Lus yog khoom plig zoo rau noob neej tiag tiag. Qhov cuab yeej zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev sib txuas lus no muaj cov qauv tsim, nws yog ib qho system ntawm cov lus units. Kev lig kev cai, pib kawm ntawm ib hom lus, lawv tig mus rau phonetics - ib ceg ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov lus, cov ntsiab lus uas yog lub suab ntawm kev hais lus, thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, kev faib cov vowels thiab consonants.
Phonetics
Phonetics yog tsim los kawm cov suab hais lus. Nws occupies ib tug tshwj xeeb txoj hauj lwm, uas yog txiav txim los ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias cov ntsiab lus ntawm nws txoj kev kawm yog cov units ntawm cov lus uas muaj ib tug tej yam ntuj tso khoom. Lub suab hais lus yog tsim los ntawm tib neeg hais lus hauv nruab nrog cev thiab huab cua vibrations. Suab hais lus tau hnov los ntawm tib neeg pob ntseg.
Phonetics cuam tshuam nrog cov lus me tshaj plaws - lub suab hais lus. Muaj ib tus lej tsis kawg ntawm cov suab zoo li no. Tom qab tag nrho, txhua leej txhua tus pronounces lawv txawv. Tab sis nws muaj peev xwm paub qhov txawv ntawm cov ntau yam xws li suab uas tau hais nyob rau hauv tib txoj kev. Txoj kevkev kawm - lub hauv paus rau kev faib cov suab.
Qhov tseem ceeb uas kawm phonetics yog kev faib cov vowels thiab consonants. Articulatory thiab acoustic, hais lus suab yog vowels los yog consonants. Vowels muab melodiousness rau kev hais lus. Consonants - suab nrov.
Thaum huab cua ntws los ntawm lub ntsws los ntawm lub suab thiab lub qhov ncauj, lub suab raug tsim, uas yog hu ua vowels. Lawv txawv tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub overtones tsim los ntawm kev txav ntawm tus nplaig thiab daim di ncauj.
Cov suab sib txuas yog tsim thaum huab cua kov yeej kev nyuaj hauv nws txoj kev. Lawv muaj lub suab thiab suab nrov lossis suab nrov xwb. Kev sib txawv ntawm kev tsim thiab kov yeej cov teeb meem no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm paub qhov txawv ntawm cov suab lus ntawm ib leeg. Kev faib cov vowels / consonants ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus yog raws li qhov sib txawv no. Peb yuav xav txog nws cov ntsiab cai hauv qab no.
Phonetics yog ib ceg ntawm kev hais lus uas kawm txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev hais lus thiab kev hais lus. Articulatory phonetics deals nrog rau kev kawm ntawm lub anatomical thiab physiological xwm ntawm lub suab thiab lub mechanisms ntawm nws cov khoom. Kev tshawb fawb acoustic phonetics suab zoo li kev vibrational txav los ntawm kev hla nws los ntawm lub suab qaum thiab qhov ncauj kab noj hniav. Cov kev kawm ntawm acoustic phonetics yog nws lub suab, lub zog, longitude thiab timbre.
Acoustic faib cov vowels
Taw qhia rau lub suab feem ntau pib nrog kev kawm txog cov suab vowel. Peb yuav tsis sib txawv ntawm kev coj noj coj ua, uas yog vim lawv qhov tseem ceeb dua. Lawv yog syllabic. Consonants koom vowels.
Dab tsi faibcov vowels thiab consonants yuav yog lub ntsiab lus ntawm peb mloog mus kawm vowels nyob rau hauv thawj qhov chaw?
Ua ntej, xav txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov vowels:
- tag nrho cov suab no yog tsim los ntawm lub suab nrov;
- yam ntxwv ntawm kev cuam tshuam thiab tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam, uas yog, lawv tsis muaj zog thiab muaj zog;
- cov suab tsis muaj suab yog luv luv thiab tsis tas yuav strain lub suab thaum hais lawv;
- muaj zog vowels yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev hais lus ntev dua thiab nruj ntawm lub suab cords.
Lub suab ntawm lub suab tsis yog lub ntsiab lus. Nws tsuas tuaj yeem qhia lub siab lub ntsws ntawm tus neeg hais lus lossis lub ntsiab lus grammatical. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv ib kab lus nug, tus vowel nyob rau hauv lo lus uas nqa qhov loj tshaj semantic load yog pronounced nrog lub suab siab dua.
Lub suab tsis muaj zog thiab luv luv hu ua tsis muaj kev ntxhov siab hauv Lavxias. Muaj zog thiab ntev yog poob siab. Kev ntxhov siab tsis raug kho hauv peb cov lus thiab feem ntau ua haujlwm grammatical: tsev (singular), tsev (plural). Qee lub sij hawm qhov kev ntxhov siab yog qhov tseem ceeb: tsev fuabtais (cov qauv), ntsuas phoo (cov cuab yeej rau kev xauv lub qhov rooj).
Kev faib cov suab suab raws li cov yam ntxwv zoo. Rounded / unrounded vowels
Articulatory kev faib tawm ntawm cov suab suab yog dav dua li acoustic. Ntxiv nrog rau lub suab, lawv tsim los ntawm daim di ncauj, tus nplaig thiab lub puab tsaig qis. Lub suab yog tsim nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev thiab yog yus muaj los ntawm cov nram qab no nta:
- kev koom tes ntawm daim di ncauj hauv nws txoj kev kawm;
- qib siab ntawm tus nplaig;
- kab rov tav txav ntawm tus nplaig hauv lub qhov ncauj.
Cov lus tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm kev ncab daim di ncauj, ces lawv hu ua rounded (labialized). Yog hais tias daim di ncauj tsis koom nrog tsim ib tug vowel, ces hu ua unrounded (non-labialized).
Cov lus sib npaug yog tsim thaum daim di ncauj protrude rau pem hauv ntej, ze rau ib leeg. Cov huab cua dhau los ntawm qhov chaw nqaim tsim los ntawm daim di ncauj folded rau hauv ib lub raj, lub qhov ncauj resonator lengthens. Lub degree ntawm roundness yog txawv: tus vowel [o] tsawg, thiab tus vowel [y] yog characterized los ntawm ib tug ntau dua degree ntawm roundness. Cov vowels ntxiv yog unrounded, uas yog, unlabialized.
Vwj raws li qib kev txav ntawm tus nplaig, uas yog, raws li qhov nce
Los ntawm txoj kev tus nplaig nce mus rau lub palate, vowels yog:
-
nqa nqa. Cov no yog cov suab [thiab], [s], [y]. Lawv tsim thaum tus nplaig nce siab li sai tau. Cov suab no kuj hu ua nqaim.
phonetics classification ntawm vowels -
Nruab nrab nce - cov no yog lub suab [e], [o]. Thaum lawv tsim, tus nplaig poob qis dua li cov uas dhau los tau tsim.
Kev faib tawm ntawm cov vowel consonants ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus -
Kev nce siab yog lub suab [a]. Nws yog tsim nrog tus nplaig txo qis kom tsawg li sai tau. Lub suab no kuj hu ua dav.
articulatory classification ntawm vowels
Qhov qis nce, qhov dav ntawm lub qhov ncauj qhib thiab qis duapuab tsaig.
Vaj huam los ntawm kab rov tav txav
Cov vowels kuj muab faib ua peb pawg raws li kab rov tav txav ntawm tus nplaig hauv lub qhov ncauj:
- kab pem hauv ntej yog lub suab [thiab], [e]. Thaum lawv tsim, tus nplaig yuav tsum tau tsa rau pem hauv ntej ntawm lub palate.
- Kab nruab nrab yog lub suab [a], [s]. Thaum lawv tsim, qhov nruab nrab ntawm tus nplaig nce mus rau nruab nrab ntawm lub palate.
- Back row - [y], [o]. Thaum lawv tsim, sab nraum tus nplaig nce mus rau sab nraum qab ntawm palatine.
Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv dav dav, kev faib cov suab ntawm cov suab yog tshwm sim hauv daim duab peb sab. Koj tuaj yeem pom nws hauv daim duab hauv qab no.
Ntxoov vowels
Kev faib ua ke thiab nce tsis sib haum rau txhua qhov kev nplua nuj thiab ntau yam ntawm cov vowels. Feem ntau, kev faib cov vowels / consonants ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus yog ntau wider tshaj li muab nyob rau hauv cov phau ntawv ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv cov ntaub ntawv kawm. Ob qho tib si yav dhau los thiab tom kawg tuaj yeem muaj cov lus sib txawv. Nws nyob ntawm txoj haujlwm lawv nyob.
Ntxiv rau lub suab [thiab], muaj ib qho uas tau hais nrog lub qhov ncauj qhib me ntsis thiab qis dua ntawm tus nplaig dua [thiab]. Lub suab zoo li no muaj lub npe [thiab] qhib. Hauv kev sau ntawv, nws tau qhia tias yog [ie]. Piv txwv li: hav zoov [l'iesa'].
Tsis qhib yog lub suab [se]. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lo lus "hlau", uas yog pronounced li [zhyel'e'zny].
Nyob rau hauv txoj haujlwm tsis muaj zog, ua ntej lub suab lus nyuaj, tsis yog lub suab [a], [o], lub suab tsis yog labialized [/] tau hais. Nws nyob hauv txoj haujlwmlus siv qhov chaw ntawm [a] thiab [o], piv txwv li: nyom [tr/\va'], teb [n/\l'a'].
Tseem muaj cov lus txo qis, lawv kuj hu ua suab tsis muaj zog. Qhov no yog thiab . yog lub suab ntawm kab nruab nrab ntawm qhov nruab nrab qis. - lub suab no yog lub suab ntawm pem hauv ntej kab ntawm nruab nrab-qis nce. Piv txwv li: locomotive [par / \\ in's], dej [vd'i e no'y]. Qhov tsis muaj zog ntawm lawv cov lus yog vim qhov deb ntawm cov vowels ntawm kev ntxhov siab.
Sounds [ie], [se], [/], , tsuas yog pom hauv txoj hauj lwm unaccented.
Kev vam meej ntawm lub suab ntawm cov lus mos ntawm cov lus
Hloov cov lus ntawm cov suab nyob ntawm cov lus mos (palatalized) yog suav tias yog lub suab. Kev faib cov vowels nyob ntawm cov zej zog zoo li no tuaj yeem sawv cev raws li hauv qab no:
- Tus vowels ['a], ['e], ['o], ['u] txav me ntsis nce mus rau pem hauv ntej ntawm kev hais lus.
- Yog cov vowels nyob nruab nrab ntawm cov lus mos, cov kev hloov hauv articulation txuas ntxiv mus thoob plaws lub suab ntawm lub suab: tus vauv [z'a't'], phauj [t'o't'a], tulle [t'u' l'].
Nyob twj ywm vowels
Muaj rau txoj haujlwm hauv peb cov lus, uas yog sawv cev los ntawm ntau hom kev ntxhov siab. Tag nrho cov no tau nthuav tawm hauv cov lus hauv qab no.
Nyob ntawm cov lus tsis txaus siab
Kev faib cov suab tsis muaj kev ntxhov siab nyob ntawm qhov sib thooj lossis qhov deb ntawm kev ntxhov siab thiab cov lus qhia los yog tom qab hais txog nws:
- Vaj [thiab], [s],[y], sawv hauv lub suab lus ua ntej kev ntxhov siab, me ntsis qaug zog hauv lawv cov lus hais, tab sis tsis txhob hloov pauv ntau.
- Yog [s] sawv tom qab nws hais thiab nyuaj ua ntej muag, ces nws txav mus rau pem hauv ntej me ntsis ntawm qhov kawg ntawm kev hais suab, piv txwv li hauv lo lus f[s˙]vet.
- Lub suab [y] thaum pib ntawm ib lo lus, sawv ua ntej cov lus mos thiab tom qab nyuaj-lingual lossis hissing, kuj me ntsis hloov mus rau pem hauv ntej thaum kawg ntawm kev hais lus. Piv txwv li: [u˙] tug, f[u˙] qhuav.
- Tus vowel [y], yog tias nws nyob tom qab tus lej mos, ua ntej tus lej nyuaj, hloov mus rau pem hauv ntej thaum pib hais. Piv txwv li: [l'˙y] bov.
- Yog [y] nyob nruab nrab ntawm cov lus mos, nws txav mus thiab mus rau thoob plaws tag nrho cov lus: [l'˙u˙]beat.
- Vowels [a], [o], yog hais tias lawv tuaj tom qab-lingual thaum pib ntawm ib lo lus, nyuaj thiab [ц], yog pronounced zoo li [ㆄ], lub suab no yog tsim nyob rau hauv nruab nrab kab, Nws yog ib nrab-qis nyob rau hauv nce, nws yog non-labialized.
- Vowels [a], [o], [e], yog tias lawv tom qab cov lus mos, [h], [j] yog pronounced li , uas yog tus yam ntxwv uas tsis yog-labialized vowel, nruab nrab nruab nrab ntawm thiab [e], raws li kab ntawm kev kawm, nws yog pem hauv ntej, raws li qhov nce nws yog nruab nrab-siab.
- Cov vowels [e], [o], uas tuaj tom qab [w], [g], yog pronounced zoo li [ye], nws yog ib lub suab tsis pem hauv ntej, nws tsis yog s thiab tsis e., xws li lub suab yuav hnov, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lo lus "nyob [ye] wat".
- Tus vowel [a] tom qab [w], [g] yog pronounced zoo li [ㆄ]. Lub suab no tuaj yeem hnov hauv lo lus "sh[ㆄ] ncuav"
- [thiab], [s], [y] ua rau lawv cov lus tsis txaus ntseeg hauv pebthiab nyob rau hauv lub thib ob prestressed syllables, tab sis lawv tsis hloov lawv pronunciation cim.
- Tus vowel [y], yog hais tias nws yog nyob rau hauv lub thib ob thiab thib peb pre-stressed syllables, ua ntej palatalized consonants thiab qab lub suab nyuaj, tsis txawv ntawm lub suab hais nyob rau hauv lub pre-stressed syllable, qhov no kuj siv tau rau vowels [s] thiab [thiab].
- Cov vowels [a], [o], [e] nyob rau hauv lub thib peb thiab thib ob pre-stressed syllables, nyob rau hauv lub pib ntawm lo lus, hloov raws li hom lus ua ntej kev nyuaj siab - nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm lo lus. cov vowels stressed [a], [o] nws yog pronounced [ㆄ], thiab nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm [e] nws yog pronounced [ye].
Kev hloov pauv hauv cov lus hais hauv cov lus uas muaj kev ntxhov siab yog tshwm sim hauv cov lus hauv qab no.
Zoo kawg
Summming, peb tuaj yeem txiav txim siab tias kev faib cov ntawv yog cuam tshuam los ntawm txoj haujlwm ntawm cov lus. Txav mus rau hauv lub qhov ncauj, nws tsim cov xwm txheej sib txawv rau kev tsim cov suab. Lawv raug xam tias yog cov lus sib txawv.
