Lub koom pheej ntawm Macedonia, uas nws keeb kwm hnub rov qab mus rau lub sijhawm qub, yog ib lub xeev me me nyob sab Europe hauv Balkans nrog lub peev Skopje, uas tsis muaj chaw nres nkoj thiab nkag mus rau hauv hiav txwv. Hauv UN, lub xeev suav nrog cov xwm txheej ntawm Yugoslav Macedonia, cov lus tseem ceeb yog Macedonian. Thaj chaw ntawm lub tebchaws yog 25,333 sq. km, uas sib haum mus rau qhov chaw 145 hauv ntiaj teb. Lub xeev tseem nyob 145 qhov chaw nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv. Cov keeb kwm luv luv ntawm Macedonia yuav nthuav tawm rau cov neeg nyeem hauv kab lus.
History
cheeb tsam keeb kwm ntawm Macedonia thaum ub, zoo siab rau cov lus dab neeg qub, dab neeg thiab keeb kwm keeb kwm, niaj hnub no tau muab faib nruab nrab ntawm thaj chaw niaj hnub ntawm Macedonia, Greece thiab Bulgaria. Nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, nws thaj chaw thiab cov neeg nyob rau hauv nws yog muaj los ntawm Paeonia thiab Rome, Serbian thiabBulgarian kingdoms, Ottoman Empire thiab Byzantium. Raws li keeb kwm qhia, lub npe "Macedonia" los ntawm ob lo lus Greek uas txhais tau tias "siab av" lossis yooj yim "highlands".
Raws li kev tswj hwm ntawm cov vajntxwv txawj ntse ntawm Argead dynasty nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Edessa los ntawm ntau haiv neeg thiab pab pawg neeg hauv xyoo pua VIII. BC e. thawj zaug lub xeev Macedonian thaum ub tau tsim. Nyob rau hauv thawj Macedonian huab tais Perdikka kuv (707-660 BC), lub zog ntawm lub xeev nyob rau hauv lub Balkans tau nce ho. Los ntawm lub xyoo pua 5th BC e. nws cov av tau nthuav dav, Pella thaum ub tau los ua lub peev ntawm lub xeev, lub hauv paus ntawm lub zog ntawm cov vaj ntxwv hauv zos tau maj mam ua tiav, cov tub rog tau hloov kho, thiab cov hlau tso nyiaj tau tsim. Lub hwj chim ntawm Athens ntawm thaj av Greece kuj nce ntxiv, cov Greeks tau kho cov neeg Macedonians nrog kev tawm tsam tsis txaus ntseeg, suav nrog lawv, uas yog tib haiv neeg Greeks, uas yog cov neeg tsis muaj kev kawm thiab tsis muaj kev coj noj coj ua. Tab sis dhau sij hawm, nws thiaj li tshwm sim hais tias cov nroog ntawm Hellas raug rau Macedonia (keeb kwm ntawm tim Nkij teb chaws thiab Macedonia piav qhia txog cov xwm txheej ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd).
King Philip II
Lub sijhawm ntawm kev kav Philip II ntawm Macedon cov neeg sau keeb kwm xav txog lub hnub qub ntawm lub xeev Balkan thaum ub. Nyob rau hauv keeb kwm yav dhau los, Philip II paub zoo tias yog leej txiv ntawm tus tub rog loj tshaj plaws ntawm nws lub sijhawm, Alexander the Great, tab sis nws yog nws uas tau tiv nrog cov haujlwm nyuaj tshaj plaws ntawm kev tsim Macedonia ua lub xeev. Nws tus tub tom qab siv cov npaj txhij-ua, sib ntaus sib tua-hardened, tub rog tsim los ntawm Philip rau nws conquests thiabcreation ntawm lub ntiaj teb faj tim teb chaws. Nyob rau hauv Philip II, lub teb chaws sai sai txeeb tag nrho Aegean ntug dej hiav txwv, tau txais lub hwj chim hla Halkidiki ceg av qab teb, Epirus thiab zoo kawg li Thessaly, lub Orchid Lake cheeb tsam thiab Thrace.
Hnub tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv keeb kwm ntawm Macedonia thaum ub yog 338 BC. e. Tom qab ntawd kev sib ntaus sib tua nto moo ntawm Chaeronea tau tshwm sim. Nyob rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua legendary, Philip II nyob ze Thebes hauv lub nroog Chaeronea, nrog lub zog ntawm nws 32,000th infantry thiab cavalry troops, utterly defeat lub koom haum pab tub rog, ces tsim los ntawm Greek lub nroog-xeev. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua no yog tias txhua lub nroog thaum ub ntawm Hellas raug rau Macedonia. Nws tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv keeb kwm. Peb mam li tham ntxiv txog qhov no tom qab.
Keeb Kwm ntawm Macedonia: Alexander lub Great
Keeb kwm ntawm lub ntiaj teb thaum ub paub ntau tus tub rog thiab cov thawj coj, tab sis lub npe ntawm Alexander lub Great yeej ib txwm sawv sib nrug ntawm cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm thiab kev ua yeeb yam. Lub conquests loj heev ntawm Philip II nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Europe tau multiplied ntau zaus los ntawm nws legendary tub Alexander, paub nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm li Macedonian (356-323 BC). Tus thawj coj loj tshaj plaws thaum ub tau nthuav nws txoj kev kov yeej rau thaj av Esxias thiab sab qaum teb Africa thiab tsim ib qho kev kov yeej. ntiaj teb faj tim teb chaws tiag tiag.
Thaum pib ntawm nws txoj kev kav, uas nws nkag mus rau 20 xyoo tom qab King Philip II ntawm Macedonia tuag, nws yuav tsum tawm tsam Thracian kev tawm tsam uas muaj zog, uas nws qhia nws tus cwj pwm txiav txim siab thiab ruaj khov. Kev tawm tsam tau raug txwv tsis pub ua phem, Tim Nkij teb chaws tau rov qhib dua, cov neeg ntxeev siab Thebes raug rhuav tshem tag nrho. ib 334BC e. Tsar Alexander xa nws cov tub rog npaj, npaj rau kev sib ntaus sib tua rau ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Asia Me thiab pib ua tsov rog nrog Persia, uas nws txiv tau npau suav txog. Tom qab yeej ntawm Granicus hla cov Persian satraps, ntawm Issus hla cov tub rog ntawm Vaj Ntxwv Darius III thiab kev txiav txim siab sib ntaus sib tua hauv kev tsov rog no ntawm Gaugamela, Alexander siv lub npe "Vajntxwv ntawm Asia" thiab txiav txim siab kov yeej lub ntiaj teb.
Nrog cua daj cua dub txaus ntshai, nws cov tub rog dhau mus thiab hauv peb xyoos (329-326 BC) tau kov yeej txhua lub xeev qub ntawm Central Asia thiab Middle East, Syria thiab Palestine, Caria thiab Phoenicia. Zoo li ib tug vajtswv tshiab, nws tau txais tos rau hauv Egypt, qhov chaw nws tsim Alexandria. Rov qab mus rau Persia, Alexander kov yeej Persepolis, Susa thiab Babylon, uas nws ua rau lub peev ntawm nws lub ntiaj teb loj faj tim teb chaws. Tom qab ntes Bactria thiab Sogdiana, Alexander tawm mus kov yeej Is Nrias teb. Tus thawj coj uas tsis muaj kev vam meej, tus kws tshaj lij thiab tus kws tshaj lij ntawm nws lub sijhawm, Alexander lub Great tsis tau swb rau hauv ib qho kev sib ntaus sib tua, qhia tag nrho lub ntiaj teb tus cwj pwm ruaj khov ntawm Macedonian tiag tiag.
Rome Rule
Lub teb chaws Ottoman ntawm Alexander lub Great nrog nws txoj kev tuag pib sai sai tawg mus rau hauv nyias qhov chaw, tswj los ntawm nws cov phooj ywg-hauv-arms hauv tub rog conquests. Macedonia thiab continental tim Nkij teb chaws tuaj nyob rau hauv kev tswj ntawm ib tug ntawm cov commanders ntawm cov tub rog ntawm Alexander Antipater. Ntau xyoo dhau los dhau los hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov thawj coj rau lub hwj chim hauv Macedonia, raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm 277 BC. e. lub Antigonid dynasty tau nce lub zwm txwv ntawm Macedonia.
Raws li pov thawj los ntawm keeb kwm ntawm lub ntiaj teb thaum ub, Macedonia,striving rau kev ywj pheej, nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua III. BC e. ntsib ib tug yeeb ncuab loj heev, maj mam ntxiv dag zog rau Rome. Lub npe hu ua Macedonian kev tsov kev rog pib, uas Philip V ntawm Macedon raug kev puas tsuaj tom qab swb. Tom qab kev swb ntawm Macedonian cov tub rog nyob rau hauv 197 BC. e. Hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua hnyav ntawm Cynoscephalae, Macedonia renounces ib feem ntawm nws thaj chaw ntawm Illyria, Thessaly thiab Thrace, poob lub nkoj thiab hauv 146 BC. e. ua ib lub xeev ntawm Rome. Cov nom tswv Loos tau nyob hauv Thessaloniki, qee lub nroog Macedonian tswj hwm tus kheej txoj cai. Raws li txoj cai thiab kev tiv thaiv ntawm Rome, lub nroog thiab kev lag luam kev sib raug zoo tsim nyob rau hauv Macedonia, txoj kev thiab choj tau tsim.
Nws tau nyob hauv Macedonian Filipis thawj zaug hauv Tebchaws Europe uas, raws li "Cov Tubtxib Tes Haujlwm", ib lub zej zog ntawm cov ntseeg tau tshwm sim, los ntawm qhov no txoj kev ntseeg ntawm Khetos pib nthuav mus rau tag nrho cov teb chaws. Xyoo 380, Theodosius kuv tau kos npe rau tsab cai lij choj hauv Thessaloniki lees paub cov ntseeg Vajtswv ua kev ntseeg ntawm lub xeev. Nrog kev tawg ntawm Roman faj tim teb chaws nyob rau hauv 395, lub keeb kwm cheeb tsam ntawm Macedonia kuj tau muab faib, nws underwent kev phem raids los ntawm nomads, kev lag luam thiab tag nrho cov loj lub zos poob rau hauv tag nrho poob.
Hnub Nyoog Kawg
Qhov xwm txheej tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm txoj kev nyuaj keeb kwm ntawm Macedonia yog qhov tuaj txog ntawm Slavs hauv Balkans hauv VI-VII centuries. Raws li keeb kwm ntawm lub Ntiaj Teb Ancient qhia, Macedonia tau rov qab los dua, ib zaug tso tseg teb pib sown siv cov plows, cov Slavs tau koom nrog kev yos hav zoov, beekeeping thiab nuv ntses, crafts flourished, tsim cov cuab yeej, riam phom, hniav nyiaj hniav kub,tshuab hluav taws xob thiab tshuab hlau, kev lag luam. Cov nyiaj npib txawv teb chaws thiab cov khoom lag luam ntuj tau siv hauv kev sib cog lus thaum lub sijhawm ua lag luam.
Cov Slavs yog cov tub rog txawj ntse, hauv kev sib cav nrog cov neeg nyob sib ze lawv cov tub rog kev txawj ntse tau raug txhawb nqa, thiab cov koom haum tub rog ntawm Slavic pab pawg tau ntxiv dag zog. Tom qab lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm Hun teb chaws Ottoman, kev hloov chaw ntawm Slavic pab pawg neeg mus rau lub Balkans tau loj heev, tab sis cov cheeb tsam no tau sib cav vim hais tias ntawm Byzantium. Cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm qhia tias muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm cov ntseeg Macedonians thiab cov neeg Pagan Slavs, tab sis qhov no tsis tau sau tseg. Nws yog nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm yav dhau los Byzantine Balkan xeev uas thawj lub xeev ntawm Slavs tshwm sim.
Bulgarian Kingdom
Los ntawm IX c. Los ntawm 1018, Macedonia tau kov yeej los ntawm Balkan Bulgarians thiab xa mus rau lub hwj chim ntawm Bulgarian lub nceeg vaj, tsuas yog Thessalonica thiab cov cheeb tsam ib puag ncig tseem nyob hauv txoj cai ntawm Byzantium. Lub koom haum ntseeg Vajtswv ntawm Balkan Slavs txuas ntxiv mus, St. Clement thiab St. Naum ua ob lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm ntug dej thiab nyob ib puag ncig ntawm Orchid Lake. Tab sis nws yog nyob rau hauv Macedonia thiab nyob sib ze Thrace hais tias heretical qhia ntawm Bogomiliism tshwm thiab tau dav heev.
Nrog kev ntes los ntawm Byzantium thiab pab pawg ntawm Svyatoslav Igorevich hauv 970-971. ntawm thaj av sab hnub tuaj ntawm Bulgarian Khanate, lub hauv paus ntawm cov av tseem tshuav nyob rau hauv txoj cai ntawm Bulgarian comitopoulos Samuil nrog lub peev hauv Ohrid, yog Macedonia meej. Samuil nws thiaj li kov yeej ib feem ntawm lub nceeg vaj, Epirus thiab Albania, ib feem ntawm Bulgaria thiab Serbia, tab sis nrog kev yeej hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Belasitsk, nws lub nceeg vaj thaum kawg poob sib nrug.
Part of Byzantium
SNrog lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm Bulgarian lub nceeg vaj nyob rau hauv 1018, tag nrho nws cov av, ua ke nrog Macedonia, rov qab mus rau Byzantium. Macedonia tau los ua ib feem ntawm pawg thawj coj ntawm lub ntsiab lus Bulgaria nrog nws cov peev hauv Skopje. Tus tswv xeev-tus kws tshaj lij tswj hwm ntawm no, koom ua tub rog, kev nom kev tswv thiab pej xeem lub zog hauv nws txhais tes. Feudalization tau nce zuj zus hauv Macedonia, nthuav dav ntawm cov tswv cuab av thiab kev tsim txom ntawm cov neeg ua liaj ua teb.
Lub Koom Txoos cov tub ceev xwm tau tsim tsa lub Koom Txoos ntawm Ohrid, cov lus Greek tau dhau los ua haujlwm thiab yuav tsum tau ua hauv pawg ntseeg kev pabcuam es tsis yog lub Koom Txoos Qub Slavonic. Tsuas yog thawj archbishop ntawm Ohrid yog Slav los ntawm keeb kwm, Jovan los ntawm Debar, tom qab qhov chaw no tsuas yog nyob hauv Greeks. Txawm tias muaj kev tsim txom nruj, Bogomiliism tseem nyob hauv Macedonia. Hauv kev tawm tsam tawm tsam cov se Byzantine siab nyob rau hauv 1040 thiab 1072, spontaneous nrov uprisings tshwm sim, thiab sab nraud invasion ntawm lub Selj Turks, Crusaders, thiab Normans intensified. Nyob rau hauv lub XII-XIII centuries. Macedonia tau dhau los ua cov pob txha ntawm kev sib cav hauv thaj chaw kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm Byzantium thiab cov rov tshwm sim Slavic Bulgaria thiab Serbia.
Raws Serbian txoj cai
Kev sib cav sib ceg hauv Byzantium tau tso cai rau Serbian vaj Stefan Milutin, Stefan Dechansky thiab Stefan Dushan kom kov yeej yuav luag txhua lub tebchaws Macedonia tshwj tsis yog lub nroog loj ntawm Thessaloniki. Nws yog thaj av Macedonian nrog cov vaj ntxwv nyob hauv Serra thiab Skopje uas tau los ua qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm lub xeev muaj zog ntawm Stefan Dusan, uas tau ua vajntxwv ib txhij ntawm txhua tus neeg Serbs thiab Greeks. Nrog nws txoj kev tuag, lub xeev Serbian tau ploj mus, cais qhov chaw ntawm lub xeev ib zaug muaj zog tau txiav txim los ntawm cov neeg ua tiav ntawm Serbian.vaj.
Ottoman Empire
Nyob rau nruab nrab ntawm XIV caug xyoo. Macedonia, uas yog ib feem ntawm lub xeev Serbian disintegrating, rov ntsib kev hem thawj ntawm kev kov yeej, tab sis los ntawm Ottoman Turks. Cov Serbs, nyob rau hauv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Mrnjavchevich cov kwv tij, sim tawm tsam Turkish nthuav dav, tab sis nyob rau hauv 1371, nyob rau hauv Sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Maritsa, lawv raug kev puas tsuaj rau lawv cov tub rog. Los ntawm 1393, Macedonia yog kiag li nyob rau hauv lub Ottoman Empire, Islam tau nthuav tawm ntawm no, cov ntseeg tsis raug tsim txom, tab sis lawv raug txwv nyob rau hauv ntau txoj cai. Tau ntau tshaj plaub centuries, Macedonia tau nyob rau hauv tus quab ntawm Turks, zoo li lwm haiv neeg Balkan, thiab tawm tsam rau kev ywj pheej.
Macedonia hauv Yugoslavia
Nyob rau xyoo 1918, nrog rau qhov kawg ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib ib thiab kev tawg ntawm lub tebchaws Austria-Hungary, lub sijhawm tshwj xeeb tau tshwm sim los daws qhov teeb meem Macedonian, tsim kom muaj lub xeev sib koom ua ke ntawm Balkan Slavs. Yugoslavia, uas suav nrog Macedonia. Tom qab ntawd nws yog ib thaj tsam rov qab ntawm Yugoslavia nrog cov neeg kawm tsis zoo. Nyob rau hauv 1945, lub koom pheej ntawm Macedonia nrog ib tug tshwj xeeb nom tswv txheej xwm tau tsim raws li ib feem ntawm lub SFRY. Nrog lub cev qhuav dej ntawm Yugoslavia nyob rau hauv 1991, lub koom pheej ntawm Macedonia tshaj tawm nws txoj kev ywj pheej, xaiv Thawj Tswj Hwm Kiro Gligorov thiab parliament.
theem ntawm Macedonia txoj kev loj hlob
Cov hnub tseem ceeb hauv qab no tau paub hauv keeb kwm ntawm lub xeev Macedonia:
- VIII c. BC e. - 146 BC e. - Lub sijhawm ntawm lub nceeg vaj Macedonian thaum ub.
- 146 BC e. - 395 - Kev kav ntawm Rome, kev ntseeg ntawm Macedonia.
- VI-VII centuries. - Kev tuaj txog ntawm cov Slavs mus rau lub Balkan av thiab Macedonia.
- IX c. - 1018 - Macedonia nyob rau hauv txoj cai ntawm Bulgarian lub nceeg vaj.
- 1018 - XII caug xyoo. - cheeb tsam ntawm Byzantium.
- XII-XIII centuries - Macedonia dhau los ua ib thaj chaw tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm Byzantium thiab ib qho rov tshwm sim ntawm Bulgaria thiab Serbia.
- 1281 - 1355 Macedonia tau kav los ntawm Serbian vaj.
- 1393 - 1918 - lub xeev nyob rau hauv kev tswj hwm ntawm Ottoman Empire.
- 1918 - 1991 lub teb chaws yog ib feem ntawm Yugoslavia.
- 1945 - Cov koom pheej ntawm Macedonia tau tsim los ua ib feem ntawm SFRY.
- 1991 - Macedonia dhau los ua ib lub tebchaws ywj pheej.
Ntau tus neeg nto moo tau piav qhia hauv keeb kwm ntawm lub tebchaws Macedonia. Lawv tau ua lawv txoj kev koom tes rau kev sau ntawv, kev xav, kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev tshawb fawb. Ib tug ntawm cov neeg zoo nyob hauv Macedonia yog Aristotle, tus kws qhia ua koob tsheej thiab tus hlub ntawm Alexander the Great. Lub nto moo tshaj plaws basileus ntawm Macedonia yog Philip II ntawm Macedon thiab nws lub ntiaj teb nto moo tus tub Alexander ntawm Macedon. Keeb kwm los ntawm Macedonia, los ntawm lub nroog Saluni yog cov ntseeg Vajtswv nto moo, cov creators ntawm cov laus Slavonic cov tsiaj ntawv Cyril lub Philosopher thiab nws tus tij laug Methodius.
Hauv keeb kwm Macedonia, Basil ntawm Byzantium Basil tus Macedonian (830-886) yug thiab loj hlob hauv tsev neeg Armenians. Cov neeg Greek philosopher Dmitry Kydonis (1324-1398) kuj yog los ntawm no. Greek philosopher thiab connoisseur ntawm theological phau ntawv, ib haiv neeg ntawm Macedonia Filofei Kokkinos, yog ob zaug Patriarch ntawm Constantinople. Los ntawm 1437 txog 1442 Lub nroog Kiev yog ib haiv neegMacedonian Isidore Greek, tom qab Cardinal ntawm Rome.
Ib haiv neeg ntawm keeb kwm Macedonia, Ioannis Kottunios (1577-1658) yog ib tus kws tshawb fawb tseem ceeb ntawm nws lub sijhawm. Tus neeg paub zoo tshaj plaws thiab tus tsim kev tawm tsam hauv tebchaws Greece xyoo 1770, Georgis Papazolis (1725-1775), tau ua haujlwm hauv cov tub rog Lavxias. Heroes ntawm Greek Revolution ntawm 1821 E. Pappas, A. Gatsos, A. Karatasos thiab N. Kasomulis yug hauv Macedonia.
Rau qee lub sijhawm ib tus kws sau ntawv Greek tseem ceeb thiab hloov pauv G. Lassanis, uas yog tus thawj coj Greek haiv neeg Filiki Eteria, nyob hauv Odessa. Tus naas ej Bulgarian kiv puag ncig Gotse Delchev thiab tus naas ej politician ntawm Bulgaria Dmitri Blagoev los ua haiv neeg ntawm Macedonia. Cov neeg sawv cev tseem ceeb ntawm bohemian European intelligentsia yog haiv neeg ntawm Macedonia, tus neeg pleev kob marine V. Hadzis thiab tus kws qhia D. Vitsoris.
Thawj tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm IOC yog Demetrius Vikelas (1835-1908), ib haiv neeg ntawm thaj av keeb kwm ntawm Macedonia. Nws yog Macedonian cov hauv paus hniav uas cov nom tswv tseem ceeb ntawm lawv lub sijhawm muaj, uas thawj zaug los ua tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm lawv lub tebchaws, thiab tom qab ntawd cov thawj tswj hwm. Hauv tebchaws Turkey, cov haujlwm no tau tuav los ntawm MK Atatürk, hauv tebchaws Greece, feem, los ntawm K. Karamanlis. Bulgarian nom tswv Anton Yugov thiab Greek Thawj Tswj Hwm H. Sardzetakis kuj los ntawm no.
