Ntshav yog cov ntaub so ntswg ua haujlwm tseem ceeb. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv cov kab mob sib txawv, nws cov ntsiab lus sib txawv hauv cov qauv, uas tau pom hauv lawv lub cev. Hauv peb tsab xov xwm, peb yuav nyob ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov qe ntshav liab thiab sib piv tib neeg thiab Qav erythrocytes.
ntau hom ntshav
Ntshav yog tsim los ntawm cov kua nruab nrog cev hu ua plasma thiab tsim cov ntsiab lus. Cov no suav nrog leukocytes, erythrocytes thiab platelets. Thawj yog cov hlwb tsis muaj xim uas tsis muaj lub cev ruaj khov thiab txav mus los ntawm nws tus kheej hauv cov hlab ntsha. Lawv muaj peev xwm paub thiab zom cov khoom txawv teb chaws rau lub cev los ntawm phagocytosis, yog li lawv tsim kev tiv thaiv. Qhov no yog lub peev xwm ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv ntau yam kab mob. Leukocytes muaj ntau haiv neeg, muaj kev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab tiv thaiv kab mob nyob hauv lub sijhawm lawv yug los.
Platelets kuj ua haujlwm tiv thaiv. Lawv muab cov ntshav txhaws. Cov txheej txheem no yog ua raws li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv enzymatic ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm cov proteins nrog kev tsim ntawm lawv daim ntawv insoluble. Raws li qhov tshwm simcov ntshav txhaws, uas yog hu ua thrombus.
Ntev thiab ua haujlwm ntawm cov qe ntshav liab
Erythrocytes, lossis cov qe ntshav liab, yog cov qauv uas muaj cov enzymes ua pa. Lawv cov duab thiab cov ntsiab lus sab hauv yuav txawv ntawm cov tsiaj sib txawv. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj ntau yam zoo sib xws. Qhov nruab nrab, cov qe ntshav liab nyob ntev txog 4 lub hlis, tom qab ntawd lawv raug rhuav tshem hauv tus po thiab daim siab. Qhov chaw ntawm lawv tsim yog cov pob txha liab. Cov qe ntshav liab yog tsim los ntawm universal qia hlwb. Ntxiv mus, hauv cov menyuam yug tshiab, txhua hom pob txha muaj cov ntaub so ntswg hematopoietic, thaum cov neeg laus - tsuas yog hauv cov tiaj tus xwb.
Hauv lub cev tsiaj, cov hlwb no ua haujlwm ntau yam tseem ceeb. Lub ntsiab yog ua pa. Nws qhov kev siv yog ua tau vim muaj cov xim tshwj xeeb hauv cytoplasm ntawm erythrocytes. Cov tshuaj no kuj txiav txim siab xim ntawm cov ntshav ntawm cov tsiaj. Piv txwv li, hauv molluscs nws tuaj yeem yog lilac, thiab hauv cov kab mob polychaete tuaj yeem ntsuab. Cov qe ntshav liab ntawm Qav muab nws cov xim liab, thaum tib neeg nws yog xim liab. Ua ke nrog cov pa oxygen hauv lub ntsws, lawv nqa mus rau txhua lub cell ntawm lub cev, qhov chaw uas lawv muab tawm thiab ntxiv carbon dioxide. Lub tom kawg los nyob rau hauv opposite direction thiab exhaled.
RBCs kuj thauj cov amino acids, ua haujlwm noj zaub mov zoo. Cov hlwb no yog cov nqa ntawm ntau yam enzymes uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog nyob rau saum npoo ntawm cov qe ntshav liab. Ua tsaug rau cov tshuaj no ntawm cov protein ntau, cov qe ntshav liab khi thiabneutralize toxins, tiv thaiv lub cev los ntawm lawv cov teebmeem.
Evolution of red blood cells
Qab ntshav erythrocytes yog ib qho piv txwv tiag tiag ntawm qhov tshwm sim nruab nrab ntawm kev hloov pauv hloov pauv. Thawj zaug, cov hlwb zoo li no tshwm sim hauv protostomes, uas suav nrog nemertine tapeworms, echinoderms, thiab molluscs. Hauv lawv cov neeg sawv cev qub tshaj plaws, hemoglobin tau nyob ncaj qha rau hauv cov ntshav plasma. Nrog rau txoj kev loj hlob, kev xav tau ntawm cov tsiaj txhu rau oxygen nce. Yog li ntawd, tus nqi ntawm hemoglobin hauv cov ntshav nce ntxiv, uas ua rau cov ntshav khov thiab ua rau ua pa nyuaj. Txoj kev tawm ntawm qhov no yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov qe ntshav liab. Thawj cov qe ntshav liab yog cov qauv loj heev, feem ntau yog nyob hauv lub nucleus. Lawm, cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov pa pigment nrog xws li ib tug qauv yog insignificant, vim hais tias tsuas yog tsis muaj chaw txaus rau nws.
Ntxiv mus, evolutionary metamorphoses tsim los ntawm kev txo qis ntawm erythrocytes, nce hauv concentration thiab ploj ntawm cov nucleus hauv lawv. Tam sim no, cov duab biconcave ntawm cov qe ntshav liab yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau ua pov thawj tias hemoglobin yog ib qho ntawm cov xim qub tshaj plaws. Nws yog txawm pom nyob rau hauv lub hlwb ntawm primitive ciliates. Nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb niaj hnub organic, hemoglobin tau tuav nws txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb nrog rau kev muaj lwm cov xim ua pa, vim nws nqa cov pa ntau tshaj plaws.
Oxygen muaj peev xwmntshav
Nyob rau hauv cov ntshav hlab ntsha, tsuas yog qee cov pa roj tuaj yeem nyob rau hauv ib lub xeev khi rau tib lub sijhawm. Qhov ntsuas no hu ua oxygen peev xwm. Nws nyob ntawm ntau yam. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, qhov no yog tus nqi ntawm hemoglobin. Qav erythrocytes nyob rau hauv no hais txog yog qhov tsis zoo rau tib neeg cov qe ntshav liab. Lawv muaj me me ntawm cov pa pigment thiab lawv cov concentration tsawg. Rau kev sib piv: amphibian hemoglobin muaj nyob rau hauv 100 ml ntawm lawv cov ntshav khi cov pa oxygen sib npaug li 11 ml, thaum tib neeg cov duab no nce mus txog 25.
Cov yam ntxwv uas ua rau muaj peev xwm ntawm hemoglobin txhawm rau txuas cov pa nrog rau kev nce hauv lub cev kub, pH ntawm ib puag ncig sab hauv, qhov concentration ntawm intracellular organic phosphate.
qauv ntawm Qav erythrocytes
Thaum tshuaj xyuas Qav erythrocytes nyob rau hauv lub tshuab kuaj kab mob, nws yooj yim pom tias cov hlwb no yog eukaryotic. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv muaj ib tug loj dai kom zoo nkauj core nyob rau hauv qhov chaw. Nws occupies ib qhov chaw loj loj piv rau cov pa pigments. Yog li ntawd, cov pa oxygen uas lawv nqa tau tau txo qis heev.
Kev sib piv ntawm tib neeg thiab qav erythrocytes
cov qe ntshav liab ntawm tib neeg thiab amphibians muaj ntau qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb. Lawv cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev ua haujlwm. Yog li, tib neeg erythrocytes tsis muaj cov nucleus, uas ua rau muaj kev nce ntxiv ntawm cov pa pigments thiab cov pa oxygen. Hauv lawv yogCov tshuaj tshwj xeeb - hemoglobin. Nws muaj cov protein thiab ib feem uas muaj hlau - heme. Qav erythrocytes kuj muaj cov xim ua pa, tab sis nyob rau hauv ntau me me. Kev ua tau zoo ntawm kev sib pauv roj kuj tseem nce ntxiv vim yog cov duab biconcave ntawm tib neeg erythrocytes. Lawv loj me me, yog li lawv cov concentration ntau dua. Lub ntsiab zoo sib xws ntawm tib neeg thiab Qav erythrocytes nyob rau hauv kev siv ntawm ib qho kev ua haujlwm - ua pa.
RBC size
Cov qauv ntawm Qav erythrocytes yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm qhov loj me, uas ncav cuag txoj kab uas hla mus txog 23 microns. Hauv tib neeg, daim duab no tsawg dua. Nws cov qe ntshav liab yog 7-8 microns loj.
Kev sib tw
Vim lawv qhov loj me, Qav cov ntshav erythrocytes kuj muaj qhov tsis txaus ntseeg. Yog li, hauv 1 cubic mm cov ntshav ntawm amphibians muaj 0.38 lab ntawm lawv. Rau kev sib piv, hauv tib neeg cov lej no nce mus txog 5 lab, uas ua rau muaj peev xwm ua pa ntawm nws cov ntshav.
RBC shape
Thaum tshuaj xyuas Qav erythrocytes nyob rau hauv lub tshuab tsom, ib tus tuaj yeem txiav txim siab lawv cov duab sib npaug. Nws tsis muaj txiaj ntsig zoo dua li biconcave tib neeg cov qe ntshav liab discs vim tias nws tsis ua kom cov pa ua pa thiab ua rau muaj qhov ntim loj hauv cov hlab ntsha. Qhov tseeb oval zoo ntawm Qav erythrocyte kiag li rov hais dua ntawm cov nucleus. Nws muaj cov kab ntawm chromatin uas muaj cov ntaub ntawv caj ces.
tsiaj txias
Cov duab ntawm Qav erythrocyte, nrog rau nws cov qauv sab hauv, tso cai rau nws nqa tsuas yog cov pa oxygen xwb. Qhov no yog vim qhov tseeb tias amphibians tsis xav tau ntau npaum li cov roj no li tsiaj txhu. Nws yog ib qho yooj yim heev los piav qhov no. Hauv amphibians, kev ua pa yog ua tsis tau tsuas yog los ntawm lub ntsws, tab sis kuj los ntawm daim tawv nqaij.
pab pawg tsiaj no yog ntshav txias. Qhov no txhais tau tias lawv lub cev kub nyob ntawm qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov ntsuas no hauv ib puag ncig. Cov cim no ncaj qha nyob ntawm tus qauv ntawm lawv cov hlab ntsha. Yog li, nyob nruab nrab ntawm lub plawv ntawm amphibians tsis muaj kev faib tawm. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lawv txoj cai atrium, venous thiab arterial ntshav sib tov thiab nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no nkag mus rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg thiab kabmob. Nrog rau cov yam ntxwv ntawm erythrocytes, qhov no ua rau lawv cov pa pauv pauv tsis zoo ib yam li cov tsiaj ntshav sov.
Cov kab mob ntshav sov muaj lub cev kub tsis tu ncua. Cov no suav nrog cov noog thiab tsiaj txhu, suav nrog tib neeg. Nyob rau hauv lawv lub cev, tsis muaj kev sib xyaw ntawm venous thiab arterial ntshav. Qhov no yog qhov tshwm sim los ntawm kev muaj ib qho septum tiav ntawm cov chav hauv lawv lub siab. Yog li ntawd, tag nrho cov ntaub so ntswg thiab kabmob, tshwj tsis yog lub ntsws, tau txais cov ntshav dawb huv uas muaj cov pa oxygen. Nrog rau cov thermoregulation zoo dua, qhov no ua rau muaj kev nce siab ntawm kev sib pauv roj.
Yog li, hauv peb tsab xov xwm peb tau tshuaj xyuas dab tsi nta tib neeg thiab Qav erythrocytes muaj. Lawv qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb cuam tshuam txog qhov loj me, muaj cov nucleus thiab qib concentration hauv cov ntshav. Qav erythrocytes yog cov hlwb eukaryotic, lawv loj dua, thiab lawv cov concentration tsawg. Vim cov qauv no, lawv muaj me me ntawm cov pa pigment, yog li pulmonary gas exchange in amphibians yog tsawg npaum li cas. Qhov no yog them nrog kev pab los ntawm ib tug ntxiv system ntawm daim tawv nqaij ua pa, cov yam ntxwv ntawm erythrocytes, lub circulatory system thiab cov mechanisms ntawm thermoregulation txiav txim siab cov ntshav txias ntawm amphibians.
Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov hlwb no hauv tib neeg tau nce zuj zus. Cov duab biconcave, me me thiab tsis muaj lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ua rau kom cov pa oxygen nqa thiab tus nqi pauv roj. Tib neeg erythrocytes ua haujlwm ua pa ua haujlwm tau zoo dua, sai sai saturating tag nrho cov hlwb ntawm lub cev nrog oxygen thiab tso carbon dioxide.
