'lub ntsiab cipher tshuab thaum Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II. Enigma tus qauv suav nrog kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm hluav taws xob thiab tshuab hluav taws xob. Yuav ua li cas tus cipher yuav tig tawm nyob ntawm qhov pib teeb tsa ntawm Enigma. Tib lub sijhawm, Enigma tau hloov pauv nws qhov kev teeb tsa thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm, encrypting ib cov lus hauv ntau txoj hauv kev thoob plaws nws qhov ntev.
Hauv qhov sib piv rau cov ntawv ciphers yooj yim tshaj plaws, "Enigma" tau muab ntau lab lab ntawm kev sib txuas ua ke, uas ua rau tawg cov ntaub ntawv encrypted yuav luag tsis yooj yim sua. Nyob rau hauv lem, cov Nazis muaj ib tug tej yam ua ke npaj rau txhua hnub, uas lawvsiv rau ib hnub twg los xa lus. Yog li ntawd, txawm tias Enigma poob rau hauv tus yeeb ncuab txhais tes, nws tsis muaj dab tsi los txiav txim siab cov lus yam tsis tau nkag mus rau qhov raug teeb tsa txhua hnub.
Hack "Enigma" tau sim sim thaum lub sijhawm tag nrho cov tub rog kev sib tw ntawm Hitler. Hauv tebchaws Askiv, xyoo 1936, ib qho ntawm thawj cov khoom siv hauv computer (Turing tshuab) tau tsim rau qhov no, uas tau los ua tus qauv ntawm cov khoos phis tawj yav tom ntej. Nws txoj hauj lwm yog simulate lub lag luam ntawm ntau lub kaum os Enigmas ib txhij thiab khiav intercepted Nazi cov lus los ntawm lawv. Tab sis txawm tias lub tshuab Turing tsuas yog qee zaus tuaj yeem tawg cov lus.
Public key encryption
Qhov nrov tshaj plaws ntawm kev encryption algorithms, uas yog siv txhua qhov chaw hauv tshuab thiab tshuab computer. Nws lub ntsiab lus dag, raws li txoj cai, nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm ob tug yuam sij, ib tug ntawm uas yog kis mus rau pej xeem, thiab qhov thib ob yog zais cia (piv txwv). Tus yuam sij rau pej xeem siv los encrypt cov lus thiab tus yuam sij ntiag tug yog siv los decrypt nws.
Tus yuam sij pej xeem feem ntau yog tus lej loj heev uas tsuas muaj ob qhov sib faib, tsis suav ib tus thiab tus lej nws tus kheej. Ua ke, ob qhov kev faib tawm no tsim tus yuam sij zais cia.
Cia peb xav txog ib qho piv txwv yooj yim. Cia tus yuam sij pej xeem yog 905. Nws divisors yog tus lej 1, 5, 181 thiab 905. Ces tus yuam sij zais cia yuav yog, piv txwv li, tus lej 5181. Puas yog koj hais yooj yim dhau lawm? Yuav ua li cas yog nyob rau hauv lub luag hauj lwmpej xeem tus lej yuav yog tus lej nrog 60 tus lej? Ua lej nyuaj los xam cov divisors ntawm tus lej loj.
Rau qhov piv txwv zoo dua, xav txog tias koj tau rho nyiaj los ntawm ATM. Thaum nyeem daim npav, cov ntaub ntawv tus kheej raug encrypted nrog ib qho tseem ceeb rau pej xeem, thiab ntawm lub txhab nyiaj sab, cov ntaub ntawv yog decrypted nrog tus yuam sij zais cia. Thiab tus yuam sij pej xeem no tuaj yeem hloov pauv rau txhua qhov haujlwm. Thiab tsis muaj txoj hauv kev kom sai nrhiav cov neeg sib faib tseem ceeb thaum cuam tshuam nws.
Font durability
Lub zog cryptographic ntawm qhov encryption algorithm yog lub peev xwm los tiv thaiv kev nyiag. Qhov parameter no yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau txhua qhov encryption. Pom tseeb, qhov yooj yim hloov pauv cipher, uas tuaj yeem decrypted los ntawm txhua yam khoom siv hluav taws xob, yog ib qho tsis ruaj khov tshaj plaws.
Hnub no, tsis muaj cov qauv zoo sib xws uas nws yuav ua tau los ntsuas lub zog ntawm lub cipher. Qhov no yog ib txoj haujlwm nyuaj thiab ntev. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj ntau lub commissions uas tau tsim cov qauv hauv cheeb tsam no. Piv txwv li, yam tsawg kawg nkaus uas yuav tsum tau muaj rau Advanced Encryption Standard los yog AES encryption algorithm tsim los ntawm NIST USA.
Rau siv: Vernam cipher tau lees paub tias yog tus tiv thaiv cipher tshaj plaws rau kev tawg. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws qhov txiaj ntsig yog tias, raws li nws cov algorithm, nws yog qhov yooj yim cipher.
