Lub nroog npog nrog kev paub tsis meej, dab neeg thiab dab neeg ib txwm nyiam cov neeg keeb kwm. Yog li, Heinrich Schliemann, tso siab rau Homer's Iliad nkaus xwb, thiaj li nrhiav tau Troy. Thiab Arthur Evans nyob rau hauv Crete muaj hmoo nrhiav tus legendary Knossos. Lavxias teb sab historians tau ntev tau xav nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb rau lub legendary thiab mysterious Tmutarakan. Tab sis tsis zoo li Schliemann thiab Evans, cov kws tshawb fawb los ntawm Tsarist Russia muaj lwm txoj haujlwm - los ua pov thawj lawv txoj kev koom tes hauv keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm Northern Black Sea cheeb tsam nrog kev pab los ntawm keeb kwm artifacts.
Hermitage relic
Tam sim no, lub pob zeb nto moo Tmutarakansky, thaj chaw keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab, tau khaws cia hauv Hermitage. Muaj ib tug zoo nkauj qub Lavxias teb sab inscription rau ntawm lub pob zeb. Nws tham txog kev ntsuas qhov deb ntawm Tmutarakan mus rau Korchev (Kerch) hauv 1068. Qhov no inscription nws tus kheej tau pom nyob rau hauv 1792 thiab ua pov thawj ntawm lub hav zoov ntawm Tmutarakan. Txog rau lub sijhawm ntawd, cov pov thawj ntawm Tmutarakan thawj coj tsuas yog nyob rau hauv ntawv. Hais txog qhov tseeb ntawm qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm lub pob zeb kom deb li debmuaj cov lus dab neeg, thiab nws tsis paub meej qhov twg nws tau pom. Raws li ib txoj kev xav, qhov kev tshawb pom tau pom nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Phanagoria, raws li lwm cov pov thawj, qhov no tshwm sim ntawm thaj chaw ntawm lub fortress nyob ze hiav txwv. Qhov chaw ntawm keeb kwm artifact tau hloov ntau zaus. Thaum pib, txog rau xyoo 1803, nws tau nyob ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Taman. Tom qab ntawd, lub pob zeb raug thauj mus rau Kerch Tsev khaws puav pheej. Thiab txij li xyoo 1851 txog niaj hnub no, lub relics tau khaws cia nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg nyob rau hauv lub phab ntsa ntawm lub Hermitage.
Keeb kwm tseem ceeb ntawm lub pob zeb Tmutarakan
Qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm lub pob zeb yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv keeb kwm thaum lub sijhawm ntawd. Catherine II tau nkag siab zoo rau kev kawm txog keeb kwm ntawm lub xeev Lavxias. Tus Empress nws tus kheej tau xav txog keeb kwm thiab maj mam qhia txog kev zam rau lub sijhawm qub. Hmoov tsis zoo, thawj qhov chaw sau ntawv hauv tebchaws Russia tsuas yog rov qab mus rau xyoo pua 11th. Qhov tsis muaj pov thawj keeb kwm yav dhau los tau yooj yim piav qhia. Feem ntau ntawm cov ancient Lavxias teb sab nroog tau ua los ntawm ntoo. Cov hluav taws kub hnyiab tau tshwm sim ntau zaus thiab txhua qhov chaw, uas cov ntaub ntawv sau ua ntej tau ploj mus. Nws yog vim li no tias qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm Tmutarakan tus thawj tswj hwm tau ua rau muaj kev txaus siab rau cov neeg niaj hnub no.
First mention of Tmutarakan
Tmutarakan raws li lub npe thaj chaw tau hais thawj zaug hauv Zaj Dab Neeg Bygone Xyoo. Cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm kawm cov ntawv sau tau nyiam lub npe, uas tsis tau hnov txog qhov twg ua ntej. Ntau tus kws sau keeb kwm ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd tau hais txog qhov chaw nyob ntawm qhov tsis paub txog lub hauv paus tseem ceeb. Vasily Tatishchev qhia tias Tmutarakan nyob hauvRyazan cheeb tsam. Andrey Lyzlov, tus kws sau keeb kwm xyoo pua 17th, tau hais txog thaj av ze Astrakhan. Publicist historian Mikhail Shcherbatov muab tso rau pem hauv ntej ib tug version uas Tmutarakan tsis deb ntawm Azov. Nyob rau hauv cov xyoo, lub annexation ntawm lub Crimean Khanate rau Russia twb nyuam qhuav pib, yog li qhov tseeb version yog heev pab tau. Cov ntawv sau rau ntawm lub pob zeb Tmutarakan ntawm 1068 xaus rau txhua qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb.
From Germonass to Tmutarakan
Tam sim no, cov ntaub ntawv hais txog Tmutarakan tseem raug sau thiab ua kom zoo. Tab sis qee yam tau ntev tau suav tias yog keeb kwm pov thawj qhov tseeb. Nws paub tias thaum xub thawj lub nroog Tmutarakan tau tsim los ntawm Greeks thiab muaj lub npe txawv - Germonass. Nws yog ib feem ntawm lub nceeg vaj Bosporus los ntawm lub xyoo pua 6th BC. e. Cov tsev nyob hauv lub nroog tau ua los ntawm pob zeb thiab zoo sib xws - tag nrho ob-zaj dab neeg, muaj 5 chav thiab npog nrog cov vuas. Hauv qhov chaw yog acropolis. Tom qab lub conquest los ntawm Turkic Khaganate, lub nroog tau renamed Tumentarkhan. Lub nroog feem ntau raided thiab nws thiaj li hloov mus ua ib tug fortress. Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm ntau haiv neeg (Alans, Greeks, Khazars, Armenians) thiab kev ntseeg (Christians, Jews, pagans) nyob ntawm no. Cov neeg hauv nroog tau koom nrog kev lag luam thiab kev ua lag luam.
keeb kwm ntawm lub nroog
Nyob rau hauv 956, tom qab swb ntawm Khazar Khaganate, lub nroog los nyob rau hauv txoj cai ntawm Russia. Thiab tau txais lub npe Tmutarakan. Thaum lub sij hawm ntawd, nws yog ib lub nroog loj kev lag luam uas tau tswj hwm kev lag luam thiab kev nom kev tswv. Muaj ntau lub npe nto moo nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm Russia yog txuam nrog lub ntsiab lub nroog ntawm lub principality. Prince Glebntsuas qhov kev ncua deb ntawm Tmutarakan mus rau Korchevo ntawm cov dej khov, raws li cov ntawv sau ntawm Tmutarakan pob zeb hais. Tau ntau xyoo, Tmutarakan tau txiav txim los ntawm xws li Lavxias teb sab princes li Mstislav Vladimirovich, Rostislav Vladimirovich, Oleg Svyatoslavovich, Ratibor. Rau qee lub sij hawm lub nroog nyob rau hauv kev tswj ntawm Byzantium. Txij thaum ntawd los, cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj ntawm Oleg Svyatoslavovich tau khaws cia, uas paub meej tias cov ntaub ntawv no. Thiab lub pob zeb Tmutarakan, nrhiav tau nyob rau hauv 1972, kuj yog ib tug keeb kwm artifact.
Kev Kawm Txuj Ci Niaj Hnub Nyoog
Tom qab xyoo 1904, tsis muaj ib qho kev hais txog qhov muaj nyob ntawm Tmutarakan thiab Tmutarakan tus thawj tswj hwm hauv Lavxias keeb kwm. Tam sim no, Taman kev sib hais haum, ntawm thaj chaw uas lub pob zeb Tmutarakan raug liam tias pom, tseem tab tom kawm. Excavations tseem tab tom ua nyob rau ntawd. Lub pob zeb Tmutarakan, daim duab uas tau nthuav tawm hauv tsab xov xwm no, kuj tseem tau ua tib zoo kawm los ntawm ntau tus kws sau keeb kwm thiab cov lus piav qhia txog niaj hnub no. Thawj tus nyeem thiab txiav txim siab lub qub Lavxias teb sab inscription yog A. N. Olenin. Qhov tseeb ntawm cov ntawv sau no tau ua xyem xyav rau lub sijhawm ntev, tab sis kev tshawb fawb ntxiv txawm li cas los tau lees paub nws qhov tseem ceeb hauv keeb kwm. Xyoo 1940, A. Mazon tau tsa cov lus nug ntawm qhov tseeb ntawm Zaj Dab Neeg ntawm Igor Txoj Kev Sib Tw, uas tseem muaj qhov hais txog Tmutarakan. Nws tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm ob peb tus kws tshawb fawb ntxiv, tab sis lawv tsis tau muab qhov tseeb tshiab thiab cov pov thawj hauv kev txhawb nqa ntawm lawv txoj kev xav thiab tsis tuaj yeem tshawb pom qhov pom ntawm Tmutarakan pob zeb ua cuav. Cov lus tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm ib pawg ntawm cov keeb kwm no tom qab tag nrhothawb cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub ntiaj teb kev tshawb fawb mus rau qhov kev tshuaj ntsuam tom ntej ntawm cov ntawv sau rau ntawm pob zeb. A. A. Medyntseva tau ua tiav kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas paleographic thiab muab piv nrog cov ntawv sau pom ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub pob zeb nws tus kheej, qhov degree ntawm nws kev puas tsuaj, tau rov kuaj dua. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb no, cov kws tshawb fawb tau rov los txiav txim siab tias lub pob zeb pom yog ib qho pov thawj keeb kwm tseeb ntawm lub neej ntawm Tmutarakan principality.
Tmutarakan today
Tam sim no, nyob rau hauv qhov chaw uas lub nroog Tmutarakan tau supposedly nyob, thiab qhov chaw Tmutarakan pob zeb twb nrhiav tau, keeb kwm uas tseem tab tom tham, yog lub nroog Taman. Cov neeg nyob hauv lub nroog dawb ceev khaws keeb kwm ntawm lawv lub teb chaws me me, uas yog hauv paus hauv qhov tob ntawm ntau pua xyoo. Lub sijhawm hloov pauv hauv keeb kwm ntawm Taman thiab Taman Peninsula yog lub xyoo pua 18th - nws yog lub sijhawm no uas Hiav Txwv Dub thiab Don Cossacks pib txav ntawm no. Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua tom ntej, Russia tau los ua ib tug koom nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntev ntawm Caucasian tsov rog, thiab ntau cov ntshav sib ntaus sib tua tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub Taman Peninsula. Cov chaw no tsis tau hla dhau los ntawm kev tsov rog tom ntej - Civil thiab Great Patriotic Wars. Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 1918, Kuban tau dim ntawm Bolsheviks. Thiab thaum lub sij hawm Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob, cov neeg nyob hauv cov ceg av qab teb tau tawm tsam tus yeeb ncuab rau Odessa thiab Sevastopol.
Monument in Taman
Hnub no Taman Peninsula yog thaj av nplua nuj, yog lub vaj kaj siab tiag tiag rau cov neeg ncig tebchaws. Muaj ib zaug lub nroog tau mus xyuasxws li naas ej kws sau paj lug li Lermontov, Pushkin thiab Griboyedov. Ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Taman muaj ib daim qauv ntawm cov khoom qub, uas yog khaws cia hauv Hermitage. Cov ntawv sau rau ntawm lub pob zeb Tmutarakan ntawm 1068 kuj tau pauv mus rau lub monument, uas tau teeb tsa hauv lub nroog.
