Cov khoom siv tshuaj ntawm cov ntsiab lus feem ntau yog nyob ntawm lawv lub peev xwm yaj hauv dej thiab cov kua qaub. Txoj kev kawm ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm tooj liab yog txuam nrog kev ua haujlwm qis hauv ib txwm muaj. Ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm nws cov txheej txheem tshuaj yog tsim cov tebchaw nrog ammonia, mercury, nitric thiab sulfuric acids. Qhov qis solubility ntawm tooj liab hauv dej tsis muaj peev xwm ua rau cov txheej txheem corrosion. Nws muaj cov tshuaj tshwj xeeb uas tso cai rau cov khoom sib xyaw siv hauv ntau qhov kev lag luam.
nqe lus piav qhia
tooj liab suav tias yog cov hlau qub tshaj plaws uas tib neeg tau kawm rho tawm txawm tias ua ntej peb lub sijhawm. Cov khoom no yog tau los ntawm tej yam ntuj tso chaw nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ore. tooj liab yog hu ua ib lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov tshuaj lub rooj nrog lub Latin lub npe cuprum, uas nws serial tooj yog 29. Nyob rau hauv lub periodic system, nws yog nyob rau hauv lub thib plaub lub sij hawm thiab belongs rau thawj pab pawg neeg.
Cov khoom ntuj yog xim liab-liab hnyav nrog cov qauv mos thiab malleable. Nws lub boiling thiab melting point yogTshaj 1000 ° C. suav hais tias yog tus coj zoo.
Cov qauv tshuaj thiab cov khoom
Yog tias koj kawm cov qauv hluav taws xob ntawm lub atom tooj liab, koj yuav pom tias nws muaj 4 qib. Tsuas muaj ib qho hluav taws xob nyob rau hauv lub valence 4s orbital. Thaum cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshuaj, los ntawm 1 mus rau 3 qhov tsis zoo them cov khoom tuaj yeem raug cais tawm ntawm lub atom, tom qab ntawd cov tooj liab sib txuas nrog lub xeev oxidation ntawm +3, +2, +1. Nws cov divalent derivatives yog qhov ruaj khov tshaj plaws.
Hauv tshuaj tiv thaiv, nws ua raws li cov hlau tsis muaj zog. Raws li ib txwm muaj, qhov solubility ntawm tooj liab hauv dej tsis tuaj. Nyob rau hauv cov huab cua qhuav, corrosion tsis pom, tab sis thaum rhuab, hlau nto yog them nrog ib tug dub txheej ntawm divalent oxide. Cov tshuaj stability ntawm tooj liab yog manifested nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm anhydrous gases, carbon, ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov organic tebchaw, phenolic resins thiab cawv. Nws yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm txoj kev tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog kev tso tawm cov xim sib txuas. Tooj liab muaj qhov sib xws me ntsis nrog cov alkali pawg hlau, cuam tshuam nrog kev tsim cov derivatives ntawm monovalent series.
Yuav ua li cas yog solubility?
Qhov no yog txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim cov homogeneous systems nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov kev daws teeb meem nyob rau hauv kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm ib tug compound nrog rau lwm yam tshuaj. Lawv cov khoom yog ib tus neeg molecules, atoms, ions thiab lwm yam hais. Lub degree ntawm solubility yog txiav txim los ntawm qhov concentration ntawm cov khoom uas tau yaj thaum tau txais ib tug saturated tov.
Chav ntsuas ntsuas feem ntau yog feem pua, ntim lossis qhov hnyav. Kev solubility ntawm tooj liab hauv dej, zoo li lwm cov khoom sib txuas, tsuas yog hloov pauv ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. Qhov kev vam khom no tau hais los ntawm kev siv nkhaus. Yog tias qhov taw qhia me me, ces cov khoom raug suav tias yog insoluble.
Solubility ntawm tooj liab hauv dej
Hlau nthuav tawm kev tiv thaiv corrosion hauv qab dej hiav txwv. Qhov no ua pov thawj nws inertia nyob rau hauv ib txwm muaj mob. Kev solubility ntawm tooj liab hauv dej (cov dej tshiab) yog xyaum tsis tau pom. Tab sis nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw ntub thiab nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm carbon dioxide, ib tug ntsuab zaj duab xis yog tsim nyob rau hauv cov hlau nto, uas yog lub ntsiab carbonate:
Cu + Cu + O2 + H2O + CO2 → Cu (OH)2 CuCO2.
Yog tias peb xav txog nws cov khoom sib xyaw monovalent hauv daim ntawv ntsev, ces lawv qhov kev sib cais me ntsis tau pom. Cov khoom zoo li no raug oxidation sai. Yog li ntawd, divalent tooj liab tebchaw tau txais. Cov ntsev no muaj zoo solubility nyob rau hauv aqueous media. Lawv tag nrho dissociation rau hauv ions tshwm sim.
YSolubility hauv acids
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ib txwm ntawm tooj liab nrog qaug zog lossis dilute acids tsis nyiam lawv cov kev cuam tshuam. Cov txheej txheem tshuaj ntawm cov hlau nrog alkalis tsis tau pom. Kev solubility ntawm tooj liab hauv cov kua qaub yog ua tau yog tias lawv muaj zog oxidizing cov neeg ua haujlwm. Tsuas yog hauv qhov no xwb thiaj li muaj kev sib cuam tshuam.
Solubility ntawm tooj liab hauv nitric acid
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo li no tuaj yeem ua tau vim qhov tseeb tias cov hlau yog oxidized nrog lub zog reagent. Nitric acid nyob rau hauv dilute thiab concentrateddaim ntawv nthuav tawm cov khoom oxidizing nrog kev tawg ntawm tooj liab.
Hauv thawj qhov sib txawv, thaum lub sijhawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, tooj liab nitrate thiab nitrogen divalent oxide tau txais hauv qhov sib piv ntawm 75% mus rau 25%. Cov txheej txheem nrog dilute nitric acid tuaj yeem piav qhia los ntawm qhov sib npaug hauv qab no:
8HNO3 + 3Cu → 3Cu(NO3)2 + TSIS + TSIS + 4H2O.
Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub thib ob, tooj liab nitrate thiab nitrogen oxides tau divalent thiab tetravalent, qhov piv ntawm uas yog 1 mus rau 1. Cov txheej txheem no suav nrog 1 mol ntawm hlau thiab 3 mol ntawm concentrated nitric acid. Thaum tooj liab yog yaj, cov tshuaj yog kub heev, ua rau thermal decomposition ntawm oxidizer thiab tso tawm ib qho ntxiv ntim ntawm nitric oxides:
4HNO3 + Cu → Cu(NO3)2 + NO 2+ NO2 + 2H2O.
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog siv hauv cov khoom me me uas cuam tshuam nrog kev ua cov khoom seem lossis tshem tawm cov coatings ntawm cov khib nyiab. Txawm li cas los xij, txoj kev no ntawm kev sib cais tooj liab muaj ntau qhov tsis zoo cuam tshuam nrog kev tso tawm ntau ntawm nitrogen oxides. Txhawm rau ntes lossis nruab nrab lawv, yuav tsum muaj cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb. Cov txheej txheem no kim heev.
Kev tawg ntawm tooj liab yog suav tias yog tiav thaum muaj kev ua tiav ntawm kev tsim cov tsis muaj zog nitrogenous oxides. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kub yog li ntawm 60 txog 70 ° C. Cov kauj ruam tom ntej yog kom tshem tawm cov tshuaj los ntawm cov tshuaj reactor. Hauv qab nws muaj cov hlau me me uas tsis muaj qhov cuam tshuam. Dej yog ntxiv rau lub resulting kua thiabfiltering.
Solubility hauv sulfuric acid
Nyob hauv lub xeev ib txwm, qhov kev tshwm sim tsis tshwm sim. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev txiav txim siab qhov kev sib cais ntawm tooj liab hauv sulfuric acid yog nws cov concentration. Lub dilute nruab nrab tsis tuaj yeem oxidize cov hlau. Kev tawg ntawm tooj liab hauv concentrated sulfuric acid pib nrog kev tso tawm ntawm sulfate.
Cov txheej txheem yog qhia los ntawm kab zauv hauv qab no:
Cu + H2SO4 + H2SO 4 → CuSO4 + 2H2O + SO2.
Khoom ntawm tooj liab sulfate
Dibasic ntsev tseem hu ua sulfate, qhia raws li hauv qab no: CuSO4. Nws yog ib yam khoom uas tsis muaj tus yam ntxwv tsw, tsis qhia volatility. Nyob rau hauv nws daim ntawv anhydrous, ntsev yog xim tsis muaj xim, opaque, thiab hygroscopic heev. Tooj liab (sulfate) muaj zoo solubility. Cov dej molecules, koom nrog cov ntsev, tuaj yeem tsim cov khoom siv lead ua hydrate. Ib qho piv txwv yog tooj liab sulfate, uas yog xiav pentahydrate. Nws cov qauv yog: CuSO4 5H2O.
Crystal hydrates muaj cov qauv pob tshab ntawm lub ntsej muag xiav, lawv pom qhov iab, xim hlau saj. Lawv cov molecules muaj peev xwm poob dej khi rau lub sijhawm. Nyob rau hauv cov xwm, lawv tshwm sim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov minerals, uas muaj xws li chalcanthite thiab butite.
cuam tshuam los ntawm tooj liab sulfate. Solubility yog exothermic cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm ntsev hydration, ib tug tseem ceeb npaum li cas ntawmkub.
Solubility ntawm tooj liab hauv hlau
Raws li cov txheej txheem no, pseudo-alloys ntawm Fe thiab Cu yog tsim. Rau cov hlau hlau thiab tooj liab, txwv kev sib nrig sib solubility yog ua tau. Nws cov txiaj ntsig siab tshaj plaws yog pom ntawm qhov ntsuas kub ntawm 1099.85 ° C. Lub degree ntawm solubility ntawm tooj liab nyob rau hauv cov khoom ntawm hlau yog 8.5%. Cov no yog cov ntsuas me me. Kev tawg ntawm cov hlau hlau hauv cov khoom ntawm tooj liab yog li 4.2%.
Txo qhov ntsuas kub rau chav tsev ua rau kev sib koom ua ke tsis tseem ceeb. Thaum nws yog xim hlau tooj liab melted, nws muaj peev xwm ntub hlau zoo nyob rau hauv daim ntawv. Thaum tau txais Fe thiab Cu pseudo-alloys, tshwj xeeb workpieces yog siv. Lawv yog tsim los ntawm nias los yog ci hlau hmoov, uas yog nyob rau hauv ntshiab los yog alloyed daim ntawv. Cov blanks no yog impregnated nrog kua tooj liab, tsim pseudo-alloys.
YDissolving hauv ammonia
Cov txheej txheem feem ntau ua dhau los ntawm NH3 hauv daim ntawv gaseous tshaj cov hlau kub. Qhov tshwm sim yog dissolution ntawm tooj liab nyob rau hauv ammonia, tso tawm Cu3N. Cov tshuaj no hu ua monovalent nitride.
Nws cov ntsev raug rau cov tshuaj ammonia. Qhov sib ntxiv ntawm xws li reagent rau tooj liab chloride ua rau nag lossis daus nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm hydroxide:
CuCl2 + NH3 + NH3 + 2H 2O → 2NH4Cl + Cu(OH)2↓.
Ammonia ntau dhau pab txhawb rau kev tsim cov txheej txheem sib xyaw nrog cov xim xiav tsaus:
Cu(OH)2↓+ 4NH3 → [Cu(NH3)4] (OH)2.
txheej txheem no yog siv los txiav txim siab cuprous ions.
Solubility hauv cam khwb cia hlau
Nyob rau hauv cov qauv ntawm cov hlau pearlitic, ntxiv rau cov khoom tseem ceeb, muaj ib qho ntxiv hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov tooj liab zoo tib yam. Nws yog nws uas ua rau kom cov graphitization ntawm carbon atoms, pab mus rau ib tug nce nyob rau hauv fluidity, lub zog thiab hardness ntawm alloys. Cov hlau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau qib ntawm perlite hauv cov khoom kawg. Lub solubility ntawm tooj liab nyob rau hauv cam khwb cia hlau yog siv los nqa tawm alloying ntawm thawj muaj pes tsawg leeg. Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm cov txheej txheem no yog kom tau txais cov hlau tsis muaj hlau. Nws yuav muaj kev txhim kho txhua yam thiab corrosion tab sis txo embrittlement.
Yog tias cov ntsiab lus tooj liab hauv cam khwb cia hlau yog li 1%, ces lub zog tensile sib npaug li 40%, thiab fluidity nce mus rau 50%. Qhov no tseem ceeb hloov cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov alloy. Kev nce ntawm cov hlau alloying mus rau 2% ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm lub zog mus rau tus nqi ntawm 65%, thiab cov txiaj ntsig tau nce mus txog 70%. Nrog rau cov ntsiab lus tooj liab ntau dua hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov hlau cam khwb cia, nodular graphite yog qhov nyuaj rau tsim. Kev taw qhia ntawm cov khoom siv alloying rau hauv cov qauv tsis hloov cov cuab yeej ntawm kev tsim cov tawv thiab mos alloy. Lub sij hawm faib rau annealing coincides nrog lub sij hawm ntawm xws li ib tug tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov cam khwb cia hlau yam tsis muaj tooj liab impurities. Nws yog 10 teev.
Kev siv tooj liab ua kom siabsilicon concentration tsis tuaj yeem tshem tawm tag nrho qhov hu ua ferruginization ntawm qhov sib tov thaum lub sij hawm annealing. Qhov tshwm sim yog cov khoom uas tsis tshua muaj elasticity.
Solubility hauv mercury
Thaum mercury tov nrog hlau ntawm lwm yam, amalgams tau txais. Cov txheej txheem no tuaj yeem tshwm sim ntawm chav tsev kub, vim tias nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej zoo li no Pb yog kua. Solubility ntawm tooj liab nyob rau hauv mercury kis tau tsuas yog thaum cua sov. Cov hlau yuav tsum tau ua ntej crushed. Thaum ntub cov khoom tooj liab nrog cov kua mercury, ib yam khoom cuam tshuam rau lwm tus lossis diffuses. Tus nqi solubility yog qhia raws li feem pua thiab yog 7.410-3. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsim ib qho yooj yim amalgam, zoo ib yam li cov cement. Yog tias koj sov nws me ntsis, nws yuav soften. Yog li ntawd, qhov sib tov no yog siv los kho cov khoom porcelain. Kuj tseem muaj cov amalgams nyuaj nrog cov ntsiab lus hlau zoo. Piv txwv li, cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov nyiaj, tin, tooj liab thiab zinc muaj nyob rau hauv cov hniav hlau. Lawv tus lej hauv feem pua yog 65:27:6:2. Amalgam nrog cov ntsiab lus no hu ua nyiaj. Txhua feem ntawm cov hlau ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb, uas tso cai rau koj kom tau txais cov khoom zoo.
Lwm qhov piv txwv yog amalgam alloy, uas muaj cov ntsiab lus tooj liab siab. Nws tseem hu ua tooj liab alloy. Cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm amalgam muaj los ntawm 10 mus rau 30% Cu. Cov ntsiab lus tooj liab siab tiv thaiv kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm tin nrog mercury, uas tiv thaiv kev tsim ntawm lub zog tsis muaj zog thiab corrosive ntawm cov hlau. Tsuas yogTsis tas li ntawd, qhov txo qis ntawm cov nyiaj hauv qhov txhaws ua rau txo tus nqi. Rau kev npaj ntawm amalgam, nws yog ntshaw kom siv ib tug inert cua los yog ib tug tiv thaiv kua uas tsim ib zaj duab xis. Cov hlau uas ua rau cov hlau yog muaj peev xwm oxidize sai sai nrog huab cua. Cov txheej txheem ntawm cua sov cuprum amalgam nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm hydrogen ua rau lub distillation ntawm mercury, uas tso cai rau kev sib cais ntawm elemental tooj liab. Raws li koj tau pom, lub ntsiab lus no yooj yim kawm. Tam sim no koj paub tias tooj liab cuam tshuam li cas tsis yog dej xwb, tab sis kuj nrog cov kua qaub thiab lwm yam khoom.
