Lub xeev cov dej haus yog ib qho teeb meem tseem ceeb ntawm peb lub sijhawm. Tias yog vim li cas kev tsom xam ntawm qhov zoo ntawm cov kais dej yog qhov tseem ceeb heev. Kev ua qias tuaj ntawm cov dej qhib yog cuam tshuam nrog kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev lag luam kev lag luam, kev thauj mus los, tib neeg kev ua ub no.
yam tseem ceeb
Yuav tsum muaj kev nkag siab txog cov kab mob tseem ceeb ntawm cov dej haus uas cuam tshuam rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv. Kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm cov kais dej hauv Moscow yog ua raws li lub hauv paus ntawm lub chaw soj nstuam ntawm kev huv thiab kev kis kab mob raws li kev pom zoo.
Raws li cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tshawb fawb, kwv yees li 75 feem pua ntawm cov qauv ua rau muaj kev hem thawj rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv, thiab qhov tseem ceeb tshaj ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg muaj nyob hauv 12%.
Cov dej haus zoo yog qhov tsis xav tau yog qhov teeb meem ceev thiab loj heev ntawm peb lub sijhawm, yog vim li cas kev tshuaj xyuas tshuaj ntawm cov kais dej tseem ceeb heev.
Quality Metrics
Lawv muab faib ua ob peb pawg:
- organoleptic, uassuav nrog tsw, haze, xim;
- tshuaj (ntau yam tshuaj sib xyaw suav nrog);
- microbiological.
Cov xim dej yog vim muaj cov hlau sib xyaw ua ke, nws ntsuas pom qhov muag. Cov ntxhiab tsw ntawm cov dej yog muab los ntawm cov tshuaj volatile uas nkag mus rau nws nrog rau cov dej phwj tuaj. Qhov ua rau ntawm turbidity yog suav hais tias yog ntau yam ntawm cov khoom tawg yooj yim. Lub hauv paus ntawm saj ntawm cov kais dej tuaj yeem yog cov organic tshuaj ntawm cov nroj tsuag xwm.
Kev faib tawm los ntawm cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg
Yuav txhawm rau txheeb xyuas cov kais dej, koj yuav tsum paub cov tshuaj lom neeg tseem ceeb uas tuaj yeem suav nrog.
Cov khoom raug muab faib ua rau pawg raws li lawv cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg:
- Basic ions (macroelements), uas suav nrog cations ntawm potassium, magnesium, calcium. Lawv tsim 99.98% los ntawm qhov hnyav ntawm tag nrho cov ntsev yaj hauv dej.
- Cov pa roj carbon monoxide (oxygen, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen, methane).
- Biogenic tshuaj yog sawv cev los ntawm cov tebchaw ntawm phosphorus thiab nitrogen.
- Cov ntsiab lus yog cov hlau ions uas tshwm sim hauv me me.
- Cov tshuaj yaj yeeb yaj kiab, uas suav nrog cov cawv ntawm kev txwv thiab tsis txaus ntseeg, cov tshuaj tsw qab, hydrocarbons, thiab cov tshuaj muaj nitrogen. Thaum ntsuas lawv cov ntsiab lus ntau, cov tshuaj permanganate lossis dichromate oxidizability ntawm dej (COD), nrog rau kev thov cov pa oxygen biochemical suav.
- Cov pa phem - cov hlau hnyav,Cov khoom siv roj av, cov tshuaj organochlorine, phenols, cov khoom siv hluavtaws (surfactants).
Kev ntsuas ntsuas ntsuas
Kev tshuaj xyuas cov kais dej suav nrog kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov yam ntxwv hauv qab no:
- Cov ntsiab lus ntawm ntsev hauv nws (hais txog calcium bicarbonate).
- Alkalinity dej. Nws yog txiav txim los ntawm titrating ib tug qauv dej nrog ib tug muaj zog acid, xws li hydrochloric acid, nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm phenolphthalein (pH ntawm cov xim hloov yog 8.3), ces methyl txiv kab ntxwv (pH ntawm cov xim hloov yog 4.5).
- Oxidation. Rau cov dej haus, nws tsis tuaj yeem tshaj 100 mg / l (txoj kev permanganate).
- Dej tawv. Hardness yog txiav txim los ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm millimol sib npaug ntawm calcium thiab magnesium ions muaj nyob rau hauv 1 liter dej (mol / l). Rau kev haus dej haus, dej nrog qhov nruab nrab hardness yog siv.
Kev txiav txim siab ntawm chloride ions los ntawm titration ntawm silver nitrate
Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, kev soj ntsuam ntawm cov kais dej yog ua raws li cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb. Ib puas milliliters dej yog noj, ces chlorides txiav txim siab nyob rau hauv nws ntawm ib tug concentration txog li 100 mg ib 1 liter. Txhawm rau txheeb xyuas cov kais dej, cov qauv yog nkag mus rau hauv lub khob ntim dej huv, tom qab ntawd ntxiv ib milliliter ntawm potassium chromate tov. Ib qho piv txwv yog titrated nrog kev daws ntawm cov nyiaj nitrate kom txog rau thaum kuaj pom cov txiv kab ntxwv faint, qhov thib ob yog siv los ua tus qauv tswj. Tom ntej no los ntawm kev ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig, muab piv nrog cov ntaub ntawv tabular.
dej hardness tsom xam
Cia peb sim nkag siab yuav ua li cas txheeb xyuas cov kais dej txhawm rau txheeb xyuas nws qhov nyuaj. Raws liTxoj kev, 100 ml ntawm lim dej kais dej yog ntxiv rau lub khob conical. Tom qab ntawd ntxiv 5 ml ntawm cov tshuaj tsis haum, tom qab ntawd 5-7 tee ntawm chromogen-dub qhov taw qhia thiab titrate nrog lub zog nplawm nrog 0.05 N daws ntawm Trilon B kom txog thaum xim xiav ruaj khov tshwm. Tom ntej no los ntawm kev ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig, muab piv nrog cov qauv siv tau.
Kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov kab mob siv kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas titrimetric
Tau nrhiav qhov twg los ntsuas cov kais dej, cia peb sim nkag siab tias yuav txiav txim siab seb muaj kab mob hauv cov qauv ntawm cov kais dej.
Txoj kev titration yog tsim nyog nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv uas yuav tsum tau cov cuab yeej thiab cov ntaub ntawv uas tsis muaj nyob rau nqa tawm membrane pom. Nws yog ua raws li kev tsim cov kab mob tom qab sowing ib lub ntim ntawm cov dej nyob rau hauv ib tug nutrient kua nruab nrab, ua raws li los ntawm lawv re-seeding ntawm ib tug tshwj xeeb nutrient nruab nrab nrog lactose. Tom ntej no, cov cheeb tsam raug txheeb xyuas los ntawm kab lis kev cai thiab biochemical txoj kev.
Thaum tshuaj xyuas cov dej kais dej nrog cov txheej txheem zoo (tsim nyog rau kev saib xyuas kev huv tam sim no, kev tswj hwm ntau lawm), peb cov qauv ntim ntawm ib puas milliliters yog inoculated.
Txhua qhov ntim ntawm cov dej tshuaj ntsuam xyuas yog inoculated rau hauv nruab nrab lactose-peptone. Sowing 100 milliliters thiab 10 ml ntawm kais dej yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv 10 thiab 1 ml ntawm concentrated lactose-peptone nruab nrab. Tom ntej no, cov qoob loo yog muab tso rau hauv ib lub incubator ntawm qhov kub ntawm 37 ºС rau ib los yog ob hnub. Tsis ntxov tshaj li tom qab ib hnub ntawm incubation, kev ntsuam xyuas ua ntej ntawm cov qauv yog nqa tawm. Hauv cov thawv uas kuaj pom muaj turbidity, cov pa roj tau pom,inoculate nrog lub voj kab mob bacteriological ntawm cov khoom tawg ntawm Endo nruab nrab, thaum tau txais cov neeg nyob ib leeg. Lub peev xwm tsis muaj cov cim qhia ntawm kev loj hlob yog tso rau hauv lub ntsuas kub thiab tshuaj xyuas dua tom qab ob hnub. Cov qoob loo uas tsis muaj cov cim ntawm kev loj hlob yog hu ua qhov tsis zoo thiab tsis siv rau kev tshawb fawb ntxiv.
Los ntawm cov thawv uas tau kuaj pom cov pa roj, turbidity tshwm sim, lossis muaj ib qho ntawm cov cim no, cov qoob loo yog nqa tawm ntawm cov haujlwm ntawm Endo nruab nrab. Cov qoob loo ntawm Endo nruab nrab yog incubated ntawm 37 ºС rau 18-20 teev. Thaum turbidity thiab roj raug kuaj pom nyob rau hauv lub tsub zuj zuj ntawm nruab nrab thiab nce nyob rau hauv lub Endo nruab nrab ntawm colonies yam ntxwv ntawm lactose-zoo kab mob, tsaus liab los yog liab, muaj ib tug metallic luster (tsis muaj luster), convex nrog ib tug liab center thiab ib tug imprint ntawm lub nruab nrab nutrient, muaj ntau coliforms nyob rau hauv lub ntim ntawm cov qauv no ascertained. kab mob.
Lub xub ntiag ntawm OKB yuav tsum tau lees paub ntxiv kev sim. Yog hais tias tsuas yog turbidity tau kuaj pom nyob rau hauv qhov nruab nrab tsub zuj zuj, ces teej tug mus rau lactose-zoo colony yog ib qho tsis ntseeg qhov tseeb. Hauv cov xwm txheej zoo li no, nco ntsoov xyuas kom pom muaj cov ntawv luam tawm ntawm Endo qhov nruab nrab tom qab tshem tawm cov kev xav tsis thoob. Tus kws kho mob ua haujlwm kuaj oxidase kom paub meej tias Gram thiab roj ntau lawm. Kev sib cais ntawm txhua hom yog sown rau hauv nruab nrab nrog lactose nrog lawv qhov kev tsim kho ntawm qhov kub ntawm 37 ºС rau ib mus rau ob hnub. Nyob rau hauv qhov tsis muaj cov neeg nyob ib leeg, sieving ntawm Endo nruab nrab yog ua los ntawm cov txheej txheem kab mob bacteriological.
Zoo kawg
Kev tshuaj xyuas cov dej kais dej yog ua los ntawm ntau txoj hauv kev ntawm kev soj ntsuam zoo thiab ntau yam. Cov kev tshawb fawb no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm los ntsuas cov ntsiab lus hauv cov qauv ntawm cov khoom ntawm cov organic thiab inorganic keeb kwm uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv. Yog tias MPC dhau lawm, dej yuav suav tias tsis haum rau kev siv.
