Steiner's theorem lossis parallel axes theorem rau suav lub sijhawm ntawm inertia

Cov txheej txheem:

Steiner's theorem lossis parallel axes theorem rau suav lub sijhawm ntawm inertia
Steiner's theorem lossis parallel axes theorem rau suav lub sijhawm ntawm inertia
Anonim

Nyob rau hauv lej piav qhia txog kev sib hloov, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom paub lub sijhawm ntawm inertia ntawm lub cev txog lub axis. Hauv cov ntaub ntawv dav dav, cov txheej txheem nrhiav kom muaj nuj nqis no suav nrog kev siv cov txheej txheem kev koom ua ke. Qhov hu ua Steiner theorem ua rau nws yooj yim rau kev xam. Cia peb xav txog nws kom ntxaws ntxiv hauv kab lus.

Lub sijhawm ntawm inertia yog dab tsi?

Qhov sib npaug ntawm kev txav thaum sib hloov
Qhov sib npaug ntawm kev txav thaum sib hloov

Ua ntej muab cov qauv ntawm Steiner lub theorem, nws yuav tsum tau ua nrog lub tswv yim ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm inertia. Piv txwv tias muaj qee lub cev ntawm ib qho loj thiab arbitrary zoo li. Lub cev no tuaj yeem yog cov khoom taw tes lossis ib qho khoom siv ob sab lossis peb sab (qib, lub tog raj kheej, pob, thiab lwm yam). Yog hais tias cov khoom nyob rau hauv nqe lus nug ua ib ncig ib ncig ntawm ib co axis nrog tas li angular acceleration α, ces cov nram qab no kab zauv sau tau:

M=Iα

Ntawm no, tus nqi M sawv cev rau tag nrho lub sijhawm ntawm lub zog, uas muab kev nrawm α rau tag nrho lub cev. Lub coefficient ntawm proportionality ntawm lawv - kuv, yog hu ualub sij hawm ntawm inertia. Lub cev muaj nuj nqis no suav nrog siv cov qauv hauv qab no:

I=∫m (r2dm)

Ntawm no r yog qhov kev ncua deb ntawm lub caij nrog huab hwm coj dm thiab cov axis tig. Qhov kev qhia no txhais tau hais tias yuav tsum nrhiav cov sum ntawm cov khoom ntawm cov squared nrug r2 thiab cov theem pib dm. Ntawd yog, lub sijhawm ntawm inertia tsis yog tus yam ntxwv ntshiab ntawm lub cev, uas txawv nws ntawm linear inertia. Nws nyob ntawm qhov kev faib tawm ntawm huab hwm coj thoob plaws hauv cov khoom uas tig, nrog rau qhov kev ncua deb ntawm lub axis thiab ntawm kev taw qhia ntawm lub cev txheeb ze rau nws. Piv txwv li, tus pas nrig yuav muaj qhov sib txawv kuv yog tias nws tig ntawm qhov nruab nrab ntawm qhov loj thiab txog qhov kawg.

Moment of inertia thiab Steiner's theorem

Portrait ntawm Jacob Steiner
Portrait ntawm Jacob Steiner

Tus kws lej Swiss nto moo, Jakob Steiner, ua pov thawj lub theorem ntawm cov axes sib npaug thiab lub sijhawm ntawm inertia, uas tam sim no dais nws lub npe. Qhov no theorem postulates tias lub sij hawm ntawm inertia rau kiag li ib tug nruj lub cev ntawm arbitrary geometry txheeb ze rau ib co axis ntawm kev sib hloov yog sib npaug zos rau cov sum ntawm lub sij hawm ntawm inertia txog lub axis uas cuam tshuam qhov nruab nrab ntawm lub cev ntawm lub cev thiab yog parallel rau thawj., thiab cov khoom ntawm lub cev loj lub sij hawm lub square ntawm qhov kev ncua deb ntawm cov axes. Kev ua lej, daim ntawv no yog sau raws li nram no:

IZ=IO + ml2

IZ thiab IO - lub sijhawm ntawm inertia txog Z-axis thiab O-axis parallel rau nws, uas dhau mus los ntawm qhov nruab nrab ntawm qhov loj ntawm lub cev, l - nrug ntawm kab Z thiab O.

Theorem tso cai, paub tus nqi ntawm IO, los xamlwm lub sijhawm IZ txog ib qho axis uas yog parallel rau O.

Pov thawj ntawm theorem

Pov thawj ntawm Steiner lub theorem
Pov thawj ntawm Steiner lub theorem

Cov qauv Steiner theorem tuaj yeem tau yooj yim los ntawm koj tus kheej. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, xav txog lub cev arbitrary ntawm lub dav hlau xy. Cia lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm kev tswj xyuas dhau los ntawm qhov nruab nrab ntawm qhov loj ntawm lub cev. Cia peb suav lub sijhawm ntawm inertia IO uas dhau los ntawm keeb kwm perpendicular rau lub dav hlau xy. Txij li qhov kev ncua deb mus rau ib qho taw tes ntawm lub cev yog qhia los ntawm tus qauv r=√ (x 2 + y2), ces peb tau txais qhov tseem ceeb:

IO=∫m (r2dm)=∫ m ((x2+y2) dm)

Tam sim no cia peb txav cov axis sib npaug ntawm x-axis los ntawm kev ncua deb l, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv txoj kev zoo, ces kev xam rau lub axis tshiab ntawm lub sij hawm ntawm inertia yuav zoo li no:

IZ=∫m(((x+l)2+y 2)dm)

Nthuav tag nrho cov square nyob rau hauv brackets thiab faib cov integrands, peb tau txais:

IZ=∫m ((x2+l 2+2xl+y2)dm)=∫m ((x2 +y2)dm) + 2l∫m (xdm) + l 2mdm

thawj nqe lus no yog tus nqi IO, lub sijhawm thib peb, tom qab kev sib koom ua ke, muab lo lus l2m, thiab ntawm no lub sij hawm thib ob yog xoom. Lub zeroing ntawm qhov teev qhov tseem ceeb yog vim qhov tseeb tias nws tau muab los ntawm cov khoom ntawm x thiab cov ntsiab lus loj dm, uas nyob rau hauvnruab nrab muab xoom, txij li qhov nruab nrab ntawm huab hwm coj yog nyob rau hauv keeb kwm. Yog li ntawd, cov qauv ntawm Steiner theorem tau txais.

Qhov kev txiav txim siab ntawm lub dav hlau tuaj yeem ua rau lub cev peb sab.

Tshuaj xyuas cov qauv Steiner ntawm tus piv txwv ntawm tus pas nrig

Kev suav ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm inertia ntawm lub bar
Kev suav ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm inertia ntawm lub bar

Cia ua piv txwv yooj yim los ua piv txwv siv cov theorem saum toj no.

Nws paub tias rau tus pas nrig ntawm qhov ntev L thiab huab hwm coj m, lub sijhawm ntawm inertia IO(cov axis dhau los ntawm qhov nruab nrab ntawm qhov loj) yog sib npaug rau mL2 /12, thiab lub caij kuvZ(tus axis hla qhov kawg ntawm tus pas nrig) sib npaug rau mL 2/3. Cia peb tshawb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv no siv Steiner's theorem. Txij li qhov kev ncua deb ntawm ob lub qag yog L / 2, ces peb tau txais lub sijhawm IZ:

IZ=IO+ m(L/2)2=mL2/12 + mL2/4=4mL2 /12=mL2/3

Ntawd yog, peb tau txheeb xyuas cov qauv Steiner thiab tau txais tus nqi tib yam rau IZ raws li hauv qhov chaw.

Cov kev suav zoo sib xws tuaj yeem ua rau lwm lub cev (lub tog raj kheej, pob, disk), thaum tau txais lub sijhawm tsim nyog ntawm inertia, thiab tsis ua kev sib koom ua ke.

Moment of inertia and perpendicular axes

Qhov kev xav txog kev txhawj xeeb txog qhov sib npaug. Rau kev ua tiav ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, nws tseem muaj txiaj ntsig los muab lub theorem rau perpendicular axes. Nws yog formulated raws li nram no: rau ib tug ca khoom ntawm arbitrary zoo, lub sij hawm ntawm inertia txog ib tug axis perpendicular rau nws yuav muab sib npaug rau cov sum ntawm ob lub sij hawm ntawm inertia txog ob qho tib si perpendicular thiab dag.nyob rau hauv lub dav hlau ntawm cov khoom axes, nrog tag nrho peb axes dhau los ntawm tib lub ntsiab lus. Ua lej, qhov no yog sau raws li hauv qab no:

Iz=Ix + Iy

Ntawm no z, x, y yog peb qhov sib koom ua ke ntawm kev sib hloov.

Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm qhov theorem no thiab Steiner lub theorem yog tias nws tsuas yog siv tau rau cov khoom tiaj tus (ob sab) cov khoom. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv kev xyaum nws tau siv dav, kev xav txiav lub cev rau hauv nyias txheej, thiab tom qab ntawd ntxiv cov sijhawm tau txais ntawm inertia.

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