Hais lus ncaj thiab tsis ncaj hauv lus Askiv tau txuas nrog kev pab los ntawm cov kev cai tsim tau zoo uas tsis ua raws li cov cai ntawm Lavxias Lavxias. Kev paub txog algorithms rau kev hloov cov lus ncaj qha rau hauv kev hais lus tsis ncaj yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev nkag siab lus Askiv.
Dab tsi yog lus ncaj thiab tsis ncaj hauv lus Askiv
Direct Speech or Direct Speech - cov no yog cov lus hais, nthuav tawm tsis hloov - raws nraim li lawv tau hais. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo saib xyuas qhov tseeb hais tias kev hais lus ncaj qha hauv lus Askiv tsis raug kos raws li cov cai ntawm cov cim cim ntawm Lavxias.
Example:
- Ib tug ntxhais hais tias, "Kuv qhuas lub paj zoo nkauj". (Tus ntxhais hais tias: "Kuv qhuas lub paj zoo nkauj.")
- "Kuv qhuas lub paj zoo nkauj", ib tug ntxhais hais. ("Kuv qhuas lub paj zoo nkauj," tus ntxhais hais.)
Kev hais lus tsis ncaj/hais qhia - cov no kuj yog cov lus ntawm tus neeg hais lus, tab sis nthuav tawm hauv daim ntawv hloov kho - kis hauv kev sib tham los ntawm lwm tus neeg. Kev txhais cov kab lus los ntawm kev hais lus ncaj nraim mus rau lus Askiv yog ua tiavraws li tej kev cai. Raws li txoj cai, kev hais lus tsis ncaj muaj lub ntsiab (tus sau cov lus) thiab cov lus hauv qab (tus sau lus ncaj qha). Yog hais tias cov lus qhia ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb yog siv nyob rau hauv tam sim no los yog yav tom ntej tense, ces nyob rau hauv subordinate clause koj tuaj yeem muab txhua lub sijhawm uas haum rau lub ntsiab lus. Yog tias cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb siv lub sijhawm dhau los, cov kev cai nruj sib phim siv.
Example:
- Ib tug ntxhais hais tias, "Kuv qhuas lub paj zoo nkauj". (hais lus ncaj)
- Ib tug ntxhais hais tias nws qhuas lub paj zoo nkauj. (Kev hais lus tsis ncaj)
Hais lus ncaj thiab tsis ncaj hauv lus Askiv muaj feem cuam tshuam rau ib leeg. Yog li ntawd, cov kev cai rau kev hloov ib hom kev hais lus mus rau lwm qhov yuav tsum tau kawm los ntawm txhua tus neeg uas xav kawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib txuas lus dawb. Cov lus qhia rau kev hais lus ncaj thiab tsis ncaj hauv lus Askiv yuav yog qhov simulator zoo tshaj plaws rau kev nco txog cov txheej txheem yooj yim rau kev tsim cov kab lus hauv daim ntawv tsis ncaj.
Hloov pab pawg tam sim no
Kev txhais lus ncaj qha rau hauv kev hais lus tsis ncaj hauv lus Askiv rau tam sim no yog qhov yooj yim heev - tsuas yog hloov cov tenses ntawm Pawg Tam sim no nrog pab pawg yav dhau los:
Verbs hauv Present Simple coj daim ntawv yooj yim dhau los:
Jenny hais tias, "Kuv pub cov noog!". (Jenny hais tias "Kuv pub cov noog"!)
Jenny hais tias nws pub noog. (Jenny hais tias nws pub rau cov noog.)
Tam sim no Nruam dhau los ua ntu zus:
Tom teb tias, "Kuvniam yog ci ncuav qab zib." (Tom teb tias: "Kuv niam ci ncuav qab zib.")
Tom teb tias nws niam tab tom ci ncuav qab zib. (Tom teb tias nws niam ci ncuav qab zib.)
Daim ntawv qhia ua lus zoo kuj tseem hloov lub sijhawm los ntawm tam sim no mus rau yav dhau los:
Lily nyeem, "Tus poj niam laus tau pom nws tus miv tag kis". (Lily nyeem: "Tus poj niam laus pom nws tus miv tag kis no.")
Lily nyeem tias tus poj niam laus tau pom nws tus miv tag kis. (Lily nyeem tias tus poj niam laus pom nws tus miv tag kis no.)
Present Perfect Continuous dhau los ua Perfect Continuous:
Kuv pom, "Koj tau saib cov yeeb yaj kiab txhua hnub". (Kuv sau tseg tias, "Koj saib cov yeeb yaj kiab txhua hnub.")
Kuv pom tias nws tau saib cov yeeb yaj kiab txhua hnub. (Kuv sau tseg tias nws saib cov yeeb yaj kiab txhua hnub.)
Hloov pab pawg lub sijhawm dhau los
Yog tias koj xav tau txhais lus ncaj qha rau hauv kev hais lus tsis ncaj nrog cov lus Askiv lub sijhawm dhau los ntawm pab pawg, koj yuav tsum nco ntsoov qee txoj cai nyuaj dua. Cov sijhawm dhau los tau hloov pauv raws li hauv qab no:
| Sijhawm hais lus ncaj | Lub Sijhawm Tshaj Tawm hais lus |
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Past Simple: Din hais tias, "Peb ua si baseball hauv lub tiaj nraum qaum tsev." (Dean hais tias, "Peb ua si baseball hauv lub tiaj nraum qaum tsev.") |
Past Perfect: Din hais tias lawv tau ntaus pob hauv qab. (Dean hais tias lawvua si baseball hauv lub tiaj nraum qaum tsev.) |
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Past Continuous: Ann pom, "Kuv tabtom taug kev". (Anne sau tseg "Kuv tau taug kev") |
Past Perfect Continuous: Ann pom tias nws tau taug kev. (Ann sau tseg tias nws taug kev.) |
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Past Perfect: Janny teb tias, "Kuv tau ua tiav tag nrho kuv cov lus nug thaum 3 teev tsaus ntuj". (Jenny teb tias, "Kuv ua tiav tag nrho kuv cov lag luam ceev thaum 3 teev tsaus ntuj.") |
Past Perfect: Janny teb tias nws tau ua tiav tag nrho nws cov xov xwm los ntawm 3 teev. (Jenny teb tias nws tau ua tiav tag nrho nws txoj haujlwm ceev thaum 3 teev.) |
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Past Perfect Continuous: Nelly hais tias, "Kuv tau ntxuav tais diav tau 2 teev." (Nellie hais tias "Kuv tau ntxuav tais diav tau 2 teev") |
Past Perfect Continuous: Nelly hais tias nws tau ntxuav tais diav tau 2 teev. (Nellie hais tias nws ntxuav tais diav tau 2 teev.) |
Hloov yav tom ntej tenses
Thaum ua haujlwm nrog kev hais lus ncaj qha thiab tsis ncaj hauv lus Askiv, lub sijhawm yav tom ntej tau hloov pauv los ntawm kev hloov qhov xav tau, uas yog, Cov lus qhia yav tom ntej yog hloov nrog Future-in-the-Past daim ntawv.
Example:
- Tus tub hais tias, "Kuv yuav mus taug kev tag kis". (Tus tub hais tias, "Kuv yuav mus taug kev tag kis.")
- Tus tub hais li ntawdnws yuav mus taug kev hnub tom qab. (Tus tub hais tias nws yuav mus taug kev tag kis.)
Cov lus nug
Txhawm rau ua haujlwm nrog cov lus nug hauv lus Askiv ncaj thiab tsis ncaj, cov cai hauv qab no tau muab:
1. Thaum txhais cov lus nug mus rau hauv daim ntawv tsis ncaj, ib lo lus ncaj qha tau tsim:
Example:
- Nws nug, "Koj puas pom cov kev hloov pauv?" (Nws nug, "Koj puas pom kev hloov"?)
- Nws ashed kuv yog tias kuv pom cov kev hloov. (Nws nug kuv yog tias kuv pom kev hloov.)
2. Cov lus nug dav dav thiab lwm cov lus nug pib nrog cov koom haum yog (rau kev hais lus sib tham) thiab seb puas yog (rau cov qauv tsim):
Examples:
- Andrew nug, "Koj puas tuaj txog ntawm tsheb npav?" (Andrew nug "Koj puas tuaj ntawm tsheb npav"?)
- Andrew nug nws seb nws puas tuaj txog ntawm tsheb npav. (Andrew nug seb nws puas tuaj txog ntawm tsheb npav.)
- Mark nug, "Koj puas nyiam tshuaj yej ntsuab lossis dub?" (Mark nug: "Koj puas nyiam tshuaj yej ntsuab lossis dub"?)
- Mark nug seb nws puas nyiam tshuaj yej ntsuab lossis dub. (Mark nug seb nws puas nyiam tshuaj yej ntsuab lossis dub tshuaj yej.)
3. Cov lus nug nug hauv cov lus nug tseem ceeb tuaj yeem hloov nrog cov lus qhia zoo sib xws:
Example:
- Jane nug Lily, "Koj nyiam nyob qhov twg?"
- Jane xav paub, qhov twg Lily nyiam nyob.
4. Cov lus pom zoo yog thiab cov lus tsis pom zoo hauv nqe lusCov kab lus hais tsis ncaj tau raug tshem tawm:
Examples:
- Lawv teb tias, "Yog, peb tab tom ua qhov kev tawm dag zog no". (Lawv teb tias, "Yog lawm, peb ua cov kev tawm dag zog no.")
- Lawv teb tias lawv tau ua qhov kev tawm dag zog ntawd. (Lawv hais tias lawv tau ua cov kev tawm dag zog no.)
- Lucy teb tias, "Tsis yog, kuv yuav tsis tuaj". (Lucy teb tias, "Kuv yuav tsis tuaj.")
- Lucy teb tias nws yuav tsis tuaj. (Lucy teb tias nws yuav tsis tuaj.)
5. Yog hais tias cov lus nug yog siv nyob rau hauv hais ncaj qha, cov lus no kuj muab cia rau hauv ib tug indirect subordinate clause:
Examples:
- Nws nug, "Koj xav ua dab tsi?" (Nws nug: "Koj xav ua dab tsi?")
- Nws xav tias nws xav ua dab tsi. (Nws nug nws tias nws xav ua dab tsi.)
- Nelly nug kuv, "Vim li cas koj thiaj zaum?" (Nellie nug kuv tias "vim li cas koj zaum ntawm no"?)
- Nelly nug kuv vim li cas kuv thiaj zaum ntawd. (Nellie nug kuv tias vim li cas kuv thiaj zaum ntawm no.)
Incentives
Thaum hloov cov kab lus txhawb siab rau hauv daim ntawv tsis ncaj, cov lus qhia raug hloov los ntawm qhov tsis muaj tseeb. Cov kab lus tseem ceeb ntawm Kev Tshaj Tawm hais lus siv cov lus tso cai ("allow"), nug ("nug"), qhia ("order"), xaj ("order") thiab lwm yam.
Tsis yog siv los ua daim ntawv tsis zoo.
Examples:
- David tso cai, "Cia li qab zibkhoom qab zib!" (David tso cai: "Nqa cov khoom qab zib no"!)
- David tso cai noj cov khoom qab zib ntawd. (David cia kuv noj cov khoom qab zib no.)
- Thomas ceeb toom, "Tsis txhob kov lub paj no!" (Thomas ceeb toom kuv, "Tsis txhob kov lub paj"!)
- Thomas ceeb toom kuv tsis txhob kov lub paj. (Thomas ceeb toom kuv tsis txhob kov lub paj no.)
Yog lub ntsiab lus tsis qhia tus hais ncaj qha, Passive Voice yog siv los txhais cov kab lus rau hauv daim ntawv hais kom ua.
Example:
- Nicky, muab mis rau kuv, thov! (Nikki, thov muab mis rau kuv!)
- Nicky tau hais kom muab mis nyuj. (Nikki raug nug kom mis nyuj.)
Rau cov kab lus nrog Cia …
kab lus pib nrog "Cia …" raug hloov mus rau hauv kev hais lus tsis ncaj uas siv ob qhov sib txuas:
- verb suggest + conjunction that + should;
- suggest verb + verb form with -ing ending.
Examples:
- Nws hais tias, "Cia kuv daws qhov teeb meem no." (Nws hais tias, "Cia kuv daws qhov teeb meem no.")
- Nws muab los daws qhov teeb meem ntawd. Nws tau hais kom daws qhov teeb meem ntawd. (Nws hais kom daws tau qhov teeb meem no).
- Nelly hais tias, "Cia li ua homework!" (Nellie hais tias "Cia peb ua homework"!)
- Nelli hais tias peb yuav tsum ua cov ntawv tom tsev. Nelly tau hais kom ua homework.(Nellie hais kom ua nws qhov homework).
Modal verbs
Thaum txhais cov lus ncaj qha rau hauv daim ntawv tsis ncaj, cov lus qhia kev hloov pauv kuj hloov pauv.
| Modal verb in Direct Speech | Modal verb in Reported Speech |
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maj James pom, "Nws yuav daus." (James hais tias "Nws yuav daus".) |
might James pom tias nws yuav daus. (James pom tias nws yuav los daus.) |
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Tony hais tias, "Kuv khiav tau nrawm." (Tony hais tias "Kuv khiav tau nrawm") |
could Tony hais tias nws khiav tau nrawm. (Tony hais tias nws khiav tau nrawm.) |
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must Bill hais tias, "Koj yuav tsum qhia lawv cov lus cog tseg." (Bill hais tias, "Koj yuav tsum qhia lawv cov lus cog tseg.") |
had to Bill hais tias peb yuav tsum qhia lawv cov nqe lus ntawm kev cog lus. (Bill hais tias peb yuav tsum qhia lawv cov lus cog tseg.) |
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muaj to Billy teb, "Kuv yuav tsum mus kawm ntawv." (Billy teb tias "Kuv yuav tsum mus kawm ntawv") |
had to Billy teb tias nws yuav tsum mus kawm ntawv. (Billy teb tias nws yuav tsum mus kawm ntawv.) |
Tseem muaj cov lus qhia ua qauv uas, thaum txhais ib kab lus rau hauv daim ntawv tsis ncaj, tsis txhobhloov lawv cov tsos. Cov no suav nrog cov lus qhia yuav, yuav tsum, yuav tsum, ua tau, thiab muaj peev xwm.
Example:
- Dorothy hais tias, "Koj yuav tsum kawm lej nrog kuv". (Dorothy hais tias, "Koj yuav tsum qhia lej nrog kuv.")
- Dorothy hais tias kuv yuav tsum kawm lej nrog nws. (Dorothy hais tias kuv yuav tsum qhia lej nrog nws.)
ntsuas lub sijhawm thiab qhov chaw
Qhov taw qhia ntawm lub sijhawm thiab qhov chaw hauv kab lus ntawm kev hais ncaj qha thiab tsis ncaj hauv lus Askiv tsis yog ib txwm sib koom ua ke. Hloov cov pointers zoo li no yuav tsum nco ntsoov. Lub rooj qhia qee cov lus uas tau hloov pauv thaum hloov los ntawm kev hais ncaj qha mus rau kev hais tsis ncaj.
| hais lus ncaj | hais lus tsis ncaj |
| Yeaterday |
Hnub ua ntej Hnub dhau los |
| Now |
Tam sim no Thaum ntawd |
| Hnub no | Hnub ntawd |
| Tag kis |
Hnub tom ntej Hnub tom ntej |
| Lub lim tiam dhau los |
Lub lim tiam ua ntej Lub lim tiam dhau los |
| Lub lim tiam no | Lub lim tiam |
| Nom week | Lub lim tiam tom ntej |
| Nyob | Nyob |
| Nov / Cov no | Tsuas / Cov |
Examples:
- Andrew hais tias, "Peb tau ntsib Tom nag hmo thiab nws zoo siab pom peb". (Andrew hais tias, "Peb tau ntsib Tom nag hmo thiab nws zoo siab pom peb.")
- Andrew hais tias lawv tau ntsib Tom hnub dhau los thiab nws zoo siab tau pom lawv. (Andrew hais tias lawv ntsib Tom nag hmo thiab nws zoo siab tau pom lawv.)
- Ib tug ntxhais hais tias, "Kuv xav tau ice cream". (Tus ntxhais hais tias, "Kuv xav tau ice cream.")
- Ib tug ntxhais hais tias nws xav tau ice cream. (Tus ntxhais hais tias nws xav tau ice cream no.)
Txoj Cai Hais thiab Qhia
Cov lus qhia hais, siv rau hauv kev hais lus ncaj qha, yuav nyob twj ywm tsis hloov thaum kab lus hloov mus rau hauv daim ntawv tsis ncaj, lossis nws yuav raug hloov los ntawm kev qhia qhia. Yog hais tias kev hais lus tsis ncaj tsis hais tus neeg uas tau hais ncaj qha, cov lus qhia yog siv. Yog hais tias muaj tam sim no, qhov chaw hais yog nyob los ntawm cov lus qhia.
Example:
- Kuv txiv hais tias, "Koj tuaj yeem mus taug kev nrog koj tus menyuam dev". (Kuv txiv hais tias, "Koj tuaj yeem tawm mus nrog koj tus menyuam dev.")
- Kuv txiv hais tias kuv mus taug kev nrog kuv tus menyuam dev. (Kuv txiv hais tias kuv mus taug kev nrog kuv tus menyuam dev.)
- Kuv txiv hais rau kuv tias kuv mus taug kev nrog kuv tus menyuam dev. (Kuv txiv hais rau kuv tias kuv mus taug kev nrog kuv tus menyuam dev.)
