Posad - yog dab tsi? Raws li txoj cai, kev txhais ntawm lo lus ua rau nyuaj. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias nyob rau hauv niaj hnub hais lus no hom lus yog siv infrequently. Cov ntsiab lus hais txog qhov tseeb tias qhov no yog kev daws teeb meem yuav piav qhia hauv kab lus.
Lo lus hauv phau ntawv txhais lus
Cov hauv qab no hais txog lub ntsiab lus ntawm "posada".
- Ua ntej, nyob rau hauv 9th-13th centuries nyob rau hauv Russia, ib feem ntawm lub nroog nyob sab nraum nws phab ntsa, qhov chaw ua lag luam thiab industrial chaw nyob.
- Thib ob, qhov no yog lub npe ntawm lub zos, suburb lossis suburb.
- Thib peb, kuj yog ib kab tsev hauv lub zos uas tsim ib txoj kev lossis ib sab.
- Plaub, qhov no yog lub npe ntawm kev tshoob kos ntawm cov neeg Slavic xws li Russians, Poles, Bulgarians. Lub tom kawg hu nws "Buchka".
Ntawm no, lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus no yuav tham ntxiv kom ntxaws.
Kev tiv thaiv ntawm phab ntsa fortress
Thaum xub thawj, lub posad, uas tseem hu ua Podil, yog thaj chaw nyob ntawm cov neeg posad. Nws nyob sab nraum lub princely, lub tsev teev ntuj, boyar settlements, uas yog, piv txwv li, lub Kremlin, monastery, detinets, central fortification, thiabtiv thaiv ntawm phab ntsa tom kawg. Thiab kuj yog ib feem ntawm lub nroog uas nws loj hlob tuaj. Muaj chaw ua khoom siv tes ua thiab chaw ua lag luam. Nyob rau lub sijhawm tom qab, "posad" txhais tau tias lub nroog zoo tib yam uas tsis yog lub nroog.
Hauv cov ntaub ntawv koj tuaj yeem nrhiav lwm lub npe rau nws. Piv txwv li, "posad" yog ob qho tib si "suburb" thiab ib qho tsis siv tam sim no "suburb". Thaum muaj kev cuam tshuam los yog kev ua tsov ua rog, lub fortresses fortresses thiab monasteries tau siv los ntawm cov pej xeem ntawm lub suburbs ua qhov chaw nkaum. Raws li lawv thaj chaw nce ntxiv, lawv lawv tus kheej tau pib nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm kev tiv thaiv. Cov no yog ditches, ramparts, ntoo lossis pob zeb phab ntsa. Yog li ntawd, lub nroog fortified pib tshwm.
Piv txwv ntawm kev sib hais haum uas tau hloov mus rau hauv lub nroog muaj zog nyob ze Moscow Kremlin yog Kitay-gorod, Zemlyanoy thiab Bely. "Posad" - qhov no yog lub npe ntawm cov cuab yeej cuab tam tshwj xeeb ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv nroog. Tom qab ntawd nws tau hloov mus rau cov tub lag luam, cov kws txawj ua haujlwm, kev cob qhia, thiab burghers. Nyob rau hauv raws li txoj cai ntawm Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich ntawm 1649, lawv tau txuas mus rau cov chaw nyob, zoo li cov neeg ua liaj ua teb rau lawv thaj av arable. Thaum xub thawj, lawv muaj kev ywj pheej - lawv tuaj yeem txav mus rau lwm chav kawm.
Pavlovsky Posad
Nov yog ib lub nroog nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam Moscow, nyob rau ntawm lub confluence ntawm lub Klyazma thiab Vokhna, nrog rau cov pejxeem ntawm txog rau caum-tsib txhiab tus neeg. Pavlovo Posad shawls thiab shawls tsim ntawm no tau qhuas thoob plaws ntiaj teb. Los ntawm lub sij hawm ntawm lub founding ntawm lub Hoobkas mus txog rau thaum lub seventies ntawm lub xeem caug xyoo, ntoo carved cov ntaub ntawv tau siv los thov ib tug qauv rau cov ntaub. Txhawm rau tsim ib txoj phuam qhwv caj dab, koj yuav tsum tau ua txogplaub puas overlays.
Tom qab ntawd, tsis yog ntoo, tab sis cov qauv ntaub thiab nylon mesh pib siv. Qhov no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua kom lub elegance ntawm tus qauv, tus naj npawb ntawm cov xim thiab txhim kho cov khoom zoo. Kev tsim cov phuam qhwv caj dab tsim, pib los ntawm cov qauv qauv uas muaj nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawm thaj tsam Moscow thiab gravitating ntawm oriental shawls nrog lub npe hu ua Turkish qauv.
Txij li thaum xyoo pua xya ntawm lub xyoo pua puas xyoo, tau muaj kev nyiam nthuav dav nrog rau qhov muaj cov paj ntoo zoo nkauj. Preference yog muab rau vaj paj, feem ntau dahlias thiab roses.
Thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th - pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, cov style ntawm cov phuam qhwv caj dab yog tiav. Qhov no yog ib daim duab peb sab ntawm paj sau rau hauv bouquets ntawm keeb kwm liab los yog dub. Lawv yog ua los ntawm woolen ntom los yog translucent ntaub. Xyoo 1937, Pavlovsky Posad Manufactory tau koom nrog hauv Ntiaj Teb Exhibition of Industrial thiab Artistic Products hauv Paris. Thiab xyoo 1958 hauv Brussels, ntawm Lub Ntiaj Teb Exhibition, nws cov phuam qhwv caj dab tau txais ib qho khoom plig loj.
Nyob rau hauv xaus, ib tug ntxiv lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus "posad" yuav muab xam.
kab tshoob kev cai
Nws muaj cov hauv qab no. Ua ntej lub ceremony pib, tus nkauj nyab thiab nws tus nkauj nyab yog solemnly zaum nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ces kaum. Cov neeg Bulgarians tso tus nkauj nyab nrog nws cov phooj ywg nyob rau sab xis ntawm lub tsev pheeb suab, uas lawv hu ua "buchka", nyob rau hmo ua kev tshoob kos, hnub Saturday.
Avars muaj kev lis kev cai zoo sib xws. Qhov no yog ib qho ntawm cov haiv neeg Caucasian, uas keeb kwm nyob hauv Nagorno-Dagestan, thiab tseem pom nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm Azerbaijan thiabnyob rau sab hnub tuaj Georgia. Nyob rau hauv niaj hnub Dagestan, nws yog ntau tshaj. Lwm kab tshoob kev cai "posad" yog pom ntawm lwm haiv neeg ntawm Caucasus.
Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm ntawm lub xyoo pua XIX N. I. Kostomarov tau pom nyob rau hauv nws ib qho kev xav ntawm kev cai qub, thaum tus huab tais tau muab tso rau ntawm lub rooj thaum nws los ua haujlwm. Tab sis muaj lwm version, raws li qhov, "posada" yog raws li kev cai dab qhuas thaum ub.
