Kev vam meej uas tau tshwm sim ntawm ntug dej Nile yog thaum ntxov uas lub sijhawm uas cov architecture ntawm Ancient tim lyiv teb chaws tau tshaj tawm nws tus kheej nrov nrov, cov neeg nyob sib ze tseem nyob rau theem ntawm kev txhim kho prehistoric. Txij li kev tshawb fawb tsis tuaj yeem txiav txim siab lub sijhawm ntawm kev tsim kho ntawm ib qho qauv, nws yog ib qho kev cai los faib cov monuments raws li cov dynasties uas kav lub sijhawm ntawd.
Ntawm ntawm ancient Egyptian architecture
Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, lub architecture ntawm Ancient tim lyiv teb chaws yog conventionally muab faib ua 6 lub sij hawm coj mus rau lub Early, Ancient, Middle, Tshiab thiab lig Kingdoms, raws li zoo raws li lub sij hawm ntawm imperial hwj chim. Txawm hais tias muaj ntau qhov sib xws, txhua theem hauv keeb kwm ntawm Egyptian architecture yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm qee qhov originality.
Tag nrho cov architectural monuments ntawm Ancient tim lyiv teb chaws uas tau muaj sia nyob mus rau peb lub sij hawm - lub tuam tsev, palaces, fortresses thiab tombs - yog ua los ntawm raw cib los yog limestone mined nyob rau hauv lub Nile Valley, sandstone thiab granite. Qhov no yog vim qhov tseeb tias tsis muaj hav zoov nyob ntawd, tab sis cov ntoo xibtes,uas loj hlob hauv oases ua ntoo tsis zoo.
Txoj kev tsim vaj tsev nyob thiab kev cai dab qhuas
Rau cov tsev uas cov pejxeem feem coob tau nyob, lawv tau ua los ntawm cov av nkos uas tshuav ntawm ntug dej tom qab dej nyab Nile. Nws tau qhuav nyob rau hauv lub hnub, txiav rau hauv briquettes thiab tom qab ntawd cov vaj tse nyob tau txhim tsa. Txawm li cas los xij, cov qauv zoo li no yuav luag tsis muaj sia nyob vim qhov tseeb tias cov khoom siv no tau nyob luv, thiab ntxiv rau, theem ntawm Nile tau nce txhua xyoo txhiab xyoo, thiab cov dej rov tig lub tsev rau hauv av nkos uas lawv tau tsim.
Txoj hmoo tau dhau los ua qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov tuam tsev kev cai dab qhuas, thiab nws yog lawv cov uas tau tso cai rau cov kws tshawb fawb niaj hnub kom tau txais lub tswv yim ntawm cov txuj ci thiab kev kos duab ntawm architecture ntawm Ancient Egypt. Tshwj xeeb, nws tau pom tias thoob plaws hauv keeb kwm ntawm qhov kev vam meej tshwj xeeb no, cov neeg tsim kho tau ua raws li tib lub thev naus laus zis thaum tsim cov phab ntsa.
Cov pob zeb tau muab tso rau yam tsis muaj mortar thiab feem ntau tsis muaj cov khoom khi. Ntxiv mus, lawv tau ua ua ntej tsuas yog los ntawm sab hauv, uas ua kom muaj kev ntseeg siab ntawm kev sib txuas, thaum lub hauv ntej nto yog hewn thaum lub sijhawm ua tiav, thaum cov phab ntsa tau txhim kho tag nrho.
Kev kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm cov tsev, cov yam ntxwv ntawm architecture ntawm Ancient Egypt, tsis tau hloov pauv tseem ceeb raws tag nrho txoj hauv kev ntawm nws txoj kev loj hlob. Lawv yeej ib txwm muaj cov cim thiab ua cov duab ntawm lub hnub kab, personifying tus vajtswv Ra - scarab, lotus paj, xibtes ceg, thiab lwm yam. Cov ntawv sau kuj tseem siv tau, uas yuav tsum ua kom muaj kev cuam tshuam cov xwm txheej tseem ceeb hauv lub neej ntawm cov vaj ntxwv, nrog rau kev qhuas cov vajtswv, kev pe hawm uas yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm lub neej.
Architecture thaum lub sij hawm lub Nceeg Vaj thaum ntxov
Cov yam ntxwv ntawm architecture ntawm Ancient tim lyiv teb chaws, koom nrog lub Nceeg Vaj thaum ntxov, tuaj yeem txiav txim tau los ntawm cov duab khaws cia ntawm cov stelae ntawm vaj ntxwv ntawm 1st dynasty, thiab los ntawm qee lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd uas tau nqis los. rau peb. Nws tau raug tsim los hais tias cov yam ntxwv ntawm lawv kho kom zoo nkauj yog lub concave cornices ntawm lub tsev, nrog rau friezes - hniav kab txaij framing lub tsev thiab decorated nrog paintings los yog sculptural compositions. Lub sij hawm no ntawm keeb kwm ntawm ancient Egyptian kos duab yog to taub tsis zoo, vim hais tias yuav luag tsis muaj cov qauv qub tau nyob rau ntau xyoo.
Kub Kingdom
Lub tsev teev ntuj qub txeeg qub teg yog qhov qhib me ntsis rau kev kawm. Tim lyiv teb chaws thaum lub sij hawm no tau koom ua ke rau hauv ib lub nceeg vaj nrog lub peev nyob rau hauv Memphis, thiab lub tswv yim ntawm divinity ntawm cov pharaohs, uas pom nws ncaj qha kev xav nyob rau hauv architecture, ua lub hauv paus ntawm nws ideology. Nws hnub tseem ceeb hnub rov qab mus rau kev kav ntawm III thiab IV dynasties (XXX xyoo pua BC), thaum lub qhov ntxa loj tshaj plaws tau tsim tsa rau ntawm ntug dej ntawm Nile.
Lub ntxa yeej ib txwm ua lub luag haujlwm tshwj xeeb hauv architecture ntawm Ancient tim lyiv teb chaws, tsis yog tsuas yog ib qho kev tshwm sim ntawm cov tswv yim kev cai dab qhuas, tab sis kuj yog ib qho kev qhia ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab khoom siv tes ua, yam tsis muaj kev tsim kho yuav ua tsis tau.. Cov khoom thaum ntxov ntawm lub sijhawm no muaj xws li ib pawg ntawm funeraryCov tsev tsim tsa rau vaj ntxwv ntawm III dynasty Djoser thiab ua rau hauv ib qho tshiab rau lub sijhawm ntawd.
Ntawm no, thawj zaug, lub pyramid tau tsim tsa, uas muaj lub hauv paus plaub thiab muaj ob peb kauj ruam. Tom qab ntawd, qhov ntxa ntawm daim ntawv no tau nthuav dav. Ntawm cov tuam tsev nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm lub sijhawm qub Kingdom niaj hnub no yog cov pyramids tsim hauv Giza rau cov vaj ntxwv ntawm IV dynasty - Cheops, Khafre thiab Mykerin. Lawv raug suav hais tias yog ib qho kev xav ntawm lub ntiaj teb no.
Thaum lub sijhawm kav vaj ntxwv ntawm lub 5 dynasty, architecture ntawm Ancient tim lyiv teb chaws tau enriched los ntawm kev tsim cov tsev tshiab - hnub ci tuam tsev. Cov no yog cov tuam tsev kev cai dab qhuas tsa rau saum toj thiab ib puag ncig ntawm phab ntsa. Hauv lawv qhov chaw nruab nrab - cov chaw thov Vajtswv - cov duab puab loj heev ntawm cov vajtswv tau muab tso rau hauv kub thiab ritual thaj chaw.
Middle Kingdom
Nrog los muaj hwj chim hauv xyoo 2050 BC. e. Pharaoh Mentuhotep Egypt tau nkag mus rau lub sijhawm ntawm Middle Kingdom. Nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm sab ntsuj plig ntawm cov neeg, lub deification ntawm tus vaj ntxwv tau maj mam hloov los ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm ib tug tib neegism, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm mus thov tau txoj sia nyob mus ib txhis tsis yog tsuas yog rau lub hwj chim ntawm lub ntiaj teb no, tab sis kuj rau cov tib neeg nyob hauv lub teb chaws. Kev tsim kho ntawm cov pyramids loj heev tau pib rov qab mus rau yav dhau los, qhov chaw uas funerary steles tuaj, siv tau, vim lawv pheej yig, rau ntau tus neeg Iyiv.
Txawm li cas los xij, cov vaj ntxwv txuas ntxiv tsim lawv lub qhov ntxa, txawm tias me dua li ntau pua xyoo dhau los. Txoj kev lawvcov tsev. Cov cib nyoos tau siv los hloov cov pob zeb, thiab sab nraud yog lined nrog limestone slabs. Cov thev naus laus zis zoo li no tsis tuaj yeem muab cov khoom qub qub, thiab cov pyramids ntawm lub sijhawm no tau muaj sia nyob rau niaj hnub no hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev puas tsuaj. Lub tsev tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm lub sijhawm no yog lub faus faus ntawm Pharaoh Amenemhat III, muaj lub pyramid thiab lub tuam tsev mortuary, npog thaj tsam ntawm yuav luag 72 txhiab m².
Cov tuam tsev saum av hauv av ntawm lub Nceeg Vaj Tshiab
Thaum lub sijhawm lub Nceeg Vaj Tshiab, uas kav los ntawm 1550 txog 1969 BC. e., thaum lub peev ntawm lub xeev tau tsiv mus rau lub nroog Thebes, kev tsim kho vaj tse zoo nkauj ntawm cov nom tswv thiab cov tuam tsev zoo nkauj tau txais lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv architecture ntawm Ancient Egypt. Cov yav tas tau ua nyob rau hauv peb versions, uas yog av, rocky thiab semi-rocky complexes.
Qhov kev teeb tsa ntawm qhov chaw pe hawm hauv av yog ib daim duab plaub ntev, feem ntau nyob ib puag ncig ntawm phab ntsa. Los ntawm nws txoj kev nkag, dai kom zoo nkauj nrog ib tug pylon, ib txoj kev coj mus rau lub rooj vag, dai kom zoo nkauj ntawm ob sab nrog sphinxes los yog cov duab ntawm lwm yam mythical creatures. Yuav tsum koom nrog cov tuam tsev xws li lub thaj, ntsia rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub tshav puam, thiab ib lub tsev thov Vajtswv, nyob rau sab nraum qab ntawm chav tsev. Tag nrho cov complex tau nplua nuj nrog sculptures thiab frescoes piav qhia txog kev ntseeg.
pob zeb thiab pob zeb ib nrab lub tuam tsev
Pob zeb lub tuam tsev tau raug txiav rau hauv cov pob zeb pob zeb zoo li qhov uas tsuas yog lub ntsiab façade tau muab tso rau sab nraud, thiab cov qauv seem mus tob rau hauv lub roob. kajpiv txwv ntawm cov tsev ntawm hom no yog lub tuam tsev ntawm Ramses II, ua hauv Abu Simbel. Nws suav nrog ob qhov chaw pe hawm ywj pheej, ib qho yog rau Amun, Ptah thiab Ra, thiab qhov thib ob rau tus vajtswv poj niam Hathor.
Lub sijhawm ntawm Lub Nceeg Vaj Tshiab tau pom qhov kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb uas tau tshwm sim hauv architecture ntawm Ancient Egypt - thawj zaug cov qhov ntxa tau pib cais tawm ntawm cov tuam tsev mortuary, uas tsis tau ua nyob rau ntau pua xyoo dhau los. Thawj zaug ua txhaum txoj kev cai yog Pharaoh Thutmose I, uas thaum lub sij hawm nws lub neej tau txiav txim kom tsis txhob muab nws lub mummy tso rau hauv lub tuam tsev mortuary, tab sis nyob rau hauv ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib lub qhov ntxa nyob deb, uas nteg lub hauv paus rau ib tug loj complex hu ua Valley ntawm. Vajntxwv.”
Cov tuam tsev Semi-pob zeb tsuas yog ua ib feem hauv qhov tuab ntawm lub ntiaj teb cov pob zeb thiab muaj ob peb lub voos xwmfab tso rau saum ib sab. Lawv facades nqis los rau hauv terraces thiab dai kom zoo nkauj nrog kab kab. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov qauv no tuaj yeem yog lub tuam tsev ntawm poj huab tais Hatshepsut.
Persian lub sijhawm
Thaum lub sijhawm lub Nceeg Vaj lig, kev tsim vaj tsev thiab duab puab ntawm Ancient tim lyiv teb chaws tau hloov pauv ntau. Qhov no yog vim qhov tsis muaj zog ntawm cov vajntxwv hauv zos, muaj kev nce ntxiv hauv lub pov thawj hwj thiab lub zog los ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm txawv tebchaws dynasties, uas tau ua rau lub sijhawm no nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm lub xeev "Persian". Nws kav mus txog thaum cov tub rog ntawm Alexander lub Great nkag mus rau hauv Egypt.
Cov thawj coj txawv teb chaws tsis kam txhim tsa cov tuam tsev monumental, tawm tsam qhov muag nrog lawv cov nplai. Cov tuam tsev kev cai dab qhuas ntawm lub sij hawm Persian tau ua ntau heevme me, txawm tias tseem nplua nuj nrog cov duab puab thiab phab ntsa paintings. Kev tsim kho ntawm lub tuam tsev nto moo hauv Karnak, uas niaj hnub no yog ib qho ntawm cov neeg tuaj saib tshaj plaws hauv lub tebchaws, hnub rov qab mus rau Lub Nceeg Vaj lig.
Egyptian architecture thaum lub sijhawm imperial hwj chim (luv luv)
Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv architecture ntawm Ancient tim lyiv teb chaws, uas tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv 332 BC. e. raws li ib feem ntawm lub hwj chim ntawm Alexander lub Great, yog ib tug synthesis ntawm nws artistic kab lig kev cai nrog ancient kab lis kev cai. Lub tuam tsev ntawm Horus hauv Edfu, Ptolemy hauv Karnak, nrog rau cov complex ntawm Isis ua rau ntawm cov kob ntawm Philae thiab raug hu los ntawm Herodotus "Pearl of Egypt" tuaj yeem ua piv txwv zoo ntawm architecture ntawm lub sijhawm no.
