Speech is a sign system. Lub atom ntawm kev hais lus yog ib qho cim uas tau kawm hauv semantics. Raws li kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov paib, ob tug ncej tau txheeb xyuas: daim ntawv kos npe thiab cov ntsiab lus kos npe. Cov ntsiab lus kos npe tuaj yeem muab faib ua qhov cim thiab cim.
Language is an abstraction of the world, yog li cov cim qhia hauv hom lus tsuas yog xa mus rau yam. Ib tug denotation yog ib chav ntawm cov khoom, uas yog qhia los ntawm ib tug kos npe rau, ib tug dav, "zoo tagnrho" hom khoom.
Significate yog tus sawv cev ntawm ib yam khoom nyob rau hauv lub siab ntawm ib tug neeg, lub ntsiab lus ntawm ib tug kos npe rau. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv (ntawv nyeem, hais lus, rov hais dua) yog txiav txim siab los ntawm nws cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb thiab cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb.
Tsim thiab kos npe
Teb cov lus nug: "Dab tsi yog qhov kev txhais lus?", peb tuaj yeem xa mus rau lub tswvyim ntawm de Saussure. Nws faib lub cim rau hauv:
– denoting (lub perceptual form of kos npe yog li cas lub kos npe rau tshwm rau ib tug neeg, nyob rau hauv dab tsi daim ntawv);
– denoted (lub tswv yim, lub ntsiab lus ntawm kos npe - dab tsi yog embedded nyob rau hauv cov duab ntawm lub kos npe rau, nyob rau hauv nws tsos).
Tus denoting yog tus denotation, thiab tus signified yog qhov tseem ceeb. Xav txog qhov no nrog ib qho piv txwv, ceslos ntawm nws tus kheej, ib tug liab kos npe rau ib kab yog ib tug denotation. Nws lub tswv yim yog txwv tsis pub, nws lub ntsiab lus yeej ib txwm txuas nrog lub tswv yim tsis meej ntawm kev txwv. Lub tswv yim ntawm kev txwv no yog qhov tseem ceeb.
Yog peb tig mus rau yam lus, lub cim yog lo lus. Denotat - daim ntawv ntawm lo lus (suab los yog tsab ntawv), qhov tseem ceeb - lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus, kev sib koom (paub) lub ntsiab lus.
Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb thiab tseem ceeb
Cov ntsiab lus tsis meej yog lub ntsiab lus meej ntawm cov ntawv. Lub ntsiab lus meej yog tsim los ntawm concretization ntawm denotations uas tshwm sim thaum lawv cuam tshuam rau hauv ib phau ntawv.
Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb yog lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntawv nyeem, nws tsis yog muab los ntawm cov lej ntawm cov lus, tab sis txhais tau. Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb nyob ntawm:
- subjectivity ntawm peb txoj kev xav;
- socio-cultural ntsiab lus;
- hom lus tshwj xeeb.
Tus denotation thiab connotations cuam tshuam lub cim. Connotations complemented los yog nrog rau cov denotation, lawv qhia hais tias qhov kev kawm yog txuam nrog (nyob rau hauv ib qho kev socio-cultural reality los yog rau ib tug neeg).
Symbols and signs
Cov ntsiab lus sib txuas ua lub hauv paus ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus, kev sib piv thiab cov piv txwv. Piv txwv li, ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus "nas" muaj "treachery, txaus ntshai." Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, siv lo lus "poisonous li ib tug nab".
Piv cov denotation thiab connotation, peb hais tau hais tias denotation yog ib tug meej, literal meaning, connotation yog ib tug kev xav, kev ntsuam xyuas lub ntsiab. ATNyob ntawm seb hom lus thiab kab lis kev cai, tib yam khoom tuaj yeem muaj qhov sib txawv, qee zaum sib txawv.
Hauv Tebchaws Europe, nab feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog kev phem. Hauv Suav teb thiab Nyij Pooj, cov nab tau muab cov ntsiab lus zoo.
| Denotation | Connotations |
| Lub tsev yog qhov chaw nyob | kev nplij siab, sov so, kev nyab xeeb |
| Red Rose Paj | |
| Apple yog txiv hmab txiv ntoo | kev txhaum, kev ntxias |
Qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov koom haum tshiab thiab kev ploj ntawm cov qub qhia txog kev vam khom ntawm cov ntsiab lus raws sijhawm. Piv txwv li, ib lub txiv apple. Vim yog lub logo Apple, nws tau koom nrog kev txhim kho IT.
Cov ntsiab lus yog qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb ntawm txhua tus uas kawm ib hom lus txawv teb chaws. Nws yog cov ntsiab lus uas txiav txim siab qhov tsim nyog ntawm kev siv ib lo lus hauv ib lub ntsiab lus tshwj xeeb.
Ua piv txwv, xav txog cov lus "pheej yig" thiab "tsis pheej yig". Hauv phau ntawv txhais lus, cov lus no muaj lub ntsiab lus tseeb - "tus nqi qis". Tab sis pheej yig yog txhais li "pheej yig", muaj tib yam tsis zoo connotation nyob rau hauv lus Askiv raws li nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab. Lo lus " pheej yig" yog nruab nrab, ib qho analogue ntawm Lavxias teb sab " pheej yig"
Nyob ntawm qhov tseem ceeb connotations
Cov ntsiab lus ntxiv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nyob ntawm:
- kev koom ua ke txuam nrog lub denotation, uas yog txiav txim los ntawm era, haiv neeg, pab pawg neeg, worldview;
- hais lus sib raug zoo;
- kev hais lus;
- symbolic meaning of denotations.
Piv txwv li, lub cim lub ntsiab lus ntawm denotation yog siv nyob rau hauv heraldry. Yog li ntawd, tus tsov ntxhuav ib txwm cim lub siab tawv, siab tawv, muaj hwj chim.
Nyob hauv ntau haiv neeg muaj cov cim zoo li no, lub ntsiab lus yooj yim piav qhia rau cov neeg txawv teb chaws uas tsis paub txog lawv. Piv txwv li, rau cov cim ntawm purity, cov xim yog dawb: ib tug nquab dawb, ib tug dawb lily, ib tug unicorn, pearl, lotus. Dawb yog txuam nrog cov ntshiab, ntshiab. Ntau yam khoom uas tsis muaj dab tsi ua rau koob hmoov muaj lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev zoo siab lossis kev ua tiav ntawm qhov kev xav tau: cov no yog tua hnub qub thiab ladybugs, luav ko taw thiab horseshoes.
Chav Kawm
S. D. Katsnelson sau hais tias lub denotation yog lub Scope ntawm lub tswvyim, thiab qhov tseem ceeb yog cov ntsiab lus. Lub Scope ntawm lub tswv yim yog cov chav kawm ntawm cov khoom sib xws rau lo lus. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub tswv yim yog tag nrho cov cim qhia los ntawm qhov khoom uas tuaj yeem raug ntaus nqi rau ib chav kawm.
Denotation tsis yog ib yam khoom tshwj xeeb, tsis yog "Alena tus cwj mem liab", tab sis yog mem hluav feem ntau. Lub ntsiab txhais ntawm ib lo lus tsis yog hais txog cov khoom tiag, nws npog tag nrho cov khoom siv.
Qee yam khoom muaj nyob hauv kev muaj tiag, lwm tus tsuas yog hauv kev xav xwb. Lub tom kawg muaj ib tug npliag denotation. Piv txwv ntawm cov lus uas muaj qhov khoob (tsis tseeb) denotation: fairies, mermaids, fauns, thiab lwm yam.
Dhau li ntawm cov lus uas muaj qhov tsis muaj dab tsi, muaj cov lus nrog diffuse denotation. Yog li, cov ntsiab lus (kev ywj pheej, kev sib luag, kev sib raug zoo) yog qhov nyuaj rau nrhiav cov chav kawm tsis meej, tib neeg sib cav txog lawv cov lus txhais.
Raws li qhov xwm txheej ntawm chav kawm,Raws li N. G. Komlev, cov npe hauv qab no yog qhov txawv:
- khoom (hare ko taw, nab, tsov ntxhuav, mem hluav);
- tswvyim (cov khoom ntawm cov khoom, zoo);
- hom lus (noun, adjective, suffix);
- xav txog yam khoom thiab tsiaj txhu (unicorn, sphinx).
Tus kws tshaj lij pom dab tsi
Lub tswvyim ntawm "denotation" yog inextricably txuas nrog lub cim. Qhov tseem ceeb zais qhov twg?
Txoj hauv kev yooj yim tshaj plaws kom nkag siab qhov no yog xav txog ntau pawg neeg muaj kev paub sib txawv ntawm cov khoom. Piv txwv li, ib tug neeg ua si hauv computer game thiab game developer. Rau txhua tus ntawm lawv, lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus "computer game" yuav zoo ib yam (lub ntsiab lus txhais), nws yog qhov tseem ceeb uas yuav txawv.
Raws li cov kws tshawb fawb txog kev puas siab puas ntsws, cov cim qhia yeej muaj ntau dua kev txhais lus. Yog li ntawd, rau ib tug neeg, qhov kev xav ntawm qhov khoom hauv nws lub siab yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj qhov txhais ntawm cov khoom.
Zaj lus
peb tham txog dab tsi? Feem ntau ib tug neeg tsis pom ntau npaum li cas nws hais raws li nws xav (xav hais). Thaum nws tau txais cov lus, yog tias nws yog prejudiced, nws yuav tsis sim kho qhov cim los ntawm kev saib ze ze ntawm lub denotation.
Lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntawv nyeem nyob ntawm tus qauv ntawm cov ntawv nyeem. Cov denotations nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no raws nraim tib yam, lub suab yog txawv, uas cuam tshuam rau tag nrho cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntawv.
Nyiaj rautsim ib lub suab:
1. Kev xaiv ntawm cov lus thiab kev xaiv ntawm grammatical daim ntawv. Kev xaiv ntawm cov lus qhia feem ntau txiav txim siab cov ntsiab lus. Cov khoom txuam nrog cov lus qhia ntawm kev ua ub ua no, siab thiab lub zog (nws yeej), nyob rau hauv qhov kev nthuav qhia ua qhov ua rau ntawm qhov tau piav qhia hauv kab lus. "Experiential" verbs (nws xav) ua tim khawv rau qhov muaj qee qhov kev txhawb nqa ua rau ntawm qhov khoom thiab ua rau nws lub xeev.
Kev ua yeeb yam, tsis yog tus neeg mob siab, siv lub siab lub siab lub ntsws ntawm qhov kev thov. "Tus kws qhia ntawv uas muab cov tub ntxhais kawm ib tug deuce" - qhov chaw ntawm daim duab, nyob rau hauv ib lub siab, tus neeg phem. Thaum "tus menyuam kawm ntawv tau txais D los ntawm tus kws qhia", qhov tsom mus rau tus menyuam kawm ntawv thiab nws tsis muaj peev xwm kom tau qib siab dua.
2. Ib ntus ntawm cov lus / tswv yim. Cov ntawv nyeem tsis pom zoo ib yam, theem ntawm kev mloog zoo thaum tau txais cov ntaub ntawv tshiab tsis tas li. Thaum ib tug neeg tau txais cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv ib tug tas mus li kwj, thawj cov lus / lub tswv yim nyob rau hauv cov ntawv nyeem tseem ceeb dua (tus "primacy effect"), thiab lawv cuam tshuam lub ntsiab lus ntawm tag nrho cov lus.
CV
Denotation (los ntawm Fabkis - "rau npe") thiab qhov tseem ceeb (los ntawm Fabkis - "los txhais") yog ob lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm kos npe. Daim paib tsis yog hais txog cov khoom nws tus kheej, tab sis rau qhov sawv cev ntawm cov khoom no (lub tswv yim).
Daim paib yog raws cai, yog li cov lus tsis raug khi rau cov khoom tshwj xeeb ntawm lub ntiaj teb cov khoom, tab sis ua haujlwm nrog cov sawv cev. Cov khoom sawv cev ntawm cov khoom hloov pauv, nws yog qhov txaus los sib piv lub tswv yim ntawm lub tsheb hauv tib neeg thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th thiabnow.
Views hloov, tab sis cov lus tseem nyob. Cov denotations tseem tsis hloov mus ntev.
Qhov tseem ceeb rau tus neeg muaj qhov hnyav dua li qhov tseeb ntawm lo lus. Qhov kev xav ntawm ib tug denotation nyob rau hauv ib tug neeg lub siab yog ib tug complex phenomenon nyob ntawm tus yam ntxwv ntawm kev sib txuas lus (piv txwv li, kab lis kev cai), nyob rau hauv tus qauv ntawm cov lus, nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no saib ntawm tus neeg sib txuas lus thiab tus neeg tau txais kev pab (tus neeg xa xov thiab tus neeg txais) leej twg tau txais cov ntaub ntawv).
