Naphthenic hydrocarbons yog ib feem ntawm cov roj. Lawv muaj pes tsawg leeg, khoom, kev npaj thiab daim ntawv thov yuav tau tham nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm no. Nov yog cov piv txwv ntawm cov tshuaj naphthenic, cov qauv ntawm cov npe nrov tshaj plaws ntawm lawv. Lub tswv yim ntawm desiccants tau nthuav tawm thiab kev siv naphthenes hauv daim ntawv ntawm desiccants rau cov xim thiab cov kua roj vanish kev lag luam raug txiav txim siab. Luv luv tshuaj xyuas qhov teeb meem ntawm kev nyab xeeb thaum ua haujlwm nrog cov tshuaj uas muaj naphthenes.
Naphthenic hydrocarbons: daim ntawv thov, khoom, formula
Cov tebchaw no yog cov organic uas tau txais los ntawm cov roj ntau ntau. Lawv tau txais lawv lub npe los ntawm lo lus roj (Greek naphtha).
Naphthenic hydrocarbons suav nrog cov tebchaw ntawm alicyclic series ntawm saturated hydrocarbons, piv txwv li, muaj cov molecules puag ncig, kaw lub voj voog. Lawv tau txais lawv lub npe nyob rau hauv 1883. Nws tau nkag mus rau hauv cov organic chemistry los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawbV. V. Markovnikov thiab V. N. Ogloblin. Naphthenes kuj muaj xws li hydrocarbons nrog ob peb tsib- thiab rau-tus tswv cuab rings (xws li condensed ones, piv txwv li, decalin). Nws tsis yog tag nrho rau kev faib tag nrho cov cycloalkanes (cyclanes) li naphthenes.
Lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg ntawm naphthenes
Los ntawm lub cev muaj zog, naphthenic hydrocarbons yog cov kua dej, qee zaum nrog cov ntxhiab tsw tsw qab, uas cov roj crude yog nto moo rau. Nws yog naphthenes uas muaj cov nyhuv kho nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb Naftalan av nkos, nrog kev pab los ntawm ntau yam kab mob ntawm daim tawv nqaij kho.
Hais txog cov khoom siv tshuaj, naphthenic hydrocarbons zoo ib yam li cov saturated acyclic hydrocarbons ntawm methane series. Qhov tshwj xeeb yog cyclopropane, uas coj zoo li cov hydrocarbon unsaturated nyob rau hauv qee qhov kev cuam tshuam, ntxiv atoms nrog lub nplhaib tawg. Nyob rau hauv feem ntau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, naphthenic hydrocarbons ua raws li saturated hydrocarbons nrog ib tug linear saw ntawm carbon atoms. Txawm li cas los xij, kev siv tshuaj lom neeg nrog lub voj voog tawg ua rau nws tuaj yeem siv naphthenic hydrocarbons ua cov khoom siv zoo heev rau kev siv tshuaj lom neeg: tau txais cov tshuaj tsw qab hydrocarbons thiab lwm yam khoom muaj txiaj ntsig rau kev lag luam tshuaj hauv ntau yam lag luam los ntawm kev hloov kho catalytic.
Tus qauv dav dav thiab cov neeg sawv cev tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm koob
Cov mis rau naphthenic hydrocarbons yog ib txwm muaj rau tag nrho cov cycloalkanes: CnH2n, qhov twg n yog tus naj npawb ntawm cov atoms hauv cov molecule, feem ntau yog tsib lossis rau. Cov qauv qauv ntawm cov molecules yog lub voj voog lossis lub voj voog kaw. Cov mis mos volumetric yog heev complex, tso cai rau koj kom muaj ntau yam kev xaivKev npaj ntawm atoms hauv ib lub molecule.
Piv txwv ntawm naphthenic hydrocarbons tuaj yeem yog cov tshuaj lom neeg xws li cyclopentane (tsib carbon atoms hauv lub nplhaib), cyclohexane (rau carbon atoms hauv lub nplhaib) thiab lawv cov alkyl derivatives. Ib pab pawg tshwj xeeb yog naphthenic acids. Cia wb mus saib tag nrho cov kev sib txuas no.
YCyclopentane rau organic synthesis
Cyclopentane (los yog cyclopentylene) yog cyclic saturated hydrocarbon uas muaj tsib carbon atoms nyob rau hauv ib tug kaw saw. Cov mis ntawm cyclopentane yog С 5 Н 10. Nws yog saturated hydrocarbon ntawm alicyclic series, ib qho ntawm cov cycloalkanes yooj yim tshaj plaws. Nws yog cov kua xim tsis muaj xim nrog cov yam ntxwv tsw, ntom 0.745 g / cm3, insoluble hauv dej, miscible nrog benzene, ether, acetone (kev sib cais raws li "zoo li" hauv paus ntsiab lus). Tus nqi tseem ceeb ntawm cyclopentane yog tau los ntawm cov roj distillation thib ob. Feem ntau cyclopentane yog siv rau hauv cov organic synthesis ntawm cov tshuaj muaj txiaj ntsig xws li dyes.
Cyclohexane - raw khoom rau polyamide ntau lawm
Cyclohexane (los yog cyclohexylene), zoo li cyclopentane, yog ib qho saturated hydrocarbon uas muaj rau carbon atoms nyob rau hauv lub voj voog kaw. Nws cov qauv yog С 6 Н 12.
Nws lub cev lub cev yog cov kua tsis muaj xim nyob rau hauv ib txwm muaj, ntom 0.778g / cm 3, insoluble hauv dej. Zoo li cyclopentane, peb yuav yaj hauv benzene, ethers, acetone. Nws muaj nyob rau hauv yuav luag txhua hom roj, tab sis nyob rau hauv me me qhov ntau, yog li nws yog tau los ntawm catalytic hydrogenation ntawm benzene. Nws pom, zoo li cyclopentane, daim ntawv thov dav dav hauv kev lag luam tshuaj hauv kev tsim cov cyclohexanol thiab cyclohexanone, nitrocyclohexane, cyclohexanoxime - intermediates hauv kev tsim cov caprolactam thiab adipic acid, uas, dhau los, yog siv los tau polyamides.
Naphthenic acids: khoom thiab siv
Cov no yog carboxylic acids ntawm alicyclic series, feem ntau monobasic. Lawv muaj ib lossis ntau dua tsib- lossis rau-tus tswv cuab cov voj voog. Nws yog naphthenic acids uas ua rau feem ntau ntawm cov kua qaub-muaj cov khoom ntawm ntau cov roj. Lawv tau muab rho tawm nrog cov tshuaj alkali, hu ua "s alting out" ntawm naphthenates.
Raws li cov xwm txheej ib txwm muaj, naphthenic acids yog cov kua nplaum, cov kua tsis muaj xim uas tig daj rau sawv ntsug, xyaum tsis soluble hauv dej. Lawv lawv tus kheej yog cov kuab tshuaj zoo rau cov pos hniav thiab cov pos hniav. Miscible nrog feem ntau cov kuab tshuaj organic, muaj tag nrho cov tshuaj lom neeg ntawm carboxylic acids.
Cov ntsev ntawm naphthenic acids tau siv dav tshaj plaws. Alkali hlau ntsev (xws li xab npum naphths lossis naphthenates) yog siv los ua emulsifiers thiab tshuaj tua kab mob, nrog rau cov tshuaj ntxhua khaub ncaws. Cov ntsev tooj liab tau dav siv los ua cov tshuaj tua kab mob rau impregnation ntawm cov neeg pw tsaug zog, hlua, ntaub, txhuas thiab txhuas ntsev - raws li cov khoom siv tshwj xeeb, cov khoom ntxiv rau cov roj lubricating thiab roj.
Ntxiv rau, xab npum naphthas yog siv los ua cov tshuaj ntxiv rau cov pob zeb sib xyaw thiabmortars, ua rau lawv cov dej-repellent, uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev, txij li thaum lawv tso cai rau mortar sib tov los ua yas vim lubrication nrog tau ib tug peculiar nyhuv ntawm tshwj xeeb films, hu ua finely oriented.
Nqaij ntawm naphthenic acids as driers
Lead, cob alt, manganese thiab zinc, uas yog ntsev tawm los ntawm hydroxides los ntawm cov kua qaub (soaphta) muaj nyob rau hauv cov roj, yog dav siv los ua desiccants rau roj pleev xim. Desiccant (hauv Latin txhais tau hais tias "qhuav") - ib yam khoom siv los ua kom cov xim qhuav qhuav. Los ntawm kev pom tshuaj lom neeg, nws yog ib qho catalyst rau oxidative polymerization ntawm kev daws cov roj zaub thiab lawv cov derivatives.
Mylonaphths, lossis naphthenates, ntawm cov desiccants yog qhov pheej yig tshaj plaws, ruaj khov tshaj plaws thaum lub sijhawm cia, tab sis, hmoov tsis, lawv muaj impurities thiab cov yam ntxwv tsis hnov tsw, yog li lawv tsis siv rau roj pleev xim.
Kev tiv thaiv tib neeg lub cev thaum ua haujlwm nrog cov khoom siv desiccants
Naphthenic hydrocarbons feem ntau muaj cov ntxhiab tsw uas tib neeg pom tias yog pungent thiab tsis kaj siab. Txhawm rau tiv thaiv cov kab mob ua pa ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm nrog cov xim, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau siv kev tiv thaiv vapors ntawm cov kuab tshuaj thiab cov desiccants. Qhov no yooj yim ua los ntawm cov ntaub thaiv dej zoo tib yam thiab cov khoom ntub dej: cov ntaub so ntswg, hnav khaub ncaws, thiab lwm yam. Nrog rau me me ntawm kev ua haujlwm thiab sib cuam tshuam nrog cov xim, qhov no yuav txaus.
Lub sijhawm ua haujlwm ntev thiab tsis tu ncua nrog cov xim, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov uas muaj ntau cov desiccants, xav tau kev tiv thaiv tob dua - raws licov kab mob ua pa, nrog rau qhov muag, daim tawv nqaij thiab mucous daim nyias nyias. Cov hlau muaj nyob rau hauv cov khoom siv desiccants, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov hlau lead, zoo li tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv daim siab thiab lwm yam hauv tib neeg lub cev, ua rau mob hnyav.
Colants
Nws tsis tuaj yeem ua haujlwm cov tshuab hlau ua haujlwm yam tsis muaj kev siv cov kua dej txiav - coolant. Feem ntau cov coolants yog emulsions uas siv dav siv cov khoom lag luam pheej yig pheej yig xws li naphthenic hydrocarbons, nrog rau cov roj ntxhia sib xyaw nrog dej.
Txhawm rau kom cov emulsion tsis cais rau hauv nws cov khoom, emulsifiers thiab stabilizers yog siv. Lub xub ntiag ntawm dej nyob rau hauv lub emulsion ua rau lawv tsis-volatile thiab xyaum tsis ua mob. Yog li ntawd, ntau tus neeg ua hauj lwm nrog cov roj ntxuav tes nrog ib qho emulsion uas muaj naphthenes. Cov cuab yeej ntawm lub coolant no feem ntau siv los ntawm ob qho tib si locksmiths thiab tsav tsheb. Cov emulsion nrog naphthenes tsis tsuas yog pab kom yooj yim ntxuav cov av qhuav, tab sis kuj tua cov tawv nqaij ntawm ob txhais tes, softens, thiab tshem tawm qhov yuav tsum tau siv cov roj vaseline ua cov tawv nqaij softener.
Roj siv tsis tau ua roj
Dmitry Mendeleev cov lus nto moo hais tias roj tsis yog roj, tab sis nws muaj peev xwm ua kom sov nrog cov ntawv nyiaj, tau txais ntau thiab ntau lub ntsiab lus nyob rau lub sijhawm. Roj, roj thiab thee yog cov khoom siv raw zoo tshaj plaws rau cov khoom siv loj heev uas tib neeg xav tau niaj hnub no, tab sis lawv cov peev txheej muaj tsawg heev thiab hloov tsis tau. Ntawm cov khoom siv raw li no kuj muaj naphthenic hydrocarbons, ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov roj -kub kub, tseem tsis tau txaus siab los ntawm noob neej.
