Zemskaya kev hloov pauv ntawm 1864 tau los ua ib qho "Kev hloov pauv loj" ntawm Alexander II. Nws qhov kev siv tsis tau cim los ntawm kev ua tiav; Ntxiv mus, nws yog ib qho kev hloov pauv tsis tau zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev qhia txog kev tswj hwm tus kheej hauv zos hauv tebchaws Lavxias tsis tuaj yeem kwv yees tau qis dua.
Yam yuav tsum tau ua ua ntej thiab yog vim li cas rau kev taw qhia
"Txoj cai ntawm lub xeev thiab cheeb tsam zemstvo cov tsev kawm" tau dhau los ua ib qho ntawm ntau qhov kev hloov pauv uas nkag mus hauv Lavxias keeb kwm hauv lub npe "Zoo". Qhov no yog lub npe ntawm cov txheej txheem ntsuas thaum lub sij hawm reign ntawm Emperor Alexander II nyob rau hauv lub sixties thiab seventies ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19. Nyob rau hauv cov chav kawm ntawm kev hloov pauv loj loj, kev ua haujlwm raug tshem tawm, kev ua tub rog tau ua tiav, kev txiav txim siab, kev kawm qib siab thiab theem nrab tau hloov pauv tag nrho, kev hloov pauv nyiaj txiag tau ua, thiab lwm yam.
Txawm li cas los xij, maj mam hloov pauv yuav tsum tau hloov kho txoj kev tswj hwm. Yuav tsum muaj kev tswj hwm tus kheej zoo dua thiab nrawm dua. Ua ntej ntawd txhua yamcov xeev tau subordinate rau tsoom fwv hauv nruab nrab, cov lus txib mus txog lub zos cov tub ceev xwm rau lub sij hawm ntev heev, feem ntau txawm hloov. Tag nrho cov no ua rau muaj kev txiav txim siab phem hauv av.
Keeb kwm ntawm kev tsim thiab qhia txog kev hloov kho
Kev npaj ntawm "Txoj Cai ntawm lub xeev thiab cheeb tsam zemstvo cov koom haum" tau pib tsib xyoos ua ntej kev qhia txog kev hloov pauv. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev npaj ntawm lwm cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj kev cuam tshuam tseem ceeb hauv keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab yog nyob rau hauv tag nrho viav vias - cov neeg ua liaj ua teb hloov kho xyoo 1861, uas tau muab rau kev tshem tawm ntawm serfdom hauv Russia.
Tus thawj coj hauv tsoomfwv cov haujlwm hauv kev npaj cov kev hloov pauv yog N. A. Milyutin - tus kws tshaj lij xeev, tus kws pab tswv yim zais cia rau Tsar ntawm Lavxias Tebchaws, tus tsim tawm, suav nrog kev hloov pauv cov neeg ua liaj ua teb, Tus Thawj Fwm Tsav Tebchaws. ntawm Poland. Nws tau sau tag nrho cov vaj tse, kev xaiv tsa dawb, kev tswj hwm tus kheej hauv qee qhov teeb meem (raws li cov kev xav tau hauv zos) raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cov kev cai lij choj yav tom ntej. Qhov no tau faib ua ntej Milyutin tawm ntawm xyoo 1861.
Tom qab ntawd ua haujlwm ntawm txoj haujlwm tau txuas ntxiv los ntawm Milyutin tus neeg sib tw ntev, P. A. Valuev, tus Thawj Kav Tebchaws tshiab ntawm Internal Affairs ntawm Lavxias teb sab. Pyotr Alexandrovich raug yuam kom coj mus rau hauv tus account qhov kev txhim kho ntawm nws tus thawj coj hais txog Zemstvo kev hloov kho xyoo 1864.
Lub tswv yim ntawm "Cov Cai ntawm Zemstvo Institutions"
Lub tswv yim tseem ceeb tom qab Zemstvo kev hloov kho yog muab lub hwj chim tiag tiag rau cov neeg uas paub qhov tseeb ntawm ib cheeb tsam ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws zoo dua li cov thawj coj los ntawm tsoomfwv hauv nruab nrab. Nws yog tseeb hais tias cov kev pab cuam thiab decreesuas cov tub ceev xwm xa tuaj ua raws, tsis tuaj yeem pab txhim kho thaj av, vim lawv nyob deb ntawm qhov xwm txheej tiag tiag.
Cov kev cai tseem ceeb ntawm 1864 hloov kho
Raws li kev hloov pauv loj loj txij li xyoo 1864, tsoomfwv tshiab tau tsim, uas yog zemstvo cov rooj sib tham thiab pawg sab laj, uas suav nrog cov pej xeem hauv zos. Nrog rau kev hloov kho zemstvo, lub nroog hloov kho kuj tau npaj. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev ua raws li cov kev hloov kho, ib txoj kev tshiab ntawm kev tswj hwm tus kheej hauv zos tau raug tsim.
Cov kev kawm ntawm lub tuam tsev thiab cov kev txwv ntawm lub zog ntawm zemstvo cov tsev kawm ntawv suav nrog cov teeb meem kev noj qab haus huv, kev tsim kho, kev kho tsiaj, kev kawm, kev koom tes ntawm kev suav nyiaj txiag, agronomy, thiab kev lag luam hauv zos. Zemstvo cov rooj sib txoos muaj qee txoj cai thiab kev ywj pheej (tshwj xeeb hauv lawv cov peev txheej). Cov tub ceev xwm hauv nroog no tau nyob hauv cov thawj coj ntawm cov thawj coj, yog li lawv tsis muaj hwj chim ua nom tswv kiag li.
Cov kev xaiv tsa uas tau txais kev pom zoo tau lees paub hauv zemstvos feem ntau ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov nom tswv. Kev xaiv tsa rau tsoomfwv tus kheej hauv cheeb tsam tsis sib npaug thiab ntau theem, nrog cov txheej txheem nyuaj nkag tsis tau rau txhua chav kawm.
Kev tsim lub cev hauv zos
Txoj cai tau txais los ntawm tsoomfwv tau muab rau kev tsim zemstvos hauv peb caug-plaub lub xeev ntawm Russia. Qhov kev hloov kho tsis siv rau Orenburg, Arkhangelsk, Astrakhan xeev, Siberia, nrog rau lub teb chaws sab nrauv - B altic States, Poland, Central Asia, Caucasus, Kazakhstan. Xyoo 1911-1913 Zemstvos yogtsim nyob rau hauv cuaj lub xeev ntawm Russia.
Raws li cov kev cai ntawm kev hloov kho, zemstvo cov koom haum tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub xeev thiab cheeb tsam. Raws li txoj cai ntawm kev xaiv tsa, nws tau ua raws li hauv qab no: txhua peb xyoos, los ntawm kaum plaub mus rau ntau tshaj ib puas tus neeg sawv cev ("vowels") raug xaiv. Kev xaiv tsa tau tuav hauv qhov chaw - vaj tse. Thawj feem yog cov neeg ua liaj ua teb uas muaj ib thaj av lossis lwm yam khoom muaj nqis kaum tsib txhiab rubles, thiab nws cov nyiaj tau los txhua xyoo yog rau txhiab rubles. Qhov thib ob - cov neeg hauv nroog, qhov thib peb - cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov zej zog nyob deb nroog. Tsuas yog qeb kawg nkaus xwb tsis tas yuav tsum muaj kev tsim nyog tshwj xeeb.
Zemsky meetings
Qhov kev txiav txim ntawm zemstvo cov koom haum tau ua raws li hauv qab no: tsawg kawg ib xyoos ib zaug, cov rooj sib tham tau tuav ntawm qhov teeb meem tsim nyog tau daws. Cov rooj sib tham yuav muaj ntau zaus yog tias tsim nyog. Qhov kev txiav txim ntawm lub rooj sib tham ntawm cov tswv cuab ntawm zemstvo council tau muab los ntawm tus tswv xeev. Kev sib sau ua ke, raws li txoj cai, daws teeb meem kev lag luam nkaus xwb; lawv tsis muaj lub hwj chim tswj hwm. Lub luag haujlwm ntawm zemstvo cov tsev kawm txuas ntxiv, raws li tau hais los saum toj no, kev tsim tsev kawm ntawv thiab tsev kho mob, kev muab zaub mov rau cov neeg, kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov kws kho mob, kev npaj cov chav huv huv hauv cov zos, saib xyuas kev loj hlob ntawm nyuj. kev yug me nyuam thiab nqaij qaib ua liaj ua teb, thiab kev saib xyuas cov kab sib txuas lus. Cov kev ua ntawm zemstvos hauv cov cheeb tsam no tau tswj hwm los ntawm Minister of Internal Affairs thiab cov tswv xeev.
teeb meem tseem ceeb ntawm kev hloov kho
Cov koom haum zemstvo (ntawm daim ntawv) tau xaiv. Tab sisNyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub complex system ntawm kev xaiv tsa, uas ua kom cov feem ntau ntawm cov rooj zaum nyob rau hauv lub zemstvos rau cov neeg sawv cev ntawm nobility, muaj lwm yam tseem ceeb teeb meem ntawm lub "Cov kev cai ntawm lub xeev thiab cheeb tsam zemstvo cov koom haum". Lub koom haum ntawm zemstvo rau cov neeg sawv cev ntawm txhua chav kawm tsis tau muab rau, yog li tsis muaj leej twg xav mloog cov kev xav tau ntawm cov pej xeem hauv zos.
Dhau li ntawd, tsis muaj ib lub koom haum Lavxias teb sab tswj hwm thiab koom tes ua haujlwm ntawm zemstvos. Tsoom fwv tau ntshai tias zemstvos, yog tias lawv tau txuas nrog ib leeg, xav kom muaj kev ywj pheej ntau dua, uas yuav tau hem kom tsis muaj zog hauv nruab nrab, tsarist lub zog hauv tebchaws Lavxias. Yog li, Zemstvos tau txhawb nqa lub tswv yim ntawm autocracy, tab sis qhov no ua rau cov txheej txheem tshiab tsis muaj zog.
Raws li Alexander III, "Txoj Cai Tswjfwm rau lub xeev thiab cheeb tsam zemstvo" tau hloov kho, tab sis twb dhau los xyoo 1890 txoj cai ntawm tsoomfwv hauv nroog tau txwv ntau heev.
Qhov tshwm sim ntawm Zemstvo kev hloov kho kev siv
Zemskaya kev hloov kho tau teeb tsa lub chaw tshiab ntawm kev tswj hwm tus kheej hauv tebchaws Russia, tau pab txhawb kev txhim kho hauv kev sib haum xeeb, qhia txog yav tas los tsis muaj zog cov neeg ua liaj ua teb rau pej xeem lub neej. Tus neeg ua haujlwm Zemstvo, piav qhia los ntawm Anton Pavlovich Chekhov hauv kev sau ntawv, tau los ua tus neeg paub txog cov yam ntxwv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Lavxias teb sab txawj ntse.
Tab sis qhov kev hloov kho zemstvo tau poob hauv keeb kwm ua ib qho tsis tau tiav thaum lub sijhawm kav ntawm Alexander II. Cov kev ua ntawm lub hauv paus apparatus yog heev tsis zoo xav tawm. Tsoom fwv hauv nruab nrab thiab cov thawj coj hauv cheeb tsam tsis uaxav sib faib hwj chim, yog li lub zemstvos daws tsuas yog ib tug txwv ntau yam ntawm cov teeb meem, uas yog tsis txaus rau tag nrho-fledged ua hauj lwm. Tsoom fwv hauv zos kuj tsis tuaj yeem tham txog qhov kev txiav txim siab ntawm tsoomfwv, txwv tsis pub qhov xwm txheej tseem tuaj yeem ua rau kev rhuav tshem Duma.
Txawm hais tias muaj teeb meem ntau, kev hloov pauv tsoomfwv tus kheej tau muab lub zog rau kev txhim kho tus kheej ntxiv, yog li nws qhov tseem ceeb rau Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws tsis tuaj yeem kwv yees.
