Cov lus ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv tib neeg lub neej thiab lub neej. Lawv pab qhia kev xav thiab kev xav, piav qhia txog qhov tshwm sim thiab cov khoom, sib txuas lus thiab xa cov ntaub ntawv. Lub ntiaj teb niaj hnub no yog qhov hloov pauv tsis txaus ntseeg, yog li kev nthuav dav ntawm cov lus ntawm cov lus tau tshwm sim tas li. Cov lus tshwm sim uas qhia txog qhov tshwm sim tshiab thiab tej yam. Lwm lo lus hloov pauv, poob rau hauv kev siv lossis ploj tag nrho.
Vocabulary: term definition
Vocabulary, lossis cov lus ntawm ib hom lus, yog tag nrho ntawm cov lus hauv ib hom lus. Nws suav nrog txhua lo lus uas twb muaj lawm, txawm tias tsis tshua siv. Lub sij hawm "vocabulary" kuj siv tau nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo nrog ntau hom lus (piv txwv li, phau ntawv cov lus), tus kws sau ntawv (Dostoevsky cov lus), ua haujlwm (Eugene Onegin cov lus), lossis txhua tus neeg (tus kws qhia ntawv muaj cov lus nplua nuj). Kev tsim cov ntsiab lus ntawm ib hom lus yog ib qho nyuaj, tsis tu ncua thiab ntev txheej txheem. Lexicology thiab lexicography yog koom nrog kev kawm ntawm cov lus.
Lexicology
Los ntawm Greek "lexicology" txhais ua "kev tshawb fawb ntawm lo lus." Qhov kev qhuab qhia scientific no kawm txog cov lus ntawm cov lus. Lub hom phiaj ntawm kev txiav txim siab yog lo lus raws li ib qho tseem ceeb lexical unit. Lexicologists pom lub ntsiab lus thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov lus, lawv qhov chaw nyob rau hauv cov lus system, keeb kwm thiab stylistic xim. Kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus tshuaj ntsuam xyuas thiab piav qhia txog cov cai ntawm archaization thiab kev rov ua dua tshiab ntawm cov kab lus lexical.
Lexicography
Lexicography yog ib ntu tshwj xeeb ntawm kev hais lus uas cuam tshuam nrog kev muab tso ua ke thiab kawm txog ntau yam phau ntawv txhais lus. Tus nqi ntawm cov kev pab no yog ib qho nyuaj rau overestimate, vim hais tias lawv tsis tsuas yog tso cai rau cov neeg kom paub cov lus ntau tob, tab sis kuj sau cov lus ntawm cov lus. Qhov no yuav pab npaj cov lus thiab cov lus.
Kev sau cov phau ntawv txhais lus yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig, tab sis ua haujlwm nyuaj heev. Cov kws sau ntawv siv sijhawm ntau xyoo los tsim lawv. Piv txwv li, Vladimir Dal tau siv sijhawm ntau tshaj 50 xyoo ua haujlwm ntawm nws cov lus piav qhia nto moo, uas suav nrog txog 200,000 lo lus thiab txog 30,000 cov lus thiab cov lus pov thawj. Lexicography yog ib qho kev tshawb fawb tseem ceeb uas kawm txog cov lus ntawm cov lus, nws tso cai rau koj pom qhov kev hloov ntawm cov lus, kev hloov pauv hauv lawv cov kev txhais lus thiab cov ntsiab lus, saib xyuas qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov lexical units tshiab thiab ploj ntawm cov uas tsis siv lawm.
Kev faib tawm
Txhua lo lus hauv cov lus ntawm ib hom lus tuaj yeem faib raws li peb tus yam ntxwv.
- Los ntawm keeb kwm: haiv neeg Lavxias, Qub Slavic, qiv.
- poSphere ntawm kev siv: ntau thiab siv tsawg.
- Los ntawm kev siv ntau zaus: cov lus nquag thiab nquag.
Russian lus
Cov lus Lavxias hauv paus txawm muaj kwv yees li 90% ntawm tag nrho cov lus ntawm cov lus. Cov lus no tuaj yeem muab faib ua cov txheej txheem keeb kwm raws li lub sijhawm uas lawv tuaj thiab tau txais hauv paus hauv lus Lavxias.
- Cov txheej qub tshaj plaws, qhov tob tshaj plaws yog Proto-Indo-European lus, uas yog suav tias yog tus thawj coj ntawm txhua hom lus Slavic thiab feem ntau nyob sab Europe. Tsis muaj lub sijhawm ncua sijhawm, ntau tus kws tshawb fawb lees paub tias Proto-Indo-European tau hais txog yim txhiab xyoo dhau los. Los ntawm cov lus qub no, xws li cov ntxhais, birch, niam, tus tub, thee, ntsev, hli, ntoo qhib, ntug dej, dej tuaj rau Lavxias teb sab thiab ciaj sia.
- Common Slavic lossis Proto-Slavic - hnub rov qab rau xyoo pua rau AD. Piv txwv ntawm cov lus: kub, hmo ntuj, hma, taub hau, sab, Frost, hauv pliaj, lub tsev hais plaub, txoj kev ntseeg, taub dag, ntiv tes, kua, pab pawg neeg, lub caij ntuj sov, poplar, daus, hnub, pit, ford, ntxim hlub, ruam, ib, tsib, ib puas.
- Common East Slavic lossis qub Lavxias teb sab txheej - npog lub sijhawm txij li xyoo thib rau rau xyoo pua plaub thiab suav nrog cov lus uas tsis pom nyob rau sab qab teb thiab sab hnub poob Slavs. Piv txwv li: dej khov, snowfall, txiv leej tub, tham, buckwheat, jackdaw, txiv ntxawm, miv, tornado, bullfinch.
- Qhov tseeb cov lus Lavxias uas yog lub hauv paus rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus, lawv txiav txim siab qhov tshwj xeeb thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov lus niaj hnub no. Lub sijhawm txheej txheej no pib tom qab lub xyoo pua kaum plaub thiab tseem niaj hnub no. Piv txwv li: me nyuam, poob, dib, pog, ua si tricks,dim, canary, lilac, strawberry, dandelion, qaib, pos huab, npauj npaim.
Lub Koom Txoos Qub Slavonicisms
Ib pawg tshwj xeeb ntawm cov lus uas tuaj rau hauv cov lus Lavxias los ntawm cov phau ntawv liturgical thaum kis ntawm Orthodoxy hauv Russia. Cov peev txheej tseem ceeb rau kev qiv yog Greek cov ntawv teev lus txhais los ntawm Cyril thiab Methodius hauv lub xyoo pua kaum ib. Ntau lo lus no tau muaj sia nyob mus txog niaj hnub no: hwj chim, hluas, yeeb ncuab, Vajtswv, sib npaug, pov thawj, kev tshav ntuj, Tswv, qab zib, ntoo khaub lig.
Yawg lus
Mastered los yog qev yog cov lus uas tuaj rau hauv Lavxias teb sab lus los ntawm txawv teb chaws. Lawv tsim txog ib feem kaum ntawm cov lus ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus. Cov lus no tau txiav txim siab tag nrho nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig ntawm cov lus uas yog thawj tus neeg txawv teb chaws rau lawv thiab tam sim no ua raws li tag nrho cov cai ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus sau ntawv, raug xa mus siv phonetic thiab nraaj txhais tau tias ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus, muaj lub ntsiab lus ruaj khov thiab nquag siv nyob rau hauv ntau yam ntawm cov lus. tib neeg kev paub thiab kev ua haujlwm.
Kev qiv nyiaj tau tshwm sim los ntawm ntau yam kev lag luam, tub rog, kev nom kev tswv, kev sib raug zoo ntawm Russia thiab lwm lub xeev. Assimilated cov lus los ua synonymous nrog cov lus Lavxias uas twb muaj lawm los yog hloov lawv. Polish, Lus Askiv, German, Italian, Greek, Fabkis, Turkic, Dutch thiab Latin tau muaj kev cuam tshuam tshwj xeeb rau cov lus Lavxias. Piv txwv li: saber, clown, square, nqe, tshuaj yej, canister, zaj duab xis,ncaj ncees, txiv kab ntxwv, foob pob ua ntxaij, shark, zenith, fiesta, postulate, hnab ev khoom, ottoman, tsav tsheb, rooj plaub, chaw ua haujlwm, tsis meej pem, rooj, txiv lws suav, ruaj, fakir, arsenal, kefir, oval, peat, khau khiab, locomotive.
lus nquag thiab txwv
Cov lus muaj xws li cov lus uas siv thiab nkag siab los ntawm cov neeg hais lus Lavxias tsis muaj thaj chaw, kev tshaj lij, kev txwv kev sib raug zoo. Lawv suav nrog: feem ntau cov npe (lub caij ntuj sov, daus, kev ua si, hluav taws, rooj, kua zaub), verbs (khiav, ua pa, ua, sau, ci), adjectives (xiav, kaw, txoj cai, lus Askiv, caij nplooj ntoos hlav, zoo siab), adverbs (mob mob., txaj muag, nkag siab, zoo nkauj, qab zib), yuav luag tag nrho cov lus, cov lej thiab cov kev pabcuam ntawm Lavxias lus.
Cov lus siv tsawg feem ntau pom muaj nyob hauv qee thaj chaw lossis siv hauv qee pawg neeg sib koom ua ke los ntawm kev nyiam, kev ua haujlwm, kev ua haujlwm. Lawv tuaj yeem muab faib ua pawg hauv qab no:
1. Cov ntsiab lus. Siv kom raug txhais lub ntsiab lus ntawm tej yam tshwm sim thiab cov ntsiab lus. Cov ntsiab lus yog characterized los ntawm unambiguity thiab tsis tiav ntawm kev nthuav qhia thiab kev xav xim. Piv txwv:
- Music: backart, fugue, me suab, overture, dominant.
- lej: sib txawv, cosine, hyperbole, feem pua, integral.
- Tshuaj: epicrisis, angina pectoris, keeb kwm, txhaj tshuaj, laparoscopy.
- Kev tsim kho: adhesion, aerated qhob, screed, trowel, theodolite.
2. Dialectisms. Feem ntausiv los ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv ib cheeb tsam, dhau qhov uas lawv tsis tshua mus. Piv txwv:
- cheeb tsam Bryansk: kumar (nap lossis pw tsaug zog), gayno (mess).
- cheeb tsam Irkutsk: buragozit (kev tsis sib haum xeeb), diav rawg (cab taub hau).
- cheeb tsam Volgograd: kev sib tshuam (tus neeg tsis txaus ntseeg), txias (cov plaub hau sib sau ua ke).
- Primorye: vtaritsya (yuav khoom), nabka (embankment).
3. kev tshaj lij. Siv los ntawm cov neeg ntawm ib txoj hauj lwm. Rau programmers: encoder, tawg txuas, tawg, net, ntsia hlau. Rau cov tshuab luam ntawv thiab luam tawm: lead, header, footer. Rau cov tub rog: Kalash, kapterka, granik, kev ncaj ncees, di ncauj. Musicians: soundtrack, plywood, cover, labukh, nyob.
4. Hais lus. Lawv yog cov sau los ntawm kev hais lus ntawm tib neeg, tus yam ntxwv ntawm qee pawg neeg, tsis yog cov lus sau, tab sis feem ntau cov kws sau ntawv siv lawv hauv kev kos duab los muab cov cim tshwj xeeb xim xim. Muaj lus jargon rau criminals (cormorant, cop, mansion), hluas (dude, muzlo, ntxhais), schoolchildren (fizra, nerd, homework), football fan slang (negotiable, abik, football).
Cov lus nquag thiab ntuav
Cov lus nquag muaj xws li cov lus uas niaj hnub thiab nquag siv los ntawm cov neeg hais lus Lavxias hauv txhua qhov haujlwm. Cov lus no yog qhov nyuaj thiab nkag siab tsis meej hauv yuav luag txhua lub ntsiab lus.
Cov lus tsis txaus ntseeg yog tsim los ntawm cov lus siv tsis tau lossis cov lus tshiab kiag litsis muaj kev pab ntawm phau ntawv txhais lus yog to taub vaguely los yog tsis to taub txhua. Cov lus zoo li no qhia tau hais tias tus txheej txheem hloov cov lus ntawm ib hom lus thiab poob rau hauv pawg hauv qab no.
Archaisms yog cov lus uas tau hloov los ntawm cov hluas thiab kev vam meej zoo sib xws: cardian (lub siab), bedchamber (chamber), boiled (sultry), nobility (skill), ntiv tes (ntiv tes), daim iav (daim iav)
- Historicisms yog cov lus uas qhia txog qhov tshwm sim ploj thiab cov khoom: tus kws qhia, caftan, tus tswv av, oprichnik, ncua, tus neeg ua haujlwm, tub rog, txhuas, salop.
- Neologisms yog cov lus hluas heev uas tseem tsis tau los ua ib feem ntawm cov lus nquag: ufology, nyiaj tshwj xeeb, google, lus, offline, xav txog, emoticon.
