Los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, ib lo lus tshwm sim hauv kev tshawb fawb tshuaj - hlau ntawm qhov tseem ceeb. Nws txhais tau hais tias ib pawg ntawm cov ntsiab lus uas nws lub cev muaj zog ua rau nws siv tau rau hauv kev tsim cov tub rog-kev lag luam complex. Peb tab tom tham txog cov hlau xws li chromium, tantalum, niobium, molybdenum thiab tungsten. Vanadium, uas nws cov khoom peb yuav xav txog hauv tsab xov xwm no, kuj tseem muaj cai nyob hauv ib qho chaw hauv nruab nrab ntawm cov hlau siv nyob rau hauv niaj hnub mechanical engineering, ferrous metallurgy, cuab yeej thiab tshuaj tsim khoom. Cov hlau tsim plaub oxides nrog oxygen, uas qhia qhov valence ntawm 2, 3, 4 thiab 5 nyob rau hauv lawv. 5 uas peb yuav kawm ntxiv.
Meet vanadium
Nyob rau hauv tshuaj science, muaj ib tug ntev-tsimtxoj cai hais tias tus cwj pwm ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj yuav tsum pib nrog nws txoj hauj lwm hauv lub caij nyoog ntawm D. I. Mendeleev. Cov tshuaj formula ntawm vanadium raws li ib tug yooj yim tshuaj yog V, serial tooj yog 23, lub atomic loj yog 50, 9414. Nws yog nyob rau hauv lub thib plaub lub sij hawm, lub thib tsib pab pawg neeg thiab, nrog rau niobium thiab tantalum, yog ib tug raug sawv cev ntawm refractory hlau. Cov qauv ntawm cov khoom ntshiab yog yas thiab muaj xim silvery-grey. Lub vanadium atom yog ib qho d-element, nws muaj ob lub s-electrons ntawm lub zog kawg, txawm li cas los xij, cov khoom tsis zoo uas nyob rau ntawm d-sublevel ntawm tib qib plaub kuj yuav yog valence.
Cov hlau nyob qhov twg thiab nws lub cev muaj dab tsi
Lub caij nws tus kheej tsis tuaj yeem pom hauv nws daim ntawv ntshiab hauv qhov xwm txheej. Tab sis nws yog tam sim no raws li qhov yuav tsum tau muaj nyob rau hauv polymetallic thiab hlau ore. Ua ntej peb tham txog cov yas thiab malleability ntawm cov khoom yooj yim, tam sim no peb yuav ntxiv tias cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm lub cev ntawm vanadium yog cov ntsiab lus kub kub thiab melting, sib npaug ntawm 3400 ° C thiab 1920 ° C, raws li. Zoo li titanium, nws deteriorates nws lub cev thiab tshuaj tsis zoo thaum muaj impurities xws li nitrogen, hydrogen lossis oxygen. Tshwj xeeb, nws cov ductility thiab mechanical zog yog txo, thiab vanadium ua brittle.
Special chemical properties
Metal muaj peev xwm ntawm passivation, i.e. muaj lub peev xwm tshwj xeeb los tiv thaiv qhov kev ua phem ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg ib puag ncig: kev daws teeb meem ntawm acids, alkalis thiab ntsev, tsim cov yeeb yaj kiab tiv thaiv ntawm nws qhov chaw -vanadium oxide hmoov. Crystal lattice ntawm lub caij muaj ib tug cubic qauv. Nws tseem yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias corrosion kuj ntawm steels uas muaj lub ntsiab yog siab heev, uas tso cai rau lawv siv raws li load-bearing fasteners rau choj kev txhawb nqa thiab offshore roj drilling rigs. Nws tsis yooj yim sua kom xav txog cov cuab yeej niaj hnub tsim yam tsis muaj vanadium-muaj steels. Ua ke nrog niobium, chromium thiab titanium, lub caij yog siv los ua alloy tshwj xeeb alloys siv hauv foob pob hluav taws kev tshawb fawb thiab chaw lag luam. Txawm li cas los xij, concentrated nitrate thiab sulfate acids, ib qho kev daws ntawm hydrogen fluoride hauv dej, thiab sib xyaw ntawm chloride thiab nitrate acids, hu ua aqua regia, yooj yim cuam tshuam nrog cov hlau. Cov ntsiab lus vanadium ua ib yam khoom yooj yim tuaj yeem hnov mob nrog chlorine, bromine, sulfur, thiab cov ntsev sib xws. Nrog oxygen, nws muab ob peb oxides uas txawv heev hauv lawv cov khoom siv tshuaj. Xav txog lawv ntxiv.
Basic thiab amphoteric oxides
Cov hlau ua ob lub oxides, VO thiab V2O3, uas nthuav tawm cov khoom tseem ceeb. Hauv chav kuaj, monoxide yog mined los ntawm kev txo cov tshuaj tiv thaiv V2O5 fine vanadium hmoov. Basic oxides teb nrog cov kua qaub los tsim cov ntsev sib xws. Thiab twb hydroxides tuaj yeem tau los ntawm lawv los ntawm kev sib pauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog alkalis. Vanadium (III) oxide yog pom nyob rau hauv ib feem ntawm cov mineral karelianite, thiab tau txais nyob rau hauv lub chaw soj nstuam los ntawm cua sov V2O5 nrog leej faj, thee los yog hydrogen. Ob qho yooj yim oxides tau hais tawm kom txo tau cov khoom. Oxide VO2 yog ib qho tshuaj amphoteric uas ua rau cov kua qaub thiab alkalis. Nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj uas nws pH tsawg dua 7, qhov zoo nqi vanadyl ions VO 2+ tau pom, muab cov tshuaj ib lub teeb xiav xim, thiab polyvanadic acid ntsev yog tsim nyob rau hauv ib tug alkaline nruab nrab. Vanadium (IV) oxide attracts dej, i.e. yog hygroscopic tshuaj, nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nws coj zoo li ib tug txo tus neeg sawv cev.
YVanadium hemipentoxide
Compound uas nws cov mis yog V2O5, yog cov hlau oxide tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. Nws yog cov dej-soluble txiv kab ntxwv crystalline tshuaj uas reacts nrog alkalis los ua vanadates - ntsev ntawm metavanadic acid HVO3. Nws yog dav siv los ua ib qho catalyst nyob rau hauv oxidation ntawm sulfur dioxide rau sulfuric anhydride nyob rau hauv kev lag luam ntawm sulfate acid. Vanadium pentoxide muaj ib tug rhombic siv lead ua lattice thiab cov cim ntawm amphotericity nrog ib tug predominance ntawm acidic oxide zog. Hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nws coj ua tus neeg sawv cev oxidizing muaj zog. Lub compound yog siv rau hauv iav technology, tshuaj thiab organic synthesis.
Txoj kev rau rho tawm vanadium los ntawm nws cov tebchaw
Peb tau hais ua ntej tias cov hlau yog ib feem ntawm cov hlau ore. Hauv kev tsim hluav taws xob tawg, lub caij, ua ke nrog impurities ntawm carbon thiab phosphorus, dhau mus rau hauv cam khwb cia hlau. Thaum cov hlau yog smelted, vanadium oxide 5 precipitates nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm slag, qhov twg nws cov ntsiab lus tuaj yeem ncav cuag 16%. Ntxiv rau nwsrooj ntsev thiab roasting sib tov nyob rau hauv lub cub tawg, ib yam khoom yog tau, uas yog ntxiv yaj nyob rau hauv dej. Lub resulting aqueous concentrate yog kho nrog sulfate acid thiab V2O5 yog cais tawm ntawm nws. Txhawm rau cais cov ntshiab vanadium los ntawm oxide, koj tuaj yeem siv txoj kev calciumthermy - txo cov hlau siv hlau calcium. Txhawm rau txo cov nqi thev naus laus zis hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog vanadium pentoxide, txhuas feem ntau siv los ntawm calcium. Cov hlau kuj tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm kev txo qis trivalent vanadium oxide nrog thee.
Lub luag haujlwm lom neeg
Vanadium muaj nyob rau hauv cov kab mob uas muaj sia nyob raws li cov kab mob, uas yog ib feem ntawm cov kua nruab nrog cev ntawm marine echinoderms. Hauv holothurians thiab hiav txwv urchins, nws yog txuam nrog cov proteins uas ua haujlwm ntawm kev thauj oxygen mus rau cov hlwb thiab tshem tawm cov pa roj carbon dioxide. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub caij yog tsis tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv cov kab mob ntawm cov tsiaj ntshav sov thiab tib neeg, qhov twg nws yog nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm pancreatic enzymes, nyob rau hauv neuroglia thiab nephrons. Hauv cov nroj tsuag, cov kab cim tau koom nrog ua ib qho enzyme nyob rau hauv qhov tsaus ntuj ntawm photosynthesis thiab cuam tshuam rau qib ntawm chlorophyll pigment nyob hauv chloroplasts. Nws kuj pom muaj nyob rau hauv cov kab mob nodule, uas yog nitrogen fixers, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm fungi dua. Raws li ib feem ntawm chernozem, nrog rau cov tebchaw ntawm boron, tooj liab, zinc thiab manganese, vanadium oxide cuam tshuam rau av fertility.
Nyob rau hauv peb tsab xov xwm, peb tau kawm txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm vanadium thiab nws cov oxides, thiab tseem xav txog kev siv nws cov tebchaw hauvkev lag luam.
