Halogenated hydrocarbons: ntau lawm, tshuaj lom neeg, daim ntawv thov

2024 Tus sau: Angel Austin | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:28

Hydrocarbons yog ib chav loj heev ntawm cov organic tebchaw. Lawv suav nrog ntau pawg tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom, uas yuav luag txhua tus tau siv dav hauv kev lag luam, lub neej txhua hnub, thiab xwm txheej. Qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb yog halogenated hydrocarbons, uas yuav tau tham hauv tsab xov xwm. Lawv tsis yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam siab xwb, tab sis kuj tseem yog cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb rau ntau cov tshuaj syntheses, tau txais cov tshuaj thiab lwm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb. Cia peb them tshwj xeeb rau cov qauv ntawm lawv cov molecules, cov khoom thiab lwm yam nta.

Halogenated hydrocarbons: cov yam ntxwv dav dav

Los ntawm qhov pom ntawm kev tshawb fawb tshuaj, chav kawm ntawm cov tebchaw no suav nrog tag nrho cov hydrocarbons uas ib lossis ntau dua hydrogen atoms hloov los ntawm ib lossis lwm qhov halogen. Qhov no yog ib pawg dav heev ntawm cov khoom, vim lawv yog cov tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam. Rau lub sijhawm luv luv tib neegkawm yuav ua li cas los ua ke yuav luag tag nrho cov halogen derivatives ntawm hydrocarbons, kev siv uas yog tsim nyog nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj, tshuaj lom neeg kev lag luam, khoom noj khoom haus kev lag luam thiab lub neej txhua hnub.

Txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb kom tau txais cov khoom sib txuas no yog txoj hauv kev hluavtaws hauv chav kuaj thiab kev lag luam, vim yuav luag tsis muaj qhov tshwm sim hauv qhov xwm txheej. Vim muaj cov halogen atom, lawv muaj zog heev. Qhov no feem ntau txiav txim siab txog thaj tsam ntawm lawv daim ntawv thov hauv cov tshuaj syntheses ua intermediates.

Txij li thaum muaj ntau tus neeg sawv cev ntawm halogenated hydrocarbons, nws yog txoj cai los faib lawv raws li cov txheej txheem sib txawv. Nws yog raws li ob qho tib si cov qauv ntawm cov saw thiab ntau qhov sib txawv ntawm cov ntawv cog lus, thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm halogen atoms thiab lawv txoj haujlwm.

Halogen derivatives ntawm hydrocarbons: kev faib tawm

Thawj qhov kev xaiv cais yog ua raws li feem ntau lees txais cov hauv paus ntsiab lus uas siv rau tag nrho cov organic tebchaw. Kev faib tawm yog nyob ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm hom carbon saw, nws cyclicity. Raws li qhov no, lawv paub qhov txawv:

• limited halogenated hydrocarbons;
• unlimited;
• aromatic;
• aliphatic;
• acyclic.

Kev faib tawm hauv qab no yog raws li hom halogen atom thiab nws cov ntsiab lus ntau hauv cov molecule. Yog li, faib:

• mono derivatives;
• diderivatives;
• peb-;
• tetra-;
• penta derivatives thiab lwm yam.

Yog peb tham txog hom halogen, ces lub npe ntawm pawg sub muaj ob lo lus. Piv txwv li, monochloro derivative,triiodine derivative, tetrabromohaloalkene thiab lwm yam.

Tseem muaj lwm qhov kev xaiv kev faib tawm, raws li qhov feem ntau halogen derivatives ntawm saturated hydrocarbons tau sib cais. Qhov no yog tus naj npawb ntawm cov pa roj carbon atom uas txuas nrog halogen. Yog li, faib:

• primary derivatives;
• secondary;

Txhua tus neeg sawv cev tshwj xeeb tuaj yeem suav nrog txhua yam cim thiab txiav txim siab tag nrho qhov chaw hauv cov kab ke ntawm cov organic sib txuas. Yog li, piv txwv li, ib qho kev sib xyaw nrog cov muaj pes tsawg leeg CH₃ - CH₂-CH=CH-CCL_{3tuaj yeem faib raws li qhov no. Nws yog unsaturated aliphatic trichloro derivative ntawm pentene.}

Cov qauv ntawm cov molecule

Lub xub ntiag ntawm halogen atoms tsis tuaj yeem tab sis cuam tshuam rau lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg, thiab cov yam ntxwv dav dav ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov molecule. Cov mis rau cov chav kawm ntawm cov tebchaw no yog R-Hal, qhov twg R yog dawb hydrocarbon radical ntawm ib qho qauv, thiab Hal yog halogen atom, ib lossis ntau dua. Kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov pa roj carbon thiab halogen muaj zog polarized, raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov molecule tag nrho yog ua rau ob qho teebmeem:

• negative inductive;
• mesomeric positive.

Thawj ntawm lawv tau hais ntau dua, yog li Hal atom ib txwm nthuav tawm cov khoom ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob rho tawm.

Txwv tsis pub, tag nrho cov qauv ntawm cov molecule tsis txawv ntawm cov hydrocarbons. Cov khoom yog piav qhia los ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov saw thiab nwsbranching, tus naj npawb ntawm carbon atoms, lub zog ntawm aromatic nta.

Lub npe ntawm halogen derivatives ntawm hydrocarbons tsim nyog saib xyuas tshwj xeeb. Lub npe tiag tiag rau cov kev sib txuas no yog dab tsi? Ua li no, koj yuav tsum ua raws li ob peb txoj cai.

1. Tus lej ntawm cov saw hlau pib los ntawm ntug ze tshaj plaws rau lub halogen atom. Yog tias muaj ntau daim ntawv cog lus, ces qhov kev suav rov pib los ntawm nws, thiab tsis yog los ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob rho tawm.
2. Lub npe Hal yog qhia nyob rau hauv ua ntej, tus naj npawb ntawm cov pa roj carbon atom uas nws tawm mus yuav tsum tau qhia.
3. kauj ruam kawg yog lub npe cov saw tseem ceeb ntawm atoms (los yog nplhaib).

Ib qho piv txwv ntawm lub npe zoo sib xws: CH₂=CH-CHCL₂ - 3-dichloropropene-1.

Tsis tas li ntawd, lub npe tuaj yeem muab tau raws li kev tsim nyog lub npe. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub npe ntawm lub radical yog pronounced, thiab ces lub npe ntawm lub halogen nrog lub suffix -id. Piv txwv li: CH₃-CH₂-CH₂Br - propyl bromide.

Zoo li lwm cov chav kawm ntawm cov organic tebchaw, halogenated hydrocarbons muaj cov qauv tshwj xeeb. Qhov no tso cai rau ntau tus neeg sawv cev raug xaiv los ntawm cov npe keeb kwm. Piv txwv li, halothane CF₃CBrClH. Lub xub ntiag ntawm peb halogens ib zaug nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov molecule muab cov khoom no tshwj xeeb cov khoom. Nws yog siv hauv tshuaj, yog li ntawd, nws yog lub npe keeb kwm uas feem ntau siv.

Synthesis Methods

Txoj kev kom tau txais halogen derivatives ntawm hydrocarbons txaussib txawv. Muaj tsib txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb rau kev sib txuas ntawm cov khoom sib txuas hauv chav kuaj thiab kev lag luam.

1. Halogenation ntawm cov pa ib txwm hydrocarbons. Cov tswv yim tawm tswv yim dav dav: R-H + Hal ₂ → R-Hal + HHal. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov txheej txheem yog raws li nram no: nrog chlorine thiab bromine, ultraviolet irradiation yog tsim nyog, nrog iodine cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog yuav luag tsis yooj yim sua los yog qeeb heev. Kev sib cuam tshuam nrog fluorine yog nquag heev, yog li no halogen tsis tuaj yeem siv rau hauv nws daim ntawv ntshiab. Tsis tas li ntawd, thaum halogenating aromatic derivatives, nws yog tsim nyog los siv tshwj xeeb txheej txheem catalysts - Lewis acids. Piv txwv li, hlau los yog txhuas chloride.
2. Tau txais halogen derivatives ntawm hydrocarbons kuj yog ua los ntawm hydrohalogenation. Txawm li cas los xij, rau qhov no, qhov pib compound yuav tsum yog ib qho unsaturated hydrocarbon. Piv txwv li: R=R-R + HHal → R-R-RHal. Feem ntau, xws li electrophilic ntxiv yog siv kom tau chlorethylene los yog vinyl chloride, vim hais tias cov compound no yog ib qho tseem ceeb raw khoom rau industrial syntheses.
3. Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm hydrohalogens ntawm cawv. Kev pom dav dav ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv: R-OH + HHal → R-Hal + H ₂O. Ib qho feature yog qhov yuav tsum muaj ntawm lub catalyst. Piv txwv ntawm cov txheej txheem accelerators uas yuav siv tau yog phosphorus, sulfur, zinc los yog hlau chlorides, sulfuric acid, ib tug tov ntawm zinc chloride nyob rau hauv hydrochloric acid - Lucas reagent.
4. Decarboxylation ntawm cov ntsev ntsev nrog oxidizing tus neeg sawv cev. Lwm lub npe rau txoj kev yog Borodin-Hunsdicker cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Cov kab hauv qab yog tshem tawm cov pa roj carbon dioxide moleculeLos ntawm cov nyiaj derivatives ntawm carboxylic acids thaum raug oxidizing tus neeg sawv cev - halogen. Yog li ntawd, halogen derivatives ntawm hydrocarbons yog tsim. Reactions feem ntau zoo li no: R-COOAg + Hal → R-Hal + CO₂ + AgHal.

YSynthesis of haloforms. Hauv lwm lo lus, qhov no yog kev tsim cov trihalogen derivatives ntawm methane. Txoj kev yooj yim tshaj plaws los tsim lawv yog kho acetone nrog cov tshuaj alkaline ntawm halogens. Yog li ntawd, kev tsim ntawm haloform molecules tshwm sim. Halogen derivatives ntawm aromatic hydrocarbons yog synthesized nyob rau hauv kev lag luam nyob rau hauv tib txoj kev.

Kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb yuav tsum tau them rau kev sib txuas ntawm cov neeg sawv cev tsis txwv ntawm cov chav kawm suav nrog. Txoj kev tseem ceeb yog kev kho cov alkynes nrog mercury thiab tooj liab ntsev nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm halogens, uas ua rau cov tsim ntawm ib yam khoom nrog ib tug ob peb daim ntawv cog lus nyob rau hauv cov saw.

Halogen derivatives ntawm cov roj carbon monoxide yog tau los ntawm halogenation cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm arenes los yog alkylarenes rau hauv ib sab saw. Cov no yog cov khoom lag luam tseem ceeb vim lawv siv los ua tshuaj tua kab hauv kev ua liaj ua teb.

Lub cev muaj zog

Lub cev lub zog ntawm halogen derivatives ntawm hydrocarbons ncaj qha nyob ntawm tus qauv ntawm cov molecule. Lub boiling thiab melting cov ntsiab lus, lub xeev ntawm aggregation yog cuam tshuam los ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm cov pa roj carbon atoms nyob rau hauv cov saw thiab ua tau ceg mus rau sab. Qhov ntau ntawm lawv, cov qhab nia siab dua. Feem ntau, nws tuaj yeem ua tus yam ntxwv ntawm lub cev tsis muaj nyob hauv ntau lub ntsiab lus.

1. Aggregate xeev: thawj qhov qis tshajCov neeg sawv cev - gases, tom qab rau С₁₂ - kua, saum toj no - khoom.
2. Yuav luag txhua tus neeg sawv cev muaj qhov tsw ntxhiab tsw ntxhiab tsw.
3. Soluble tsis zoo hauv dej, tab sis cov kuab tshuaj zoo heev rau lawv tus kheej. Lawv yaj zoo heev hauv cov organic tebchaw.
4. Boiling thiab melting cov ntsiab lus nce nrog cov pa roj carbon atoms hauv cov saw tseem ceeb.
5. Txhua cov tshuaj tshwj tsis yog cov tshuaj fluorine derivatives hnyav dua dej.
6. Cov ceg ntau dua hauv cov saw tseem ceeb, qhov kub ntawm cov ntsiab lus qis dua.

Nws yog qhov nyuaj los txheeb xyuas ntau yam zoo sib xws, vim tias cov neeg sawv cev sib txawv heev hauv cov qauv thiab cov qauv. Yog li ntawd, nws yog qhov zoo dua los muab cov txiaj ntsig rau txhua qhov sib xyaw tshwj xeeb los ntawm cov khoom siv hydrocarbons.

tshuaj muaj zog

Ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas yuav tsum tau coj mus rau hauv tus account hauv kev lag luam tshuaj thiab kev sib xyaw ua ke yog cov tshuaj lom neeg ntawm halogenated hydrocarbons. Lawv tsis zoo ib yam rau txhua tus neeg sawv cev, vim muaj ntau qhov laj thawj rau qhov sib txawv.

1. Cov qauv ntawm cov saw hlau. Cov kev hloov pauv yooj yim tshaj plaws (ntawm hom nucleophilic) tshwm sim nrog cov theem nrab thiab theem nrab haloalkyls.
2. Hom halogen atom kuj tseem ceeb. Kev sib raug zoo ntawm carbon thiab Hal yog qhov muaj zog polarized, uas ua rau nws yooj yim tawg nrog kev tso tawm ntawm cov dawb radicals. Txawm li cas los xij, kev sib raug zoo ntawm iodine thiab carbon tawg yooj yim tshaj plaws, uas tau piav qhia los ntawm kev hloov pauv tsis tu ncua (qis) hauv daim ntawv cog lus lub zog hauv koob: F-Cl-Br-I.
3. Kev muaj ntxhiab tswradical lossis ntau daim ntawv cog lus.
4. qauv thiab ceg ntawm radical nws tus kheej.

Feem ntau, halogenated alkyl teb zoo tshaj plaws nrog kev hloov pauv nucleophilic. Tom qab tag nrho, ib feem ntawm cov nqi zoo yog concentrated ntawm cov pa roj carbon atom tom qab rhuav tshem daim ntawv cog lus nrog halogen. Qhov no tso cai rau cov radical tag nrho los ua ib qho kev lees txais ntawm cov khoom electronegative. Piv txwv li:

• OH^-;
• SO₄^2-;
• NO₂^-;
• CN^- thiab lwm yam.

Qhov no piav qhia qhov tseeb tias nws muaj peev xwm mus los ntawm halogen derivatives ntawm hydrocarbons mus yuav luag txhua chav kawm ntawm cov organic tebchaw, koj tsuas yog yuav tsum xaiv cov reagent tsim nyog uas yuav muab cov pab pawg xav tau.

Feem ntau, peb tuaj yeem hais tias cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg ntawm halogen derivatives ntawm hydrocarbons muaj peev xwm nkag mus rau hauv kev sib cuam tshuam hauv qab no.

1. Nrog ntau hom nucleophilic hais - hloov pauv. Cov txiaj ntsig tuaj yeem yog: cawv, ethers thiab esters, nitro compounds, amines, nitriles, carboxylic acids.
2. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kev tshem tawm lossis dehydrohalogenation. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm raug rau cov kua dej cawv ntawm alkali, hydrogen halide molecule yog cleaved. Qhov no yog li cas ib qho alkene yog tsim, uas tsis muaj molecular hnyav los ntawm cov khoom - ntsev thiab dej. Reaction piv txwv: CH₃-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂ Br + NaOH _(alcohol) →CH₃-CH₂-CH=CH ₂ + NaBr + H₂O. Cov txheej txheem no yog ib txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb los ua ke cov alkenes tseem ceeb. Cov txheej txheem yeej ib txwm nrog qhov kub thiab txias.
3. Tau txais alkanes ntawm cov qauv ib txwm los ntawm Wurtz synthesis method. Lub ntsiab ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog cov nyhuv ntawm halogen-hloov hydrocarbon (ob molecules) nrog hlau sodium. Raws li ib tug muaj zog electropositive ion, sodium txais halogen atoms los ntawm lub compound. Yog li ntawd, cov liberated hydrocarbon radicals yog interconnected los ntawm ib daim ntawv cog lus, tsim ib tug alkane ntawm ib tug tshiab qauv. Piv txwv li: CH₃-CH₂Cl + CH₃-CH₂ Cl + 2Na →CH₃-CH₂-CH₂-CH 3 _{+ 2NaCl.}
4. Synthesis ntawm homologues ntawm aromatic hydrocarbons los ntawm Friedel-Crafts method. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov txheej txheem yog qhov kev txiav txim ntawm haloalkyl ntawm benzene nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm txhuas chloride. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev hloov cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, qhov tsim ntawm toluene thiab hydrogen chloride tshwm sim. Hauv qhov no, lub xub ntiag ntawm lub catalyst yog tsim nyog. Ntxiv rau benzene nws tus kheej, nws homologues kuj tuaj yeem oxidized nyob rau hauv txoj kev no.
5. Tau Greignard kua. Cov reagent no yog halogen-hloov cov hydrocarbon nrog magnesium ion nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg. Thaum pib, hlau magnesium hauv ether ua rau ntawm haloalkyl derivative. Yog li ntawd, ib qho kev sib xyaw ua ke nrog cov qauv dav dav RMgHal yog tsim, hu ua Greignard reagent.
6. Txo cov tshuaj tiv thaiv rau alkane (alkene, arena). Ua tawm thaum raug hydrogen. Yog li ntawd, ib tug hydrocarbon thiab ib tug by-product, hydrogen halide, yog tsim. Piv txwv: R-Hal + H₂ →R-H + HHal.

Cov no yog cov kev sib cuam tshuam tseem ceeb uashalogen derivatives ntawm hydrocarbons ntawm ntau yam qauv muaj peev xwm nkag tau yooj yim. Tau kawg, muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshwj xeeb uas yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab rau txhua tus neeg sawv cev.

Isomerism ntawm molecules

Isomerism ntawm halogenated hydrocarbons yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm ntuj tsim. Tom qab tag nrho, nws paub tias ntau cov pa roj carbon atoms hauv cov saw hlau, ntau dua cov ntaub ntawv isomeric. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov neeg sawv cev tsis txaus ntseeg muaj ntau daim ntawv cog lus, uas tseem ua rau isomers tshwm sim.

Muaj ob yam tseem ceeb ntawm qhov tshwm sim no rau cov chav kawm ntawm cov tebchaw.

1. Isomerism ntawm cov pob txha pob txha ntawm cov radical thiab cov saw tseem ceeb. Qhov no kuj suav nrog txoj haujlwm ntawm ntau daim ntawv cog lus, yog tias nws muaj nyob hauv cov molecule. Raws li nrog cov hydrocarbons yooj yim, pib los ntawm tus neeg sawv cev thib peb, cov qauv ntawm cov tebchaw uas muaj cov molecular zoo tib yam tab sis cov qauv qauv sib txawv tuaj yeem sau tau. Ntxiv mus, rau halogen-hloov cov hydrocarbons, tus naj npawb ntawm cov ntawv isomeric yog qhov kev txiav txim ntawm qhov loj dua rau lawv cov alkanes sib xws (alkenes, alkynes, arenes, thiab lwm yam).
2. Txoj haujlwm ntawm halogen hauv molecule. Nws qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub npe yog qhia los ntawm ib tug xov tooj, thiab txawm yog hais tias nws hloov los ntawm ib tug xwb, ces cov khoom ntawm xws li isomers yuav txawv kiag li.

Spatial isomerism tawm ntawm lo lus nug ntawm no, vim tias halogen atoms ua rau nws ua tsis tau. Zoo li tag nrho lwm cov organic tebchaw, haloalkyl isomers txawv tsis yog nyob rau hauv cov qauv, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv lub cev thiab tshuaj.yam ntxwv.

Derivatives ntawm unsaturated hydrocarbons

Tau kawg, muaj ntau yam kev sib txuas. Txawm li cas los xij, peb txaus siab rau halogen derivatives ntawm unsaturated hydrocarbons. Lawv tuaj yeem muab faib ua peb pawg loj.

1. Vinyl - thaum Hal atom nyob ncaj qha ntawm carbon atom ntawm ntau daim ntawv cog lus. Piv txwv Molecule: CH₂=CCL_2.
2. Nrog txoj haujlwm insulated. Lub halogen atom thiab ntau daim ntawv cog lus nyob rau hauv qhov sib txawv ntawm cov molecule. Piv txwv: CH₂=CH-CH₂-CH₂-Cl.
3. Allyl derivatives - lub halogen atom nyob rau ob daim ntawv cog lus los ntawm ib tug carbon atom, uas yog, nws yog nyob rau hauv alpha txoj hauj lwm. Piv txwv li: CH₂=CH-CH₂-CL.

Qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb yog vinyl chloride CH₂=CHCL. Nws muaj peev xwm ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv polymerization los tsim cov khoom tseem ceeb xws li cov ntaub ntawv rwb thaiv tsev, cov ntaub tsis muaj dej, thiab lwm yam.

Lwm tus neeg sawv cev ntawm unsaturated halogen derivatives yog chloroprene. Nws cov qauv yog CH₂=CCL-CH=CH₂. Cov khoom sib xyaw no yog cov khoom siv raw rau kev sib xyaw ntawm cov roj hmab muaj txiaj ntsig, uas yog qhov txawv ntawm qhov hluav taws kub, lub neej ua haujlwm ntev, thiab cov pa tsis zoo permeability.

Tetrafluoroethylene (los yog Teflon) yog ib lub polymer uas muaj cov txheej txheem zoo. Nws yog siv rau kev tsim cov txheej txheem txheej txheem, khoom siv, ntau yam khoom siv. Formula - CF₂=CF₂.

Aromatichydrocarbons thiab lawv cov derivatives

Cov tshuaj tsw qab yog cov khoom sib xyaw uas suav nrog lub nplhaib benzene. Ntawm lawv kuj tseem muaj tag nrho pawg ntawm halogen derivatives. Ob hom tseem ceeb tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv ntawm lawv cov qauv.

1. Yog Hal atom yog sib txuas ncaj qha rau lub nucleus, uas yog, lub nplhaib uas muaj ntxhiab, ces cov tebchaw hu ua haloarenes.
2. Lub halogen atom tsis txuas nrog lub nplhaib, tab sis mus rau sab saw ntawm atoms, uas yog, radical mus rau sab ceg. Cov tshuaj no hu ua arylalkyl halides.

Ntawm cov khoom uas tau txiav txim siab, muaj ntau tus neeg sawv cev ntawm qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws.

1. Hexachlorobenzene - C₆Cl₆. Txij li thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, nws tau siv los ua cov tshuaj tua kab mob, nrog rau cov tshuaj tua kab. Nws muaj cov tshuaj tua kab mob zoo, yog li nws tau siv los hnav cov noob ua ntej sowing. Nws muaj cov ntxhiab tsw tsw qab, cov kua dej yog cov caustic heev, pob tshab, thiab tuaj yeem ua rau lacrimation.
2. Benzyl bromide С₆Н₅CH₂Br. Siv ua ib qho tseem ceeb reagent nyob rau hauv lub synthesis ntawm organometallic compounds.
3. Chlorobenzene C₆H₅CL. Cov kua dej tsis muaj xim nrog cov ntxhiab tsw tshwj xeeb. Nws yog siv nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov dyes, tshuaj tua kab. Nws yog ib qho zoo tshaj plaws organic solvents.

siv kev lag luam

Halogen derivatives ntawm hydrocarbons yog siv nyob rau hauv kev lag luam thiab tshuaj synthesisdav heev. Peb twb tau hais txog unsaturated thiab aromatic sawv cev. Tam sim no cia peb qhia nyob rau hauv dav dav ntawm kev siv ntawm tag nrho cov tebchaw ntawm no series.

1. Kev tsim kho.
2. As cov kuab tshuaj.
3. Hauv kev tsim cov ntaub, roj hmab, roj hmab, dyes, cov ntaub ntawv polymeric.
4. Rau kev sib txuas ntawm ntau cov organic tebchaw.
5. Fluorine derivatives (freons) yog cov tub yees hauv tub yees.
6. Used ua tshuaj tua kab, tshuaj tua kab, fungicides, roj, ziab roj, resins, lubricants.
7. Mus rau kev tsim cov ntaub ntawv insulating, thiab lwm yam.