Los ntawm peb tsab xov xwm koj yuav kawm tias allotropy yog dab tsi. Lub tswv yim no yog dav dav hauv qhov xwm txheej. Piv txwv li, oxygen thiab ozone yog cov khoom uas tsuas yog muaj cov tshuaj lom neeg oxygen. Qhov no ua tau li cas? Wb sib paub ua ke.
Definition of concept
Allotropy yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov muaj nyob ntawm ib qho tshuaj lom neeg hauv daim ntawv ntawm ob lossis ntau yam khoom yooj yim. Jens Berzelius, ib tug kws tshuaj thiab mineralogist los ntawm Sweden, yog suav hais tias yog nws discoverer. Allotropy yog ib qho tshwm sim uas muaj ntau yam nrog crystal polymorphism. Qhov no ua rau muaj kev sib cav ntev ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb. Tam sim no, lawv tau xaus lus tias polymorphism yog tus yam ntxwv tsuas yog rau cov khoom yooj yim xwb.
Caus of allotropy
Tsis yog txhua yam tshuaj muaj peev xwm tsim tau ob peb yam yooj yim. Lub peev xwm rau allotropy yog vim cov qauv ntawm lub atom. Feem ntau, nws tshwm sim hauv cov ntsiab lus uas muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov oxidation xeev. Cov no muaj xws li semi- thiab non-metals, inert gases thiab halogens.
Allotropy tuaj yeem yog vim ntau yam. Cov no suav nrog ntau tus lej sib txawv ntawm cov atoms, qhov kev txiav txim ntawm lawv cov kev sib txuas rau hauv ib lub molecule, qhov parallelism ntawm electron spin, homsiv lead ua lattice. Cia peb xav txog cov hom allotropy siv cov piv txwv tshwj xeeb.
Oxygen thiab ozone
hom allotropy no yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov atoms ntawm ib qho tshuaj twg txiav txim siab lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov khoom. Qhov no kuj tseem siv tau rau kev cuam tshuam physiological ntawm cov kab mob nyob. Yog li, oxygen muaj ob lub atoms oxygen, ozone - ntawm peb.
Qhov txawv ntawm cov tshuaj no yog dab tsi? Ob leeg yog gaseous. Oxygen tsis muaj xim, saj lossis tsw, nws yog ib thiab ib nrab sij hawm sib zog dua ozone. Cov khoom no yog soluble nyob rau hauv dej, thiab nrog txo qhov kub thiab txias, tus nqi ntawm cov txheej txheem no tsuas yog nce. Cov pa oxygen xav tau los ntawm txhua yam kab mob rau kev ua pa. Yog li ntawd, cov khoom no tseem ceeb heev.
Ozone yog xiav. Peb txhua tus hnov nws tus yam ntxwv tsw qab los nag. Nws hnyav, tab sis zoo nkauj heev. Piv nrog rau cov pa oxygen, ozone muaj ntau dua reactive. Yog vim li cas? Thaum ozone decomposes, ib qho oxygen molecule thiab ib tug dawb oxygen atom yog tsim. Nws tam sim ntawd nkag mus rau hauv cov tshuaj sib xyaw ua ke, tsim cov tshuaj tshiab.
Cov khoom zoo kawg nkaus ntawm cov pa roj carbon
Tab sis tus naj npawb ntawm cov atoms hauv cov pa roj carbon monoxide ib txwm nyob tib yam. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws tsim cov tshuaj sib txawv kiag li. Cov kev hloov kho feem ntau ntawm cov pa roj carbon yog pob zeb diamond thiab graphite. Thawj cov khoom yog suav tias yog qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb. Cov cuab yeej no yog vim lub fact tias cov atoms nyob rau hauv pob zeb diamond yog khi los ntawm muaj zog covalent bonds nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov lus qhia. Ua ke lawv tsim peb-dimensional network ntawm tetrahedra.
Hauv graphite, cov ntawv cog lus muaj zog tsuas yog tsim ntawm cov atoms nyob rau hauv lub dav hlau kab rov tav. Vim li no, nws yuav luag tsis yooj yim sua kom tawg graphite pas nrig lengthwise. Tab sis cov ntawv cog lus uas txuas cov kab rov tav txheej ntawm carbon rau ib leeg yog qhov tsis muaj zog heev. Yog li ntawd, txhua lub sij hawm peb kos ib tug cwj mem yooj yim rau ntawm daim ntawv, lub cim grey tseem nyob ntawm nws. Qhov no yog txheej carbon.
Allotropy ntawm sulfur
Yog vim li cas rau kev hloov pauv ntawm leej faj kuj nyob rau hauv cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov qauv sab hauv ntawm cov molecules. Qhov ruaj khov tshaj plaws yog rhombic. Crystals ntawm hom sulfur allotropy yog hu ua rhomboidal. Txhua tus ntawm lawv yog tsim los ntawm cov yas-puab molecules, txhua tus muaj 8 atoms. Raws li nws lub cev muaj zog, rhombic sulfur yog cov khoom daj. Nws tsis tsuas yog tsis yaj hauv dej, tab sis tsis txawm wetted los ntawm nws. Thaum tshav kub kub thiab hluav taws xob conductivity tsawg heev.
Cov qauv ntawm monoclinic sulfur yog sawv cev los ntawm ib qho parallelepiped nrog oblique fab. Visually, cov khoom no zoo li cov koob daj tsaus. Yog hais tias leej faj yog yaj thiab muab tso rau hauv dej txias, nws qhov kev hloov kho tshiab yog tsim. Nws cov qauv qub yuav tawg mus rau polymer chains ntawm qhov ntev sib txawv. Qhov no yog li cas cov yas sulfur tau txais - xim av rubbery loj.
Y
Phosphorus hloov kho
Cov kws tshawb fawb muaj 11 hom phosphorus. Nws allotropy tau pom yuav luag los ntawm kev sib tsoo, zoo li cov tshuaj no nws tus kheej. Nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb ntawm philosopher lub pob zeb, lub alchemist Brand tau txais ib tug luminouscov khoom qhuav uas tshwm sim los ntawm evaporation ntawm cov zis. Nws yog dawb phosphorus. Cov tshuaj no yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg ua haujlwm siab. Nws yog txaus kom nce qhov kub ntawm 40 degrees rau dawb phosphorus kom hnov mob nrog oxygen thiab ignite.
Rau phosphorus, qhov ua rau ntawm allotropy yog qhov hloov pauv ntawm cov qauv siv lead ua lattice. Nws tsuas yog hloov tau raws li qee yam xwm txheej. Yog li, los ntawm kev ua kom lub siab thiab kub nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw ntawm carbon dioxide, liab phosphorus tau txais. Chemically, nws tsis tshua muaj zog, yog li nws tsis yog yam ntxwv ntawm luminescence. Thaum rhuab, nws hloov mus rau hauv chav. Peb pom qhov no txhua zaus peb teeb pom kev sib tw tsis tu ncua. Lub grating nto tsuas muaj liab phosphorus.
Yog li, allotropy yog qhov muaj nyob ntawm ib qho tshuaj lom neeg hauv daim ntawv ntawm ob peb yam yooj yim. Feem ntau pom ntawm cov hlau tsis yog hlau. Lub ntsiab yog vim li cas rau qhov tshwm sim no yog suav hais tias yog ib tug txawv tus naj npawb ntawm atoms uas tsim ib tug molecule ntawm ib yam khoom, nrog rau kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub configuration ntawm siv lead ua lattice.
