Txhua yam lus muaj nws tus kheej lub tebchaws. Lawv tuaj yeem piav qhia los ntawm kev sib raug zoo stratification hauv zej zog, keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm cov neeg. Cov lus niaj hnub no uas siv tam sim no yog cov lus qub qub. Qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm lawv yog pom nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab lus, lawv yog summed nyob rau hauv ntau yam lus. Dialectology, uas yog ib ceg tshwj xeeb ntawm kev hais lus, kawm txog cov ntsiab lus ntawm qhov ncauj thiab sau ntawv.
Txiv Neej Neeg
Nyob rau hauv peb lub sijhawm, kev sib raug zoo thiab thaj chaw dialects txawv. Hom kev sib raug zoo suav nrog kev sib txawv ntawm hom lus hauv tebchaws, uas tsuas yog siv los ntawm ib pawg neeg sib cais xwb.
Qee zaum, lo lus "jargon" yog siv los piav txog qhov tshwm sim no. Piv txwv li, muaj cov lus sib tham uas cuam tshuam nrog kev ua haujlwm. Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thev naus laus zis siv "lus" ntawm cov neeg IT.
Nyob rau hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog lawv siv cov lus Offenian ntawm peddlers. Cov lus hais hauv zej zog raug suav hais tias yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sib cais, lawv muaj cov ntsiab lus lexical.
Tsev views
Raws li lub npe, cov lus hauv cheeb tsam muaj qhov sib txawvtxwv. Lawv txhais tau tias "dialect" siv los ntawm linguists los piav txog hom lus ntawm qhov ncauj, kev siv uas yog yam ntxwv ntawm ib thaj chaw. Qhov no ntawm lub teb chaws hom lus, uas muaj tej yam phonetic, grammatical, lexical, syntactic nta.
Tam sim no cov lus ntawm Lavxias teb sab yog txuam nrog lub sij hawm ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm ancient East Slavic pab pawg neeg. Cov lus Ukrainian thiab Belarusian kuj sawv cev los ntawm cov lus uas tau tshwm sim nyob rau lub sijhawm qub Lavxias.
keeb kwm keeb kwm
Cov lus thiab cov lus hais txog thaj chaw li cas? Lawv txawv ntawm cov uas tsis yog-literary ntau yam ntawm lub teb chaws hom lus. Nyob rau hauv Russia, lawv tau tsim thaum lub sij hawm feudal fragmentation. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua xeem, raws li lub hwj chim ntawm cov lus nyeem tau nce, cov txheej txheem ntawm lawv degradation intensified. Niaj hnub no, tsis yog tsuas yog cov lus hais hauv qhov ncauj xwb, piv txwv ntawm cov kab lus qhia lawv cov kev siv hauv kev sib txuas lus txhua hnub. Ntau zuj zus, tib neeg siv cov lus uas nws lub ntsiab lus tseeb tsuas yog rau ib lub voj voog ntawm tib neeg xwb.
Cov lus hais hauv thaj av thiab kev sib raug zoo txawv ntawm jargons hauv phonetics, syntax, vocabulary.
Phonetic sib txawv
Cia peb xav txog thaj chaw dialects. Piv txwv ntawm kev sib txawv ntawm cov xov tooj muaj feem xyuam nrog thaj chaw thaj chaw. Piv txwv li, Southern Great Lavxias teb sab lus yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm akanye, siv cov lus mos "t" hauv cov lus thib peb.
Hauv SVN suab okanie, khoomvariant "t" nyob rau hauv 3rd neeg verbs. Qee cov lus tso cai hloov ntawm "xv" nrog lub suab "f". Dialectisms thiab lexical nta yog pom nyob rau hauv dialects. Hauv cheeb tsam Kaliningrad, cov neeg nyob hauv hu ua txoj kev globka, thiab hauv Ryazan nws yog plooj.
Cov zaub tib lub suab sib txawv ntawm qhov chaw sib txawv, vim tias muaj cov lus hauv tebchaws Lavxias. Piv txwv ntawm qhov sib txawv no:
- borkan thiab carrots;
- tebeka thiab taub dag;
- rutabaga, german, gnaw.
Nyob zoo ib tsoom niam txiv kwv tij neej tsa thiab tsoom phooj ywg sawv daws.
Cia peb xav txog thaj chaw dialects los ntawm keeb kwm kev pom. Piv txwv ntawm cov lus uas tuaj rau hauv cov lus los ntawm ib puas xyoo dhau los: khav, me nyuam, tyrant, me tub.
Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Kev Kawm Cov Lus Teb
Yuav kom tau txais ib daim duab tiav ntawm ntau yam ntawm cov lus Lavxias, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb los soj ntsuam cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm St. Petersburg thiab Moscow dialects.
Los ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm kev sib raug zoo thiab kev puas siab puas ntsws, peb nco ntsoov qhov yuav tsum tau tsim kev sib cuag nrog cov neeg hais lus ntawm cov lus. Tsuas yog thaum xav txog txhua txoj hauv kev ntawm kev tsim cov lus, piav txog cov kab lus tseem ceeb, peb tuaj yeem xaus tias cov lus Lavxias tshwj xeeb nyob ntawm thaj chaw tshwj xeeb.
Colloquialisms
Raws li daim ntawv tsis sau ntawm lub tebchaws yog cov lus. Lawv yog cov yam ntxwv los ntawm tsawg txhais, dav ciam teb. Vernaculars raug hu ua lus loj hauv nroog.
Lawv tsis muaj lawv tus kheej cov cim ntawm lub koom haum systemic, piav qhiacov lej ntawm ntau hom lus uas ua txhaum cov qauv ntawm cov lus sau.
Colloquial yog ib tug nteg-rov qab, rude ntau yam ntawm colloquial Lavxias teb sab. Muaj nws txoj kev loj hlob nyob rau hauv ob lub ntsiab lus qhia.
Ib qho txuas nrog qhov tsis paub txog qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm kev siv cov lus coj ua. Lub vernacular muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm lub suab, morphology, syntax, lus.
Piv txwv li, adverbs yog siv nyob rau hauv kev sib tham: ib txwm, nag hmo, deb. Qee tus neeg poob npe tsis raug: hauv cov txheeb ze, ntawm lub piano.
Tam sim no, vernacular tau hloov los ntawm cov lus sau, yog li lawv tsuas pom muaj cov neeg laus.
Specific vernacular
Ib yam ntxwv ntawm haiv neeg yog lawv txoj kev xav. Piv txwv li, koj tuaj yeem hnov cov lus no: txaj muag, duab, khaub ncaws, drape.
Nyob rau hauv cov lus hais ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv cov lus feem ntau siv thiab ntau yam lus. Hauv cov ntawv tseeb, lawv tau siv los qhia qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm thaj chaw uas tus sau siv hauv nws txoj haujlwm.
Cov lus no tuaj yeem pom hauv cov dab neeg ntawm Bunin, Gogol, Pushkin, Nekrasov, thiab lwm tus kws sau ntawv. Cov lus uas siv rau hauv kev kos duab yog hu ua dialectisms.
Examples
Txhua thaj chaw, thaj tsam ntawm Russia muaj nws cov lus. Nov yog qee qhov piv txwv:
Cia peb mus.
Shabol - hnab ev khoom, pob tw.
Odnerka - ib, ib.
Drilling - tham.
Bulldyka - qaib ko taw.
Tus txiv neej yog ib tug hluas.
Zhor is food.
Zyr - look.
Kab-kib.
Kev mob siab yog ntshai.
Shkandybat - mus.
Kev dag yog kev ua phem.
Kev faib cov hom lus
Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua nees nkaum, cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws dialectological maps ntawm hom lus tau muab tso ua ke, nws yog lub sij hawm no uas monographs ntawm lawv faib tau luam tawm. Hauv Lavxias, muaj ob hom lus tseem ceeb thiab ib hom lus:
- South Russia;
- Northern Russia;
- Lavxias teb sab nruab nrab.
Ntxiv rau qhov kev faib loj, kev faib me me kuj txawv. Piv txwv li, Muscovites yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm "akanye", thiab cov neeg nyob hauv Vologda yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm "okanye".
Nyob rau hauv Northern Lavxias teb sab lus, pab pawg neeg txawv:
- Vologda;
- Ladogo-Tikhvinskaya;
- Kostroma;
- interzonal;
- Onega.
Rau txhua pab pawg, ntau hom lus thiab cov lus qhia txawv. Piv txwv li, Tver, Pskov, Moscow, Ivanovo, Nizhny Novgorod, Vladimir cheeb tsam txawv nyob rau hauv lub Central Lavxias teb sab lus.
Linguistic feature
Nws suav nrog kev hais lus, xov tooj cua, syntax. Cov lus sab qab teb thiab sab qaum teb sib txawv ntawm lawv tus kheej cov yam ntxwv. Qee qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov lus sab qab teb thiab sab qaum teb yog ua ke hauv Central Lavxias teb sab lus.
Nyob rau hauv cov lus ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus, rau-daim ntawv, tsib-daim ntawv, xya-daim ntawv ntawm lub suab lus tau sau tseg, nrog rau "akanye", "okanye" nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm hom suab nrov unstressed.
Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb hauv syntaxyog txuam nrog kev siv ntau yam hauv cov qauv, kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov npe thiab cov prepositions, kev siv ntau yam ntawm cov lus qhia. Qhov sib txawv tuaj yeem taug qab nyob rau hauv cov qauv ntawm cov kab lus yooj yim: kev siv cov khoom, kev hloov ntawm cov lus.
Nyob hauv kaw
Tam sim no, lus Lavxias tau suav tias yog ib qho ntawm cov nplua nuj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb. Greatness tau muab rau nws los ntawm cov lus dav dav, ntau yam ntawm cov lus, tshwj xeeb muaj peev xwm ntawm cov lus tsim, ntau lub ntsiab lus, kev txav ntawm kev ntxhov siab, sib haum xeeb thiab meej syntax, versatility ntawm stylistic peev txheej. Cov kws tshaj lij ib leeg tawm lub teb chaws thiab cov ntawv sau lus Lavxias.
National hais lus npog txhua qhov chaw ntawm kev hais lus ntawm tib neeg, tsis hais txog kev loj hlob, kev kawm, chaw nyob, kev ua haujlwm. Nws muaj jargons, lus tshwj xeeb, ntau yam lus.
Vajntxwv hais lus txawv, paub hom lus, paub sau ntawv, nyeem, paub kab lis kev cai thiab yam ntxwv ntawm lawv haiv neeg. Feem ntau jargon yog siv hauv kev sib tham yam tsis xav txog nws lub ntsiab lus tseeb.
Lub luag haujlwm tshwj xeeb yog los ntawm lus dab neeg. Nrog ceev faj khaws cia ntawm pej xeem tej hauj lwm, kev hloov ntawm Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai, koj muaj peev xwm suav tau rau tus cwj pwm fwm ntawm cov hluas tiam mus rau lub teb chaws cuab yeej cuab tam.
Ib cheeb tsam cheeb tsam tau qhia hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv Lavxias, uas yog tsom rau kev paub cov menyuam kawm ntawv uas muaj peev xwm tshwj xeeb ntawm hom lus hauv tebchaws. Raws li ib feem ntawm cov chav kawm ntxiv no,Cov menyuam yaus Lavxias muaj lub sijhawm tiag los nkag siab ntau qhov kev zoo nkauj ntawm lawv hom lus, nws cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb.
Cov lus hais lus, uas cov lus muaj nplua nuj, tuaj yeem yog lub ntsiab lus nthuav dav rau koj tus kheej txoj haujlwm tshawb fawb, qhov project tshwj xeeb.
