Cawv thiab cawv yog nruj heev rau hauv peb lub neej txhua hnub. Kab lus no yuav muab cov lus qhia yooj yim ntawm kev paub qhov txawv ntawm methyl los ntawm ethyl cawv. Lawv cov yam ntxwv thiab cov qauv tshuaj yuav raug qhia.
History of discovery of cawv
Cov mis cawv hauv ib daim ntawv lossis lwm qhov tau pom yuav luag ib txhij hauv ntau thaj tsam ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Nyob rau hauv 1334, Fabkis alchemist Arnaud de Vilger pib tau caw caw. Nyob rau hauv 1360, Italian thiab Fabkis monasteries tsim xws li ib yam khoom hu ua "dej ntawm lub neej." Cov tub lag luam Genoese coj cawv tuaj rau Moscow hauv xyoo 1386 los qhia txog nws qhov zoo.
Definition
Tam sim no cia peb txheeb xyuas seb ethyl thiab methyl cawv yog dab tsi.
Methanol (aka methyl cawv, aka ntoo cawv, aka carbinol, aka methyl hydrate, aka methyl hydroxide) yog cov cawv monoatomic yooj yim tshaj plaws, muaj kuab lom, tsis muaj xim. Nrog rau cov ntaub ntawv huab cua (hauv ntim concentrations ntawm 6.98 mus rau 35.5%) tawg sib tov (ntawm qhov kub ntawm 8 degrees.hauv Celsius). Cov mis molecular ntawm methyl cawv yog CH4O lossis CH3-OH.
Ethanol (los yog ethyl cawv, lossis cawv cawv, lossis cawv, hauv cov tib neeg tsuas yog "cawv", methylcarbinol) - monohydric cawv nrog cov mis ib txwm C2 H 5OH. Nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej txheem, nws yog volatile, tsis muaj xim, flammable pob tshab kua. Nws yog ib qho kev nyuaj siab - ib yam khoom uas muaj kev puas siab puas ntsws uas cuam tshuam rau tib neeg lub hauv nruab nrab lub paj hlwb, thiab cov khoom muaj nyob hauv cov dej cawv.
Kev sib piv
Los ntawm txoj haujlwm ntawm kev txhais thiab cov qauv tshuaj, nws yooj yim heev los txiav txim seb yuav ua li cas thiaj paub qhov txawv ntawm methyl los ntawm ethyl cawv. Hauv kev xyaum, txhua yam tsis yooj yim li.
Yog tias koj tig mus rau chemistry, koj tuaj yeem tau txais ntau cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov tshuaj no: daim ntawv thov, ntau lawm, khoom, nyob rau hauv xwm, thiab lwm yam. Tab sis cia peb rov qab mus rau cov teeb meem niaj hnub no thiab ua tib zoo saib seb methanol txawv li cas ntawm ethanol.
Methanol zoo ib yam li ethanol: tsis muaj xim, nrog tus yam ntxwv tab sis tsis muaj ntxhiab tsw. Cov no yog cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm methyl cawv. Ib yam li ntawd, hmoov tsis, ob yam khoom no nyuaj heev kom paub qhov txawv ntawm ib leeg. Tsuas yog tus kws tshaj lij kws tshuaj tuaj yeem pom qhov txawv ntawm ib hom ntawm lwm tus. Xim, tsw, saj zoo ib yam li cov tshuaj no feem ntau tsis meej pem. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov tsis meej pem yog fraught nrog: los ntawm dig muag mus txog rau kev tuag.
Qhov txawv
Nyob hauv tsev, koj tuaj yeem ua qhov kev sim yooj yim txhawm rau txheeb xyuas qhov sib txawv. Nov yog pebTxoj hauv kev tseem ceeb kom paub qhov txawv methanol los ntawm ethanol. Tib txoj kev kuj yuav muaj qhov sib piv.
1 way. Ignition ntawm cov kua tshawb nrhiav. Ib txoj hauv kev yooj yim tshaj plaws thiab txhim khu kev qha: teeb hluav taws rau peb cov qauv, ua raws li cov xim ntawm cov nplaim taws. Ethanol yog xiav thiab methanol yog ntsuab. Nws yooj yim heev thiab meej, tab sis nco ntsoov tias qhov tsis paub, hmoov tsis, tsis zam ib tus neeg los ntawm qhov tshwm sim.
Cia peb qhia lub tswv yim tshiab hauv peb tsab xov xwm - muaj cawv. Lo lus "tshuaj cawv" txhais tau hais tias cawv (methanol, denatured cawv) thiab lawv cov khoom sib xyaw uas tsis haum rau tib neeg noj, ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj thiab kho tsis tau rau kev noj qab haus huv thiab lub neej.
Koj kuj yuav tsum tau coj mus rau hauv tus account cov ntsiab lus hauv qab no: siv tus pas ntsuas kub hauv peb qhov kev sim yooj yim, koj yuav tsum tau kho qhov kub hnyiab, vim nws paub los ntawm ntu ntawm chemistry uas ethanol boils ntawm qhov kub ntawm 78 ° C., thiab methanol nce mus txog qhov kub ntawm 64 °.
2 txoj kev. Peb siv cov qos yaj ywm tsis tu ncua. Ib qho me me ntawm cov qos yaj ywm yuav tsum muab pov rau hauv cov kua ntsuas rau ob peb teev: yog tias tom qab lub sijhawm teev cov qos yaj ywm tsis tau hloov xim, ces koj muaj ethanol nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm koj - ib yam khoom haum rau kev noj. Yog tias cov qos yaj ywm hlais tig liab, ces cov kua ntsuas yog methanol, cov tshuaj lom neeg muaj zog tshaj plaws rau tib neeg lub cev.
3 txoj. formaldehyde xeem. Ntawm no peb xav tau ib tug tooj liab hlau, ib feem me me ntawm uas yuav tsum tau rhuab mus rau dawb thiab qis rau hauv cov kua. Thaum muaj ethanol hauv nws, koj tuaj yeem hnov qhov tsw ntawm txiv apples rot, thiab qhov twg muaj methanol, koj yuav hnov qhov ntse. Cov ntxhiab tsw tsw ntxhiab - tsis hnov tsw ntawm formaldehyde.
Nco ntsoov tias ib koob me me (50 ml yog txaus) ntawm methanol tuaj yeem ua rau tuag taus. Ua tib zoo ceev faj, tsis txhob yuav cov dej cawv ntawm qhov muag tsis zoo, tsis txhob pheej hmoo rau lub neej thiab kev noj qab haus huv, tab sis yuav cawv hauv khw tshwj xeeb.
Cov tsos mob ntawm methanol lom
Cov tsos mob ntawm cov tshuaj lom methanol zoo ib yam li cawv lom, tab sis tawm tsam cov keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm xeev siab, kiv taub hau, qaug zog, qaug zog, ntuav, qaug dab peg, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los qhia txog qhov tsis pom kev. Methanol nkag mus rau tib neeg lub cev thaum ua pa, los ntawm daim tawv nqaij thiab lub plab zom mov. Muaj mob hnyav ntawm ob txhais ceg, mob taub hau. Nws cuam tshuam rau lub paj hlwb, rhuav tshem cov hlab ntsha, ua rau dig muag. Sai absorbed, maj mam excreted, cumulates (accumulates). Oxidized hauv lub cev, nws tsim cov tshuaj lom neeg - formic acid thiab formaldehyde. Formaldehyde yog tshuaj lom heev vim nws yog thawj chav kawm muaj kev phom sij. Nws tau raug lees paub tias yog carcinogen. Nws tsub zuj zuj nyob rau hauv lub cev ua rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cancer. Formic acid ua rau lub qhov muag thiab ua pa puas. Mob hnyav heev uas tsis pom kev tuaj yeem tshwm sim los ntawm kev noj tsawg li 5-10 ml ntawm methyl cawv. Cov koob tshuaj tuag yog nyob rau hauv thaj tsam ntawm 30 mus rau 100 ml, tab sis nws kuj nyob ntawm tus kheej cov yam ntxwv ntawm ib yam kabmob. Kev tuag los ntawm kev ua pa tawm. Kev kuaj mob tuaj yeem paub tseeb los ntawm qhov muaj nyob hauv cov zis ntawm tus neeg raug tsim txom xws litshuaj xws li formic acid.
Kev pab ib zaug
Saum toj no tau qhia meej tias yuav ua li cas paub qhov txawv ntawm methyl los ntawm ethyl cawv. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj xwm txheej hauv lub neej thaum koj yuav tsum muab kev pab thawj zaug rau tus neeg raug tsim txom. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lom nrog methanol, nws yog aimed ntawm tshem tawm cov tshuaj lom ntawm lub cev, ncua cov txheej txheem ntawm oxidation ntawm cov tshuaj no. Txawm li cas los, lub excretory system yuav raug kev txom nyem nyob rau hauv thawj qhov chaw. Thaum siv cov txuj ci dej cawv sab hauv, nws yuav tsum tau ntxuav lub plab thaum thawj ob peb teev. Feem ntau xaiv cov dej haus ntau, txais tos ntawm cov kev daws teeb meem ntawm alkalis (sodium bicarbonate 10-15 grams). Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog ethyl cawv, uas txo cov oxidation ntawm methyl cawv thiab tsim cov tshuaj lom neeg hloov dua siab tshiab. Cov txheeb cais ntawm cov neeg mob methanol lom yog kev nyuaj siab.
Ethyl cawv. GOST
GOST feem ntau yog cov ntaub ntawv uas tswj xyuas cov khoom zoo li cas hauv ib lub tebchaws yuav tsum muaj. Muaj ob peb GOSTs rau ethanol, uas piav txog lub hom phiaj, kev cia khoom, kev thauj mus los, thiab ntau ntxiv.
Tab sis qhov teeb meem nyuaj li haus cawv tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev sib cav ntau teev. Thiab qhov no tsis yog lub ntsiab lus, vim hais tias txhua tus neeg yuav tsum txiav txim siab rau nws tus kheej cov lus nug ntawm qib no. Tab sis cia peb tig mus rau GOST 1972: "Ethyl cawv yog cov nplaim taws, tsis muaj xim muaj kua nrog cov yam ntxwv tsw. Hais txog cov tshuaj nyuaj uas ua rau thawj zaug excitement, thiab tom qab ntawd- tuag tes tuag taw ntawm lub paj hlwb."
Tam sim no peb nyeem GOST 1982: "Ethyl cawv yog cov nplaim hluav taws kub hnyiab, tsis muaj xim uas muaj cov ntxhiab tsw, cuam tshuam rau cov tshuaj muaj zog." Thiab thaum kawg, xyoo 2000: "Ethyl cawv yog cov kua tsis muaj xim, flammable nrog cov yam ntxwv tsw." Tib cov ntaub ntawv tswj hwm tswj cov khoom siv xws li ethyl cawv.
Ua phem thiab txiaj ntsig ntawm cawv
Cia tsis txhob kov lub pob zeb loj loj no hu ua "yuav haus los tsis haus". Cia peb nco qab cov lus ntawm tus hlub Semyon Semenovich Gorbunkov txog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cawv. Cawv muaj peev xwm me ntsis tiv thaiv kev tsim cov ntshav txhaws, txo cov roj cholesterol, nthuav cov hlab ntsha, uas yuav ua rau muaj ntshav ntau dua. Thiab cov tshuaj, raws li koj paub, hlub ib tug meej npaum li cas, yog li 50 ml kho thiab invigorates. Tab sis cov txiaj ntsig uas cawv coj los yog tsawg dhau los piv rau nws qhov kev puas tsuaj: cawv ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv hauv cov qauv caj ces ntawm tus neeg, uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev sib txawv ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv, thiab muaj kev cuam tshuam rau tib neeg txoj kev coj ncaj ncees. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws tsim nyog nco ntsoov tias nws yog cawv uas txhawb nqa ib tus neeg ua pob liab vog, kev ruam thiab kev ua phem. Txhawm rau tiv thaiv qhov no los ntawm qhov tshwm sim, koj yuav tsum ua raws li cov cai nruj me ntsis. Kev tsis lees paub tag nrho ntawm ntau hom dej cawv kuj tseem yuav pab tau.
Nco ntsoov tias yog tias koj dhau qhov kev cai, ces cawv yuav dhau los ua tshuaj lom uas yuav ua rau lub cev thiab tag nrho lub cev ntawm koj lub cev.
Ua tau rauQhov no tuaj yeem ua tiav qhov kev sib tham txog kev paub qhov txawv ntawm methyl los ntawm ethyl cawv.
