Kev tsov rog ntawm Rome tawm tsam Carthage nyob qhov chaw tseem ceeb hauv keeb kwm ntawm Ntiaj Teb Ancient. Lawv cuam tshuam kev txhim kho ntxiv ntawm Mediterranean thiab tag nrho cov teb chaws Europe. Thib Ob Punic War 218-201 BC e. - qhov ci ntsa iab ntawm peb qhov tshwm sim. Nws tseem hu ua Hannibal War, lossis kev ua tsov rog tawm tsam Hannibal. Ntxiv rau Rome thiab Carthage, Numidia, Pergamum, Aetolian League, Syracuse, Achaean League thiab Macedonia tau koom nrog hauv qhov kev tawm tsam no.
Backstory
In 242 B. C. e. Daim ntawv cog lus kev thaj yeeb tau kos npe uas tau xaus Tsov Rog Thawj Punic. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov kev pom zoo no, Carthage poob kev tswj hwm ntawm cov nyiaj tau los ntawm kev muaj ntawm Sicily, yuav luag kev lag luam ntawm Carthaginians nyob rau sab hnub poob Mediterranean tau ua phem rau Rome. Yog li ntawd, Carthage tau nyob rau hauv ib qho teeb meem kev lag luam nyuaj, thiab nws txoj kev txiav txim Barkid dynasty yog qhov tsis zoo nrog.kev nom kev tswv - qhov kev tawm tsam tau ua ntau dua. Txawm tias tom qab ntawd nws tau pom tseeb tias Kev Tsov Rog Zaum Ob ntawm Rome thiab Carthage yuav tshwm sim sai sai txhawm rau txhawm rau rhuav tshem ib tus ntawm lawv, vim tsis muaj qhov chaw rau ob lub zog loj hauv Mediterranean.
Sib tw rau Spain
Hamilcar, tus thawj coj ntawm cov tub rog Carthaginian, tau ua kev sib tw kom kov yeej thaj chaw ntawm Spain. Ua ntej, Iberian Peninsula yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv natural resources, thiab thib ob, nws muaj peev xwm mus rau ltalis sai heev los ntawm Spain. Hamilcar, nrog rau nws tus tub xeeb ntxwv Hasdrubal, tau ua haujlwm hauv kev nthuav dav ciam teb ntawm Carthage tau yuav luag 10 xyoo, txog thaum nws raug tua thaum lub sij hawm siege ntawm Helika. Nws cov npoj yaig Hasdrubal poob raug tsim txom rau Iberian barbarian hauv New Carthage, nrhiav tau los ntawm nws.
New Carthage tam sim ntawd los ua qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm txhua qhov kev lag luam sab hnub poob Mediterranean, nrog rau qhov chaw tswj hwm ntawm Punic cov khoom. Yog li, Carthage tsis tsuas yog them nyiaj rau nws qhov kev poob tom qab Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib ib nrog Rome, tab sis kuj muaj kev lag luam tshiab tshwm sim, thiab cov mines nyiaj ntawm Spain tau txhawb nqa Barcids thiab deprived lawv nom tswv kev tawm tsam ntawm ib qho kev txhawb nqa. Thib Ob Punic War 218-201 BC e. tsuas yog lub sijhawm xwb.
Rome's unrest
Roman cov nom tswv thiab cov thawj coj tub rog tau txhawj xeeb txog kev loj hlob ntawm Carthage. Rome nkag siab tias tam sim no nws tsis lig dhau los nres Puns, tab sis tom qab ib pliag nws yuav nyuaj. Yog li ntawd, cov neeg Loos tau los uanrhiav qhov laj thawj los pib ua tsov rog. Thaum lub neej ntawm Hannibal txiv, Hamilcar, ciam teb tau kos ntawm Carthage thiab Rome hauv Spain raws tus Dej Iber.
Rome ua kev koom tes nrog Sogunt. Nws tau hais meej meej tawm tsam Carthage, thiab tshwj xeeb kom nres nws txoj kev mus rau sab qaum teb. Thaum pib ntawm Tsov Rog Zaum Ob Punic tau los txog, Rome tsis xav tau cov neeg zej zog zoo li no, tab sis nws kuj tsis tuaj yeem qhib siab ua tus neeg ua phem, yog li kev sib koom tes tau xaus nrog Sogunt. Nws yog qhov tseeb tias Rome tsis tau npaj siab tiv thaiv nws cov phooj ywg, tab sis qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm nws los ntawm Carthage tau muab ib qho piv txwv rau kev ua tsov rog.
Hannibal los ntawm Barkid dynasty
Hannibal tau los ua lub cim ntawm kev tawm tsam tawm tsam Roman txoj cai nyob hauv thaj av Mediterranean, nws tau ua tiav hauv qhov tsis muaj leej twg yuav ua rau nws ua ntej. Nws yog ib tug thawj coj txawj ntse thiab ua tub rog, cov tub rog hwm nws tsis yog nws lub hauv paus loj, tab sis rau nws tus kheej zoo thiab kev coj noj coj ua.
Txij thaum yau, Hamilcar txiv tau coj nws tus tub mus rau kev sib tw. Tag nrho nws lub neej nco qab nws yog nyob rau hauv tub rog camp, qhov twg los ntawm thaum yau nws saib kev tuag nyob rau hauv lub ntsej muag. Kaum, pua, yog tias tsis yog txhiab tus neeg raug tua ua ntej nws ob lub qhov muag. Nws twb siv lawm. Kev cob qhia tas li tau hloov Hannibal mus rau hauv ib tus neeg txawj sib ntaus sib tua, thiab kawm txog kev ua tub rog rau hauv tus thawj coj zoo. Lub caij no, Hamilcar tau ua txhua yam kom tau ze rau lub ntiaj teb Hellenistic, yog li nws tau qhia cov tsiaj ntawv Greek rau nws tus tub thiab coj nws mus rau kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Greeks. Leej Txiv nkag siab tias tsis muaj cov phooj ywg Rome tsis tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog, thiabaccustomed nws cov tub rau lawv cov kab lis kev cai, thiab kuj teem ib tug alliance. Hannibal tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov txheej txheem no. Kev Tsov Rog Zaum Ob tau xav txog los ntawm nws tau ntau xyoo. Thiab tom qab nws txiv tuag, nws tau cog lus tias nws yuav rhuav tshem Rome.
Ua tsov rog
Muaj peb lub laj thawj tseem ceeb uas ua rau muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua thib ob ntawm Rome thiab Carthage:
1. Kev poob ntsej muag rau Carthage raws li cov lus cog tseg ntawm kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb uas xaus rau Thawj Tsov Rog Punic.
2. Kev loj hlob sai ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Carthage, nrog rau nws qhov kev nplua nuj vim yog cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig tshaj plaws hauv Spain, uas ua rau muaj zog ntawm nws cov tub rog lub zog.
3. Lub siege thiab ntes Sogunt, koom nrog Rome, los ntawm Carthage, uas tau dhau los ua qhov laj thawj rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm Tsov Rog Zaum Ob Punic. Cov laj thawj rau nws tau raug cai ntau dua li qhov tseeb, thiab tseem lawv tau coj mus rau ib qho kev sib cav loj tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov keeb kwm ntawm Ancient World.
Start of war
Tom qab Hamilcar tuag thiab kev tua neeg ntawm Hasdrubal, Hannibal tau raug xaiv los ua tus thawj coj. Tom qab ntawd nws tsuas muaj 25 xyoo xwb, nws muaj zog thiab kev txiav txim siab los rhuav tshem Loos. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws muaj kev paub zoo los ntawm kev ua tub rog thiab, tau kawg, kev coj noj coj ua zoo.
Hannibal tsis tau nkaum ntawm leej twg uas nws xav tawm tsam Sogunt, uas nws tus phooj ywg yog Rome, thiab yog li koom nrog yav tom ntej hauv kev tsov rog. Txawm li cas los xij, Hannibal tsis tau tawm tsam thawj zaug. Nws ua li ntawdSogunt tau tawm tsam Iberian pab pawg uas nyob hauv txoj cai ntawm Carthage, thiab tsuas yog tom qab ntawd nws tau txav nws lub zog mus rau "tus neeg ua phem". Hannibal suav hais tias yog qhov tseeb tias Rome yuav tsis coj kev pab tub rog rau Sogunt, txij li thaum nws tus kheej tawm tsam Gauls thiab Illyrian pirates. Lub siege ntawm Sogunt kav ntev li 7 lub hlis, tom qab ntawd lub fortress raug coj mus. Rome yeej tsis tau muab kev pab tub rog rau nws cov phooj ywg. Twb tau tom qab kev ntes ntawm Sogunt, Rome tau xa ib lub chaw sawv cev rau Carthage, uas tau tshaj tawm ua tsov rog. Kev Tsov Rog Zaum Ob tau pib!
Kev ua tub rog
Tsov rog tau ntev tshaj 15 xyoo. Lub sijhawm no, kev sib ntaus sib tua yuav luag tsis nres ntawm Rome thiab Carthage, lossis ntawm lawv cov phoojywg. Kaum tawm txhiab tus neeg tuag. Tau ntau xyoo, qhov zoo dua dhau los ntawm tes mus rau tes: yog tias nyob rau hauv thawj lub sij hawm ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog koob hmoov yog nyob rau sab ntawm Hannibal, tom qab ib tug thaum lub sij hawm cov Loos los ua ntau zog, inflicting ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov loj swb nyob rau hauv Puns nyob rau hauv Iberia thiab. North Africa. Tib lub sijhawm, Hannibal tseem nyob ntawm Apennine Peninsula. Hauv tebchaws Ltalis, Hannibal nws tus kheej tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo, ua rau tag nrho cov pej xeem hauv zos tshee hnyo ua ntej nws lub npe.
Kev Tsov Rog Zaum Ob tau pom tias Hannibal tsis muaj qhov sib npaug hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua. Qhov no yog pov thawj los ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua nyob ze ntawm Ticin thiab Trebbia Rivers, ze ntawm Lake Trasimene thiab, ntawm chav kawm, kev sib ntaus sib tua legendary ntawm Cannae, uas tau sewn rau hauv keeb kwm tub rog nrog xov liab.
Kev sib ntaus sib tua tau tshwm sim ntawm ob peb sab: hauv Ltalis, Spain, Sicily, North Africa thiab Macedonia, tab sis "lub cav" ntawm Carthage thiab nwscov phooj ywg yog cov tub rog ntawm Hannibal thiab nws tus kheej. Yog li ntawd, Rome tau tsim nws tus kheej lub hom phiaj ntawm "los ntshav" nws, thaiv txoj kev ntawm kev npaj, riam phom thiab kev txhawb nqa rau kev ua tsov rog hauv tebchaws Ltalis. Rome tau ua tiav thaum nws pom tau tias Hannibal yuav tsum ua ntej kom tsis muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua, thiab tom qab ntawd ua tiav. Txoj kev npaj no tau ua tiav, tab sis ua ntej nws Rome raug kev puas tsuaj tom qab lwm qhov, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Cannae. Hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua no, Carthage muaj 50,000 tus tub rog, Rome - 90,000. Qhov kom zoo dua yog yuav luag ob zaug, tab sis txawm tias muaj cov lej zoo dua, Rome tsis tswj kom yeej. Thaum sib ntaus sib tua, 70,000 cov tub rog Loos raug tua, 16,000 raug ntes, thaum Hannibal poob tsuas yog 6,000 tus neeg.
Yog vim li cas rau qhov swb ntawm Carthage hauv Kev Tsov Rog Zaum Ob
Muaj ntau yam uas ua rau lub nroog Loos yeej. Ua ntej, qhov no yog qhov tseeb hais tias cov tub rog ntawm Carthage muaj feem ntau ntawm mercenaries, uas kiag li tsis quav ntsej leej twg lawv tau tawm tsam - lawv tau txais cov nyiaj them rau nws. Cov mercenaries tsis muaj kev xav txog kev hlub, tsis zoo li cov neeg Loos, uas tiv thaiv lawv lub tebchaws.
Thib ob, Carthaginians lawv tus kheej, nyob hauv Africa, feem ntau tsis nkag siab tias vim li cas lawv thiaj xav tau kev ua tsov rog no. Hauv lub tebchaws, Barkids rov tsim kev tawm tsam loj uas tawm tsam kev ua tsov rog nrog Rome. Txawm tias tom qab kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Cannae, oligarchs ntawm Carthage ib nrab-heartedly xa me me reinforcements rau Hannibal, txawm hais tias qhov kev pab no tuaj yeem loj dua, thiab tom qab ntawd cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev ua tsov rog yuav txawv heev. Nws yog txhua yam uas lawv ntshaitxhawb zog Hannibal thiab tsim kom muaj ib tug dictatorship, uas yuav ua raws li los ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm lub oligarchy raws li ib tug social class.
Thib peb, kev tawm tsam thiab kev ntxeev siab uas tau tos Carthage ntawm txhua qhov tig, thiab tsis muaj kev pab tiag tiag los ntawm ib tus phooj ywg - Macedonia.
Fourthly, qhov no, ntawm chav kawm, yog qhov ntse heev ntawm Roman tub rog lub tsev kawm ntawv, uas tau txais kev nplua nuj nyob rau hauv kev ua tsov ua rog. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, rau Rome, kev ua tsov ua rog no yog ib qho kev nyuaj siab uas coj lub koom pheej Roman mus rau qhov kev ciaj sia. Cov laj thawj rau kev swb ntawm Carthage hauv Kev Tsov Rog Zaum Ob tseem tuaj yeem sau tseg, tab sis txhua tus ntawm lawv yuav ua raws li 4 lub ntsiab lus no, uas ua rau kev swb ntawm ib pab tub rog muaj zog tshaj plaws ntawm Ntiaj Teb Ancient.
Qhov txawv ntawm Thib Ob thiab Thawj Punic Tsov Rog
Ob qhov kev tsov rog sib txawv kiag li, txawm hais tias lawv muaj lub npe zoo sib xws. Thawj yog predatory ntawm ob sab, nws nthuav tawm los ntawm kev sib tw ntawm Rome thiab Carthage rau kev muaj cov kob nplua nuj ntawm Sicily. Qhov thib ob yog kev txhoj puab heev los ntawm Carthage, thaum cov tub rog Roman tau ua txoj haujlwm ywj pheej.
Qhov tshwm sim ntawm Thawj thiab Thib Ob Kev Tsov Rog yog qhov yeej ntawm Rome, kev them nyiaj loj heev rau Carthage, tsim ciam teb. Tom qab Tsov Rog Thib Ob Punic xaus, qhov ua rau, qhov tshwm sim thiab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm keeb kwm uas nyuaj rau kev kwv yees, Carthage feem ntau txwv tsis pub muaj lub nkoj. Nws poob tag nrho cov khoom txawv teb chaws, nws tau them se ntau tshaj 50 xyoo. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tsis tuaj yeem tso kev tsov rog yam tsis tau kev tso cai los ntawm Rome.
Second Punic Wartuaj yeem hloov cov keeb kwm keeb kwm yog tias tus thawj coj ntawm cov tub rog ntawm Carthage, Hannibal, muaj kev txhawb nqa zoo hauv lub tebchaws. Nws tuaj yeem txeeb tau Rome. Ntxiv mus, txhua yam tau txav mus rau qhov no, vim yog kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Cannae, Rome tsis muaj ib pab tub rog loj tuaj yeem tawm tsam Carthage, tab sis Hannibal, nrog rau cov tub rog, tsis tuaj yeem txeeb tau lub nroog Loos. Nws tab tom tos kev txhawb nqa los ntawm Africa thiab kev tawm tsam ntawm cov nroog Italian tawm tsam Rome, tab sis nws tsis tau tos thawj zaug lossis thib ob …
