Lub Xya Hli 15, 1240, muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua nyob rau ntawm tus dej Neva. Lavxias teb sab tub rog nyob rau hauv cov lus txib ntawm tub huabtais Alexander Yaroslavovich yeej ib tug crushing yeej nyob rau hauv lub Swedish pab tub rog. Tom qab qhov xwm txheej no, Alexander tau txais lub npe nrov npe Nevsky. Lub npe no tau paub rau txhua tus neeg Lavxias txog niaj hnub no.
Backstory
Kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm tus dej Neva xyoo 1240 tsis tau pib tshwm sim. Nws tau ua ntej los ntawm ntau yam tseem ceeb ntawm kev nom kev tswv thiab keeb kwm.
Nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th, cov Swedes, koom nrog cov Novgorodians, tau tawm tsam tsis tu ncua ntawm Finnish pab pawg neeg. Lawv hu lawv cov phiaj xwm rau txim, lub hom phiaj yog txhawm rau txhawm rau ntau thiab ntau tus neeg rau lawv lub siab nyiam. Cov sum thiab em pawg neeg raug kev txom nyem tshaj plaws los ntawm Swedes. Qhov no tau ua rau muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntev. Cov neeg Swedes ntshai tsam cov Finns, yog li ntawd lawv nrhiav kev hu ua lawv thiab ua lawv cov phooj ywg.
Cov neeg kov yeej tsis tso tseg. Lawv ib ntus ua kev tawm tsam kev tawm tsam ntawm thaj av raws Neva, nrog rau ncaj qha rau thaj chaw Novgorod. Sweden tau poob qis heevkev tsis sib haum xeeb sab hauv, yog li nws nrhiav kom nyiam ntau tus tub rog thiab cov nom tswv rau nws sab li sai tau. Lawv tsis quav ntsej kev ntxias kom yeej rau lawv sab thiab nyiam cov nyiaj yooj yim. Tau ntev, cov tub rog Finno-Karelian tau tawm tsam cov tebchaws Swedish, thiab hauv 1187 lawv tau koom nrog Novgorodians. Lawv hlawv Sigtuna, lub nroog qub ntawm Sweden.
Qhov kev tawm tsam no tau dhau mus ntev. Txhua sab, Swedish thiab Lavxias teb sab, nrhiav tsim nws lub hwj chim nyob rau hauv lub Izhora av, uas nyob rau hauv lub Neva, thiab nyob rau hauv lub Karelian Isthmus.
Hnub tseem ceeb ua ntej qhov xwm txheej nto moo xws li Kev Sib Tw ntawm Neva River yog qhov kev tshaj tawm ntawm kev tawm tsam thib ob tawm tsam Finland los ntawm Pope Gregory IX thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1237. Thaum Lub Rau Hli 1238, Vaj Ntxwv ntawm Denmark, Voldemar II, thiab tus tswv ntawm kev sib koom ua ke, Hermann von Balk, tau pom zoo rau kev faib ntawm lub xeev Estonian, nrog rau kev pib ua phem tawm tsam Russia hauv B altic xeev nrog kev koom tes. ntawm Swedes. Qhov no yog dab tsi provoked kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm tus dej Neva. Hnub, cov xwm txheej uas paub txawm tias tam sim no, tau los ua qhov pib ntawm keeb kwm ntawm Russia thiab nws txoj kev sib raug zoo nrog cov neeg nyob sib ze. Kev sib ntaus sib tua tau pom lub peev xwm ntawm peb lub xeev los tawm tsam cov tub rog muaj zog ntawm cov yeeb ncuab. Ib tug yuav tsum coj mus rau hauv tus account qhov tseeb hais tias kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm tus dej Neva coj qhov chaw ntawm lub sij hawm nyuaj. Cov tebchaws Lavxias nyuam qhuav pib rov qab los tom qab ntau xyoo ntawm Mongol ntxeem tau, thiab cov tub rog ntawm cov tub rog tau poob qis heev.
Sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Neva River: qhov chaw
Cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov xwm txheej ntev ntev uas cov neeg sau keeb kwm yuav tsum sau cov lus los ntawm me ntsis. Ntau tus kws tshawb fawb xav txog qhov xwm txheej zoo li kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Neva River, hnub tim. Kev sib ntaus sib tua tau piav qhia luv luv hauv cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb. Tau kawg, cov peev txheej no muaj tsawg thiab nyob deb ntawm. Ib lub npe nrov tshaj plaws tuaj yeem hu ua Novgorod First Chronicle. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov ntaub ntawv tuaj yeem khaws cia los ntawm zaj dab neeg ntawm lub neej ntawm Alexander Nevsky. Nws yog assumed tias nws tau sau los ntawm contemporaries ntawm cov txheej xwm tsis pub dhau lub yim caum ntawm lub XIII caug xyoo.
Yog tias peb xav txog cov peev txheej Scandinavian, lawv tsis muaj cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws txog kev sib ntaus sib tua tseem ceeb xws li kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Neva River thiab Tsov Rog ntawm Dej khov. Ib tug tsuas nyeem tau tias ib tug me me Swedish detachment yeej swb nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm lub Finnish crusade.
Nws tseem tsis paub meej tias leej twg yog tus coj cov tub rog Scandinavian. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv Lavxias teb sab, cov kws tshawb fawb hais tias nws yog huab tais tus tub xeeb ntxwv, Birger Magnusson.
Tab sis nws tau los ua Jarl ntawm Sweden tsuas yog xyoo 1248, thiab thaum lub sijhawm sib ntaus sib tua nws yog Ulf Fasi, uas, feem ntau yuav, coj kev sib tw. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Birger tsis koom nrog nws, txawm hais tias muaj kev xav tsis zoo. Yog li, cov txiaj ntsig ntawm archaeological excavations qhia tias Birger raug mob nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm lub taub hau thaum nws lub neej. Qhov no coincides nrog cov ntaub ntawv uas Alexander Nevsky raug mob tus huab tais nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv lub qhov muag.
Sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Neva River: hnub
Cov xwm txheej keeb kwm mus txog rau xyoo pua 16th tsis tau sau tseg hauv qee qhov chaw raug cai. Heev feem ntau historianstsis tuaj yeem tsim lub hnub tseeb lossis txawm tias lub sijhawm kwv yees thaum qhov no lossis qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawd tshwm sim. Tab sis qhov no tsis siv rau cov xwm txheej tseem ceeb xws li kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm tus dej Neva. Nws tshwm sim xyoo twg? Cov keeb kwm paub cov lus teb tseeb rau lo lus nug no. Qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua no pib txij lub Xya Hli 15, 1240.
Txheej xwm ua ntej kev sib ntaus sib tua
Tsis muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua pib tshwm sim. Ntau qhov xwm txheej kuj tau tshwm sim uas ua rau muaj lub sijhawm nyuaj xws li kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm tus dej Neva. Lub xyoo uas nws coj qhov chaw pib rau Swedes los ntawm kev koom ua ke nrog cov Novgorodians. Thaum lub caij ntuj sov, lawv cov nkoj tuaj txog ntawm lub qhov ncauj ntawm Neva. Cov Swedes thiab lawv cov phooj ywg tau tsaws rau ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv thiab pitched lawv cov tsev pheeb suab. Qhov no tshwm sim ntawm qhov chaw uas Izhora ntws mus rau hauv lub Neva.
Cov tub rog sib xyaw yog motley. Nws suav nrog Swedes, Novgorodians, Norwegians, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm Finnish pab pawg neeg thiab, tau kawg, Catholic npis sov. Cov ciam teb ntawm Novgorod thaj av tau nyob rau hauv kev tiv thaiv ntawm lub hiav txwv saib xyuas. Nws tau muab los ntawm Izhorians ntawm lub qhov ncauj ntawm Neva, ntawm ob sab ntawm Gulf of Finland. Nws yog tus txwj laus ntawm tus neeg saib xyuas no, Pelgusius, thaum kaj ntug ntawm lub Xya Hli, uas pom tias Swedish flotilla twb nyob ze lawm. Cov tub txib tau nrawm nroos qhia Prince Alexander txog qhov no.
Kev sib tw Livonian ntawm Swedes rau Russia tsuas yog pib thaum Lub Yim Hli, uas qhia tau tias lawv tau tos-thiab-pom tus cwj pwm, nrog rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tam sim thiab xob laim ntawm Tub Vaj Ntxwv Alexander. Thaum tau txais cov xov xwm hais tias tus yeeb ncuab nyob ze, nws txiav txim siab ua nws tus kheej, tsis muaj kev pab los ntawm nws txiv. Alexander Yaroslavovich mus rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua nrog ib tug me me pab pawg neeg. Kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Neva River tau dhau los ua lub sijhawm rau tus tub huabtais hluas los ua pov thawj nws tus kheej ua tus thawj coj. Yog lintau pab tub rog tsis muaj sij hawm los koom nrog nws. Nyob rau sab ntawm Alexander, cov tub rog Ladoga kuj koom nrog nws txoj kev.
Raws li cov kev lis kev cai uas twb muaj lawm, tag nrho pawg tau sib sau ua ke ntawm Hagia Sophia, qhov chaw uas lawv tau txais koob hmoov los ntawm Archbishop Spiridon. Tom qab ntawd Alexander tau hais lus sib cais, cov lus hais los ntawm cov neeg paub tam sim no: "Vajtswv tsis muaj hwj chim, tab sis qhov tseeb!"
Lub detachment tau hla dhau ntawm Volkhov mus rau Ladoga nws tus kheej. Los ntawm qhov ntawd nws tig mus rau lub qhov ncauj ntawm Izhora. Rau feem ntau, cov tub rog muaj mounted warriors, tab sis kuj muaj infantry. Kom txuag lub sij hawm mus txawv tebchaws, ib feem ntawm lub detachment no kuj mus rau nees rov qab.
Chronology ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua
Kev sib ntaus sib tua pib thaum Lub Xya Hli 15, 1940. Nws paub tias ntxiv rau pawg tub huabtais, tsawg kawg yog peb qhov kev sib cais ntxiv ntawm cov thawj coj ntawm Novgorod, nrog rau cov neeg nyob hauv Ladoga, tau koom nrog cov tub rog Lavxias.
"Lub Neej" hais txog cov npe ntawm rau tus tub rog uas ua yeeb yam ua yeeb yam thaum sib ntaus sib tua.
Gavrilo Olekseich tau nce lub nkoj yeeb ncuab, los ntawm qhov chaw uas nws raug mob, tab sis txawm tias qhov no nws tau nce rov qab thiab txuas ntxiv mus. Sbyslav Yakunovich tsuas yog armed nrog rab hneev, tab sis txawm li cas los xij rushed mus rau hauv lub tuab ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua. Alexander tus neeg yos hav zoov Yakov Polochanin tau tawm tsam tsis muaj zog dua. Tus me nyuam Savva tawg rau hauv cov yeeb ncuab lub yeej thiab txiav lub tsev pheeb suab ntawm Swedes. Misha los ntawm Novgorod koom nrog hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ko taw thiab tsoo peb lub nkoj yeeb ncuab. Ratmir, ib tug tub qhe ntawm Alexander Yaroslavovchia, ua siab loj tawm tsam nrog ob peb Swedes, tom qab ntawd nws raug mob thiabtuag saum tshav rog.
Kev sib ntaus sib tua pib thaum sawv ntxov mus txog yav tsaus ntuj. Thaum tsaus ntuj, cov yeeb ncuab sib cais. Cov neeg Swedes, paub tias lawv tau raug kev puas tsuaj loj, rov qab los ntawm lawv cov nkoj uas muaj sia nyob thiab hla mus rau sab nraud.
Tseem paub tias cov tub rog Lavxias tsis caum tus yeeb ncuab. Yog vim li cas rau qhov no tsis paub. Tej zaum cov kev cai knightly tsis cuam tshuam nrog faus lawv cov neeg tua rog thaum lub sijhawm so. Tej zaum Alexander tsis pom qhov yuav tsum tau ua kom tiav ntawm ib tug puv tes ntawm cov Swedes seem thiab tsis xav ua phem rau nws pab tub rog.
Kev poob ntawm Lavxias teb sab detachment yog XX noble warriors, thiab lawv combatants kuj yuav tsum tau ntxiv rau ntawm no. Ntawm cov Swedes, muaj ntau ntau tuag. Cov keeb kwm hais txog kaum ob yog tias tsis yog ntau pua tus tub rog tua.
Results
Kev Sib Tw ntawm Neva River, hnub uas tau nco txog ntau pua xyoo, ua rau nws muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv kev txaus ntshai ntawm kev tawm tsam los ntawm Sweden thiab Order on Russia nyob rau yav tom ntej. Alexander cov tub rog tau txiav txim siab nres lawv qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm Ladoga thiab Novgorod.
Txawm li cas los xij, Novgorod boyars pib ntshai tias Alexander lub hwj chim tshaj lawv yuav nce. Lawv pib tsim ntau yam intrigues rau tus tub huabtais hluas, vim li ntawd, yuam nws mus rau nws txiv Yaroslav. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis ntev lawv tau hais kom nws rov qab mus txuas ntxiv kev sib ntaus sib tua nrog Livonian Order, uas tuaj txog Pskov.
Nco ntsoov sib ntaus sib tua
Yuav kom tsis txhob hnov qab txog cov xwm txheej nyob deb ntawm Neva, cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm Alexander tau nrhiav kev txuas ntxiv rau lawv txoj kev nco. Yog li, monumental architectural monuments raug tsim, uastau rov ua dua ob peb zaug. Tsis tas li ntawd, daim duab ntawm Alexander Nevsky pom nws qhov kev xav ntawm cov nyiaj npib thiab cov ntawv cim nco txog.
Alexander Nevsky Lavra
Lub tsev monolithic no tau tsim los ntawm Peter I hauv xyoo 1710. Lub tsev teev ntuj Alexander Nevsky tau ua nyob rau ntawm lub qhov ncauj ntawm tus Dej Dub nyob rau hauv St. Lub sijhawm ntawd, nws tau ua yuam kev tias kev sib ntaus sib tua tau tshwm sim hauv qhov chaw no. Qhov kev tshoov siab thiab tus tsim ntawm Lavra yog Domenico Trezzini. Tom qab ntawd, lwm tus kws kos duab txuas ntxiv ua haujlwm.
Xyoo 1724, cov seem ntawm Alexander Yaroslavovich tau coj tuaj ntawm no. Tam sim no thaj chaw ntawm Lavra yog lub xeev lub teb chaws cia. Lub koom haum suav nrog ntau lub tsev teev ntuj, tsev cia puav pheej thiab toj ntxas. Cov neeg nto moo xws li Mikhail Lomonosov, Alexander Suvorov, Nikolai Karamzin, Mikhail Glinka, Modest Mussorgsky, Pyotr Tchaikovsky, Fyodor Dostoevsky so ntawm nws.
Church of Alexander Nevsky hauv Ust-Izhora
Lub tsev no tau tsim tsa ua kev qhuas ntawm kev yeej ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm 1240. Hnub tsim kho - 1711. Lub tsev teev ntuj kub hnyiab tau thiab rov tsim dua ob peb zaug. Thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, cov parishioners tau ua ib lub tsev teev ntuj pob zeb nrog cov tuav hlau thiab ib lub tswb nrov.
Xyoo 1934 lub tsev teev ntuj raug kaw thiab raug siv los ua lub tsev khaws khoom ntev. Thaum lub sij hawm blockade ntawm Leningrad, tus pej thuam ntawm lub tuam tsev tau tawg, raws li nws tau ua ib tug qhia rau German artillery.
Nyob rau xyoo 1990, kev ua haujlwm tau pib kho lub tsev teev ntuj, thiab ob peb xyoos tom qab ntawd nws raug fij tseg. Nyob rau hauv lub tuam tsev muaj ib tug me me toj ntxas, nrog rau ib tug monument-chapel nrogduab ntawm Alexander Nevsky.
Printing npib thiab nyiaj muas
Ib ntus, cov duab ntawm Alexander Yaroslavovich kuj tau siv hauv kev luam ntawv. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv 1995, muaj ib tug commemorative npib nrog nws cov duab. Nyob rau xyoo ib xyoos tom qab kev sib ntaus sib tua, cov ntawv tseem ceeb tseem raug muab tawm, uas yog qhov txaus siab rau cov neeg txawj ntse.
Screnings
Xyoo 2008, tus sau zaj duab xis "Alexander. Sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Neva" raug tso tawm. Nws qhia txog qhov pib ntawm lub reign ntawm tus tub huabtais hluas nyob rau hauv Novgorod. Thaum kawg ntawm zaj yeeb yaj kiab, kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Neva nthuav tawm.
Cov yeeb yaj kiab tau nthuav tawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam xws li Anton Pampushny, Svetlana Bakulina thiab Igor Botvin. Qhia los ntawm Igor Kalenov.
