Cov ntsiab lus "minerals" thiab "pob zeb" feem ntau pom muaj nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv kev tshawb fawb nrov. Cov neeg uas tsis muaj kev kawm tshwj xeeb tsis qhia cov ntsiab lus no, pom cov lus no yuav luag yog cov lus sib piv. Qhov no yog categorically tsis ncaj ncees lawm. Cia peb saib seb cov pob zeb txawv li cas ntawm pob zeb.
Minerals
Yuav kom paub seb lub pob zeb txawv li cas ntawm pob zeb, xav txog txhua qhov tsim ntuj tsim kom ntxaws. Raws li cov kev cai ntawm International Mineralogical Association, cov zaub mov muaj xws li cov khoom tsim nyob rau hauv lub plab hnyuv ntawm lub ntiaj teb los yog nws qhov chaw, uas muaj tib yam tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab siv lead ua qauv.
Tab sis tsis yog tag nrho cov zaub mov raws nraim li lub ntsiab lus. Piv txwv li, muaj cov khoom uas muaj tib yam tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg, tab sis tsis tsim ib tug siv lead ua lattice, lub thiaj li hu ua amorphous minerals (opal). Atoms nyob rau hauv cov qauv no nyob ze heev rau ib leeg thiab tsis tsim ib qho kev txiav tximtshuab. Hauv qhov no, kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov atoms muaj zog heev. Lawv cov qauv tuaj yeem muab piv rau iav.
Kev faib tawm ntawm cov zaub mov
Cov kws tshawb fawb muaj txog 2500 cov zaub mov, uas muaj lawv tus kheej ntau yam. Raws li cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg uas ua rau muaj qhov sib xyaw, cov zaub mov tau muab faib ua ntau pawg:
- Cov ntsiab lus ib txwm muaj yog cov khoom uas nws siv lead ua lattice muaj tsuas yog ib qho tshuaj lom neeg. Piv txwv li, sulfur, kub, platinum. Qhov tseeb nthuav: pob zeb diamond thiab graphite yog cov zaub mov uas muaj cov pa roj carbon, tab sis muaj cov qauv siv lead ua sib txawv. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, pob zeb diamond yog tus qauv ntawm lub zog, thaum graphite, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, yog mos heev. Cov pab pawg no suav nrog kwv yees li 90 minerals.
- Sulfides yog cov zaub mov uas nws cov muaju muaj cov sulfur thiab hlau lossis tsis yog hlau. Piv txwv li, galena, sphalerite. Qhov tseeb nthuav: cov ntxhia pyrite muaj lub npe thib ob "fool's gold". Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias outwardly pyrite zoo ib yam li xim thiab xim hlau luster rau ib tug precious hlau. Cov pab pawg no suav nrog kwv yees li 200 minerals.
- Sulfates yog cov ntsev ntuj ntawm sulfuric acid. Piv txwv li, barite, jarosite, gypsum, anhydrite. Qhov tseeb nthuav: barite yog tib cov ntxhia uas tuaj yeem ua rau x-rays. Yog li ntawd, cov ntxaij vab tshaus hauv chav X-ray yog ua los ntawm cov pob zeb hauv av, thiab cov phab ntsa yog them nrog barite plaster. Cov pab pawg suav nrog txog 260 minerals.
- Halides yog cov zaub mov tsim los ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm ntau yam tshuaj nrog halogens. Piv txwv li, fluorite, sylvin, halite. Nthuav qhov tseeb: RomanEmperor Nero muaj qhov tsis muaj zog rau fluorite, yuav khoom los ntawm nws rau cov nyiaj ntau heev. Cov pab pawg suav nrog txog 100 minerals.
- Phosphates yog ntuj ntsev ntawm phosphoric acid. Piv txwv li, vivianite, purpurite, apatite. Qhov tseeb nthuav: turquoise yog lub pob zeb uas nyiam tshaj plaws ntawm Persians. Tus nqi ntawm qee cov ntawv luam yog 3-4 npaug ntawm tus nqi kub. Muaj kwv yees li 350 cov zaub mov hauv pawg.
- Carbonates yog ntuj ntsev ntawm carbonic acid. Piv txwv li, calcite, dolomite, magnesite. Qhov tseeb nthuav: lub roob ntawm Alps suav nrog ib qho chaw hu ua Dolomites, vim tias dolomite suav nrog cov pob zeb. Cov roob tig liab liab thaum raug tshav ntuj.
- Oxides yog cov zaub mov tsim los ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm cov hlau thiab oxides. Piv txwv li, alexandrite, flint, opal. Nthuav qhov tseeb: ametrine yog ib qho ntawm cov rarest nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Nws peculiarity yog tias cov qauv ntawm cov pob zeb zoo nkauj yog qhov tshwj xeeb, txhua daim ntawv tshiab txawv ntawm yav dhau los. Cov pab pawg muaj txog 200 minerals.
- Silicates - cov pab pawg dav dav tshaj plaws, uas suav nrog silicon, txhuas. Piv txwv li, topaz, plagioclase, serpentine. Nthuav qhov tseeb: txawm tias ua ntej kev tsim cov iav, mica daim hlau tau muab tso rau hauv qhov rais.
Tam sim no, txhawm rau pom qhov sib txawv thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm pob zeb thiab pob zeb, cia peb txheeb xyuas thawj lub npe lub tswv yim.
Rocks
Cov ntxhia tsis pom muaj nyob hauv ib qho qauv hauv lub ntiaj teb pob zeb. Raws li txoj cai, nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm lwm yam, lawvcoalesce tsim pob zeb. Yog li, minerals txawv ntawm pob zeb nyob rau hauv uas lawv yog nws lub tsev blocks. Tab sis tsis yog tag nrho cov minerals koom nrog hauv kev tsim cov pob zeb. Yog li ntawd, cov kws tshawb fawb faib lawv mus rau hauv pob zeb tsim (feem ntau silicates) thiab ntxiv.
Rock classification
Rau qhov kev nkag siab kom paub meej tias cov zaub mov txawv li cas ntawm pob zeb, cia peb txheeb xyuas qhov tsim ntawm qhov kawg. Geologists paub qhov txawv peb pawg pob zeb raws li txoj kev ntawm lawv lub hauv paus chiv keeb:
- Igneous tau tsim los ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm magma nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb thickness los yog nyob rau saum npoo (volcanoes). Lawv yog cov pob zeb tseem ceeb los ntawm qhov uas, vim muaj ntau yam kev cuam tshuam ib puag ncig, cov pob zeb ntawm ob pawg seem tau tsim. Piv txwv li, granite, bas alt, gabbro.
- Metamorphic tau tsim los ntawm kev txav tectonic ntawm lub ntiaj teb crust. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias cov pob zeb sedimentary thiab magmatites tau rov qab los rau hauv lub ntiaj teb lub thickness thiab muaj, nyob rau hauv lub zog ntawm kub thiab siab, lawv tau hloov mus rau hauv cov pob zeb tshiab. Piv txwv li, gneisses, shale, marble.
- Sedimentary pob zeb account tsuas yog 10%. Lawv raug tsim los ntawm kev ua ntawm cua, dej ntawm magmatites nyob rau saum npoo ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Piv txwv li, eluvium, deluvium, alluvium.
Kev tsim cov pob zeb thiab cov zaub mov yog cov txheej txheem sib cais. Peb tau txiav txim siab yuav ua li cas cov ntxhia sib txawv ntawm pob zeb, thiab peb tuaj yeem ntseeg tau tias cov khoom ntawm lub ntiaj teb crust yog interconnected.
