Nyob hauv lub neej niaj hnub, tib neeg tsis tshua pom cov khoom ntshiab. Cov khoom feem ntau yog cov khoom sib tov.
Cov tshuaj yog homogeneous sib xyaw uas cov khoom sib xyaw sib xyaw. Muaj ntau ntau hom raws li qhov loj me: cov tshuab ntxhib, cov tshuaj molecular thiab cov tshuab colloidal, uas feem ntau hu ua sols. Kab lus no hais txog cov kev daws teeb meem molecular (los yog qhov tseeb). Lub solubility ntawm cov khoom nyob rau hauv dej yog ib qho ntawm cov xwm txheej tseem ceeb cuam tshuam rau kev tsim cov tebchaw.
Solubility ntawm cov tshuaj: nws yog dab tsi thiab vim li cas nws thiaj li xav tau
Yuav kom nkag siab lub ntsiab lus no, koj yuav tsum paub tias cov kev daws teeb meem thiab kev solubility ntawm cov tshuaj yog dab tsi. Hauv cov ntsiab lus yooj yim, qhov no yog lub peev xwm ntawm cov khoom siv los ua ke nrog lwm tus thiab tsim kom muaj kev sib xyaw ua ke. Los ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm kev tshawb fawb, kev txhais ntau dua tuaj yeem xav txog. Lub solubility ntawm cov tshuaj yog lawv lub peev xwm los tsim homogeneous (los yog heterogeneous) compositions nrog ib los yog ntau yam tshuaj nrog ib tug dispersed tis ntawm cov khoom. Muaj ntau chav kawm ntawm cov tshuaj thiab cov khoom sib txuas:
- instant;
- poorly soluble;
- insoluble.
Qhov ntsuas ntawm qhov solubility ntawm ib yam khoom hais tias
Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov khoom hauv cov khoom sib xyaw saturated yog ntsuas ntawm nws cov solubility. Raws li tau hais los saum no, rau txhua yam khoom nws txawv. Soluble yog cov uas muaj peev xwm dilute ntau tshaj 10g ntawm lawv tus kheej hauv 100g dej. Cov qeb thib ob yog tsawg dua 1 g nyob rau hauv tib lub sijhawm. Xyaum insoluble yog cov nyob rau hauv cov sib tov uas tsawg tshaj li 0.01 g ntawm cov khoom kis. Hauv qhov no, cov tshuaj tsis tuaj yeem hloov nws cov molecules rau dej.
Yuav ua li cas yog tus solubility coefficient
Cov solubility coefficient (k) yog qhov qhia txog qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov khoom (g) uas tuaj yeem diluted hauv 100 g dej lossis lwm yam khoom.
Siab
txheej txheem no suav nrog cov kuab tshuaj thiab cov kuab tshuaj. Thawj qhov txawv ntawm qhov pib nws yog nyob rau hauv tib lub xeev ntawm aggregation raws li qhov kawg sib tov. Raws li txoj cai, nws tau noj ntau dua.
Txawm li cas los xij, ntau tus neeg paub tias dej nyob hauv qhov chaw tshwj xeeb hauv chemistry. Muaj cov cai cais rau nws. Cov tshuaj uas H2O tam sim no yog hu ua cov tshuaj aqueous. Thaum tham txog lawv, cov kua yog ib qho extractant txawm tias nws nyob rau hauv ib qho me me. Ib qho piv txwv yog 80% daws ntawm nitric acid hauv dej. Cov proportions ntawm no tsis sib npaug Txawm hais tias qhov kev faib ua feem ntawm cov dej tsawg dua cov kua qaub, nws tsis raug hu cov tshuaj 20% tov dej hauv nitric acid.
Yuav muaj cov sib tov uas tsis muaj H2O. Lawv yuav ris lub npetsis muaj dej. Xws li cov tshuaj electrolyte yog ionic conductors. Lawv muaj ib qho los yog sib tov ntawm extractants. Lawv yog tsim los ntawm ions thiab molecules. Lawv tau siv hauv kev lag luam xws li tshuaj, tsim cov tshuaj hauv tsev, tshuaj pleev ib ce thiab lwm qhov chaw. Lawv tuaj yeem ua ke ntau yam xav tau nrog cov solubility sib txawv. Lub Cheebtsam ntawm ntau yam khoom siv sab nraud yog hydrophobic. Hauv lwm lo lus, lawv tsis cuam tshuam zoo nrog dej. Nyob rau hauv xws li kev sib tov, cov kuab tshuaj yuav volatile, tsis-volatile, los yog ua ke. Organic tshuaj nyob rau hauv thawj rooj plaub dissolve rog zoo. Cov volatiles muaj xws li cawv, hydrocarbons, aldehydes, thiab lwm yam. Lawv feem ntau suav nrog hauv cov tshuaj hauv tsev. Non-volatile feem ntau yog siv rau kev tsim cov tshuaj pleev. Cov no yog cov roj fatty, kua paraffin, glycerin thiab lwm yam. Kev sib xyaw ua ke yog kev sib xyaw ntawm cov volatile thiab non-volatile, piv txwv li, ethanol nrog glycerin, glycerin nrog dimexide. Lawv kuj tseem muaj dej.
Hom kev daws teeb meem los ntawm qib siab saturation
A saturated solution yog ib qho kev sib xyaw ntawm cov tshuaj uas muaj qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm ib yam khoom hauv cov kuab tshuaj ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. Nws yuav tsis yug ntxiv. Nyob rau hauv kev npaj ntawm ib yam khoom, nag lossis daus yog pom, uas yog nyob rau hauv dynamic equilibrium nrog nws. Lub tswv yim no txhais tau hais tias ib lub xeev uas nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm vim nws ntws ib txhij nyob rau hauv ob opposite lus qhia (forward thiab thim rov qab tshwm sim) nyob rau tib lub ceev.
Yog cov khoomntawm qhov kub tsis tu ncua tseem tuaj yeem decompose, ces qhov kev daws no yog unsaturated. Lawv ruaj khov. Tab sis yog tias koj ntxiv cov tshuaj rau lawv, ces nws yuav diluted hauv dej (los yog lwm yam kua) kom txog thaum nws nce mus txog qhov siab tshaj plaws.
Lwm saib - oversaturated. Nws muaj cov kuab tshuaj ntau dua li tuaj yeem ua rau ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. Vim qhov tseeb tias lawv nyob hauv qhov sib npaug tsis ruaj khov, kev cuam tshuam lub cev ntawm lawv ua rau crystallization.
Yuav ua li cas koj qhia cov tshuaj saturated los ntawm ib tug unsaturated?
Qhov no yooj yim txaus ua. Yog hais tias cov khoom yog ib yam khoom, ces ib tug precipitate yuav pom nyob rau hauv ib tug saturated tov. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, cov extractant yuav thicken, xws li, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv ib tug saturated muaj pes tsawg leeg, dej uas qab zib tau ntxiv.
Tab sis yog tias koj hloov cov xwm txheej, nce qhov kub thiab txias, ces nws yuav tsis raug txiav txim siab. saturated, txij thaum nyob rau ntawm qhov kub siab tshaj qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov tshuaj no yuav yog lwm yam.
Theories ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev daws
Muaj peb txoj kev xav txog kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov ntsiab lus hauv kev sib xyaw: lub cev, tshuaj thiab niaj hnub. Cov kws sau ntawv thawj zaug yog Svante Lub Yim Hli Arrhenius thiab Wilhelm Friedrich Ostwald. Lawv xav tias, vim yog qhov sib txawv, cov khoom ntawm cov kuab tshuaj thiab cov kuab tshuaj tau sib npaug sib npaug thoob plaws hauv qhov ntim ntawm qhov sib tov, tab sis tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm lawv. Cov kev tshawb xav tshuaj muab tso rau pem hauv ntej los ntawm Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev yog qhov ntxeev ntawm nws. Raws li nws, raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm chemical kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm lawv, tsis ruaj tsis khovCov tebchaw ntawm qhov tsis tu ncua lossis sib txawv, uas yog hu ua solvates.
Tam sim no, kev sib koom ua ke txoj kev xav ntawm Vladimir Aleksandrovich Kistyakovsky thiab Ivan Alekseevich Kablukov tau siv. Nws combines lub cev thiab tshuaj. Cov kev xav niaj hnub no hais tias nyob rau hauv cov kev daws teeb meem muaj ob qho tib si tsis sib cuam tshuam cov khoom thiab cov khoom ntawm lawv cov kev sib cuam tshuam - solvates, lub hav zoov uas Mendeleev ua pov thawj. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub thaum lub extractant yog dej, lawv hu ua hydrates. Lub phenomenon uas solvates (hydrates) tsim yog hu ua solvation (hydration). Nws cuam tshuam rau tag nrho cov txheej txheem ntawm lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg thiab hloov cov khoom ntawm cov molecules hauv qhov sib tov. Kev daws teeb meem tshwm sim vim qhov tseeb tias lub plhaub kev daws teeb meem, suav nrog cov molecules ntawm cov extractant ze ze nrog nws, nyob ib puag ncig cov kua nplaum molecule.
Yam cuam tshuam rau kev solubility ntawm cov tshuaj
Tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov tshuaj. Txoj cai "zoo li nyiam nyiam" siv rau reagents ib yam nkaus. Cov khoom uas zoo sib xws hauv lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg tuaj yeem sib koom ua ke sai dua. Piv txwv li, cov tsis-polar compounds zoo nrog cov tsis-polar sawv daws yuav. Cov khoom uas muaj polar molecules los yog cov qauv ionic yog diluted nyob rau hauv cov polar ones, piv txwv li, hauv dej. Cov ntsev, alkalis thiab lwm yam khoom decompose nyob rau hauv nws, thaum uas tsis yog-polar sawv daws ua qhov opposite. Ib qho piv txwv yooj yim tuaj yeem muab tau. Txhawm rau npaj ib qho kev daws teeb meem ntawm cov suab thaj hauv dej, yuav tsum muaj cov khoom siv ntau dua li cov ntsev. Nws txhais li cas? Yooj yim muab, koj tuaj yeem yug ntau ntauqab zib hauv dej tshaj ntsev.
Kub. Txhawm rau kom cov kua dej ntau ntxiv hauv cov kua, koj yuav tsum ua kom qhov kub thiab txias ntawm cov extractant (ua haujlwm feem ntau). Ib qho piv txwv tuaj yeem pom. Yog tias koj muab ib lub pinch ntawm sodium chloride (ntsev) hauv dej txias, qhov txheej txheem no yuav siv sijhawm ntev. Yog tias koj ua tib yam nrog qhov nruab nrab kub, ces qhov kev sib cais yuav nrawm dua. Qhov no tau piav qhia los ntawm qhov tseeb tias vim qhov nce ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, lub zog kinetic nce, ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom uas feem ntau siv rau kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov khoom sib txuas ntawm cov molecules thiab ions ntawm cov khoom. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum kub nce hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lithium, magnesium, txhuas thiab alkali ntsev, lawv solubility txo.
siab. Qhov no tsuas yog cuam tshuam rau cov pa roj. Lawv solubility nce nrog nce siab. Tom qab tag nrho, qhov ntim ntawm cov pa roj raug txo.
Hloov pauv tus nqi
Tsis txhob nkim qhov ntsuas no nrog solubility. Tom qab tag nrho, cov xwm txheej sib txawv cuam tshuam qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm ob qhov ntsuas no.
Qib ntawm fragmentation ntawm cov khoom yaj. Qhov no cuam tshuam rau solubility ntawm cov khoom hauv cov kua. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho (lumpy) lub xeev, cov muaj pes tsawg leeg yog diluted ntev tshaj qhov uas yog tawg mus rau hauv me me pieces. Cia peb ua piv txwv. Ib qho ntsev ntsev yuav siv sij hawm ntev dua kom yaj hauv dej dua li ntsev hauv daim ntawv xuab zeb.
Ua kom nrawm. Raws li paub, cov txheej txheem no tuaj yeem ua kom muaj zog los ntawm kev nplawm. Nws qhov ceev kuj tseem ceeb heev, vim tias qhov loj dua, nws yuav yaj sai dua.tshuaj nyob rau hauv kua.
Vim li cas peb yuav tsum paub txog kev solubility ntawm cov khib nyiab hauv dej?
Ua ntej tshaj plaws, cov tswv yim zoo li no yuav tsum tau daws cov kev sib npaug tshuaj kom raug. Nyob rau hauv lub solubility table muaj nqi ntawm tag nrho cov tshuaj. Lawv yuav tsum tau paub nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav tsum tau sau cov reagents thiab kos cov kab zauv ntawm ib tug tshuaj tiv thaiv. Solubility hauv dej qhia seb cov ntsev los yog lub hauv paus puas tuaj yeem sib cais. Aqueous compounds uas ua tam sim no muaj zog electrolytes nyob rau hauv lawv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg. Muaj lwm hom. Cov uas ua tam sim no tsis zoo yog suav tias yog cov electrolytes tsis muaj zog. Nyob rau hauv thawj rooj plaub, lub Cheebtsam yog cov khoom uas yog kiag li ionized nyob rau hauv dej. Thaum tsis muaj zog electrolytes qhia qhov ntsuas no tsuas yog me me xwb.
Tshuaj lom neeg sib npaug
Muaj ntau hom kev sib npaug: molecular, tag nrho ionic thiab luv ionic. Qhov tseeb, qhov kev xaiv kawg yog ib daim ntawv luv luv ntawm molecular. Qhov no yog lo lus teb kawg. Qhov sib npaug ua tiav muaj cov reactants thiab cov khoom ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Tam sim no los txog ntawm lub rooj solubility ntawm cov khoom. Ua ntej koj yuav tsum xyuas seb qhov tshuaj tiv thaiv puas ua tau, uas yog, seb ib qho ntawm cov xwm txheej rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv puas tau ntsib. Tsuas muaj 3 ntawm lawv: kev tsim dej, tso pa roj, nag lossis daus. Yog tias thawj ob qho xwm txheej tsis tau ntsib, koj yuav tsum tau kuaj xyuas qhov kawg. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, koj yuav tsum tau saib ntawm lub rooj solubility thiab nrhiav seb puas muaj cov ntsev insoluble lossis hauv paus hauv cov khoom siv tshuaj tiv thaiv. Yog hais tias nws yog, ces qhov no yuav yog sediment. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub rooj yuav tsum tau sau qhov sib npaug ionic. Txij li tag nrho cov ntsev ntsev thiab cov hauv paus muaj zog electrolytes,ces lawv yuav decompose rau hauv cations thiab anions. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov ions tsis raug txo qis, thiab qhov sib npaug yog sau rau hauv daim ntawv luv. Piv txwv:
- K2SO4+BaCl2=BaSO4 ↓+2HCl,
- 2K+2SO4+Ba+2Cl=BaSO4↓+2K+2Cl,
- Ba+SO4=BaSO4↓.
Yog li, cov lus solubility ntawm cov tshuaj yog ib qho ntawm cov xwm txheej tseem ceeb rau kev daws cov kev sib npaug ionic.
Cov lus qhia ntxaws pab koj pom tias koj yuav tsum tau noj ntau npaum li cas los npaj cov khoom sib xyaw.
solubility table
Nov yog lub rooj ua tsis tiav ib txwm. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas cov dej kub tau qhia ntawm no, vim nws yog ib qho ntawm peb tau tham saum toj no.
Yuav siv lub rooj solubility li cas?
Lub rooj ntawm solubility ntawm cov khoom hauv dej yog ib qho ntawm cov pab cuam tseem ceeb ntawm kws tshuaj. Nws qhia tau hais tias ntau yam tshuaj thiab cov khoom sib txuas ua ke nrog dej. Lub solubility ntawm cov khib nyiab hauv cov kua yog qhov taw qhia uas tsis muaj ntau yam tshuaj siv tsis tau.
Lub rooj siv tau yooj yim heev. Cations (positively charged particles) yog sau nyob rau hauv thawj kab, anions (negatively charged particles) yog sau rau hauv kab thib ob. Feem ntau ntawm lub rooj yog nyob ntawm daim phiaj nrog qee cov cim hauv txhua lub xov tooj. Cov no yog cov tsiaj ntawv "P", "M", "H" thiab cov cim "-" thiab "?".
- "P" - compound dissolves;
- "M" - yaj me ntsis;
- "H" - tsis yaj;
- "-" - tsis muaj kev sib txuas;
- "?" - tsis muaj ntaub ntawv hais txog qhov muaj nyob ntawm kev sib txuas.
Muaj ib lub khoob khoob hauv lub rooj - qhov no yog dej.
piv txwv yooj yim
Tam sim no yuav ua li cas ua haujlwm nrog cov khoom zoo li no. Piv txwv tias koj yuav tsum paub seb cov ntsev puas yog soluble hauv dej - MgSo 4 (magnesium sulfate). Ua li no, koj yuav tsum nrhiav kab Mg2+ thiab nqis mus rau kab SO42-. Ntawm lawv qhov kev sib tshuam yog tsab ntawv P, uas txhais tau hais tias cov compound yog soluble.
Zoo kawg
Yog li, peb tau kawm cov lus nug ntawm kev solubility ntawm cov tshuaj hauv dej thiab tsis yog xwb. Tsis muaj qhov tsis ntseeg, qhov kev paub no yuav muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv kev kawm ntxiv ntawm chemistry. Tom qab tag nrho, solubility ntawm cov tshuaj plays lub luag hauj lwm tseem ceeb nyob rau ntawd. Nws yuav pab tau rau kev daws cov kev sib npaug tshuaj thiab ntau yam teeb meem.
