Ancient Egypt: periodization ntawm keeb kwm

Cov txheej txheem:

Ancient Egypt: periodization ntawm keeb kwm
Ancient Egypt: periodization ntawm keeb kwm
Anonim

Keeb kwm ntawm Ancient tim lyiv teb chaws tau kav ntau txhiab xyoo. Lub sijhawm no, lub xeev tau tswj kom tawg ntau zaus, sib sau ua ke thiab hloov nws cov kev coj noj coj ua. Yog vim li cas cov neeg Iyiv keeb kwm yav dhau los muaj lub sijhawm zoo tsim los pab kom tau txais lub tswv yim dav dav ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm cov xwm txheej thaum ub.

Prehistory

Kev vam meej uas tau tshwm sim ntawm ntug dej ntawm Nile yog suav tias yog qhov qub tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb. Txawm li cas los xij, txawm tias ua ntej nws tsim, tib neeg nyob rau sab qaum teb Africa. Cov no yog Upper Paleolithic kab lis kev cai uas tau tshwm sim 40,000 xyoo dhau los. Lub sijhawm lees paub feem ntau ntawm keeb kwm ntawm Ancient Egypt pib los ntawm qhov no. Cov kab lis kev cai qub tshaj plaws yog Aterian thiab Hormusan. Cov khoom pov thawj cuam tshuam pom muaj tsawg thiab tawg.

Monuments ntawm Khalfan kab lis kev cai yog nyob rau Mesolithic era. Nws cov cim tau khaws cia tsis yog hauv tebchaws Iziv nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj hauv Nubia. Hauv Neolithic, cov neeg nqa khoom ntawm Fayum kab lis kev cai A tau tshwm sim, uas tuaj txog hauv Africa los ntawm Middle East. Cov seem ntawm lawv qhov chaw nyob tau muaj sia nyob, suav nrog kev nyob ntawm El-Omari thiab Merimde.

Ntau pab pawg tau nyiam mus rau Ancient Egypt. Periodization qhia tau hais tias ntau npaum li cas tib neeg tau hloov pauv ntawm no hauv lub sijhawm prehistoric. Tim lyiv teb chaws yog thaj av hla - ciam teb ntawm Asia thiab Africa. Nyob rau hauv lub lig Neolithic, lub Tasian, Badarian thiab Gerzean archaeological kab lis kev cai tau tsim muaj. Qhov kawg ntawm lawv tau hloov los ntawm Zero Dynasty.

ancient tim lyiv teb chaws periodization
ancient tim lyiv teb chaws periodization

Predynastic Egypt

Hais txog tsib txhiab xyoo BC, Predynastic Ancient Egypt tau tsim. Lub sij hawm ntawm keeb kwm qhia tau hais tias nws yog thaum ntawd lub decomposition ntawm obsolete pab pawg neeg kev sib raug zoo pib. Ib lub zej zog pib tshwm sim uas twb muaj cov chav kawm cais. Kev sib raug zoo ntawm qhev tau tshwm sim, ua raws li cov xeev qhev.

Tam sim no tseem tsis tau muaj tebchaws Iyiv. Consolidation tau siv sijhawm ntau heev. Nws tau yooj yim los ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb thiab kev tsim kho ntawm kev sib haum xeeb nrog cov phab ntsa fortified. Kev sib haum xeeb ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv tebchaws Iziv tau ntxiv dag zog. Cov khoom siv hlau tshwm sim: pins, koob, kub hniav nyiaj hniav kub.

Xav tias hauv 3200 BC, Zero Dynasty tau tshwm sim. Lo lus no yog siv los ntawm cov kws tshaj lij los xaiv ntau tus neeg Iyiv cov thawj coj uas tau txiav txim nyob rau hauv Lower thiab Upper Egypt. Lawv tsis yog cov txheeb ze, tab sis tsuas yog cov neeg kawm. Nws yog thaum lub sijhawm Zero Dynasty uas cov txheej txheem ntawm kev koom ua ke hauv lub tebchaws tau pib.

Early Kingdom

Nrog kev tshwm sim ntawm Lub Nceeg Vaj Thaum Ntxov, thawj tus vaj ntxwv Menes, uas tau koom nrog 1st dynasty, pib kav. Thaum kawg nws tau muab lub nceeg vaj hauv qab thiab sab saud rau hauv ib lub tebchaws Iziv. Lub peev ntawm lub xeev qub no yog Memphis. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev tsim kho ntawm adobe tombs rau cov thawj coj uas pom lawv tus kheejcov forerunners ntawm lub npe nrov pyramids.

Thawj tus vaj ntxwv tau tawm tsam nrog Bedouins thiab koom nrog kev sib tw hauv Nubia nyob sib ze. Lub sij hawm thiab keeb kwm ntawm keeb kwm ntawm Ancient tim lyiv teb chaws hais tias feem ntau ancient scientific kev vam meej ntawm cov neeg Iyiv (nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm astronomy thiab geometry) yog nyob rau hauv lub era ntawm thaum ntxov Kingdom. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 28 BC, kev lag luam marine nrog lub nroog Levantine nyob rau hauv Mediterranean tau yug los.

Kuv thiab II dynasties yog nyob rau lub Nceeg Vaj thaum ntxov. Nyob rau hauv lawv lub sij hawm, kev sau ntawv tsim thiab thawj annals tshwm sim. Polytheism tau tsim - kev ntseeg ntau tus vajtswv uas tsim lub zog ntawm qhov xwm txheej, lub neej, kev tuag, thiab lwm yam. Lub xeev tswj hwm dej ua haujlwm ntawm ntug dej ntawm Nile.

periodization thiab chronology ntawm keeb kwm ntawm ancient Egypt
periodization thiab chronology ntawm keeb kwm ntawm ancient Egypt

Kub Kingdom

Cov kws tshawb fawb suav tias yog ciam teb ntawm Lub Nceeg Vaj Thaum Ntxov thiab Qub rau XXVII xyoo pua BC. e. Pharaoh Sanakht tau los ua tus tsim lub xeev tshiab. Lub nceeg vaj thaum ub suav nrog III-VI dynasties. Lub sijhawm no, kev lag luam uas tsis tau pom dua, kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev ua tub rog-kev loj hlob ntawm Egyptian kev vam meej tau tshwm sim.

Muaj cov pyramids hloov mastabas. Craftsmen, peasants thiab qhev raug tsav mus rau kev tsim kho ntawm no monumental architectural monuments. Lub xeev tau nruj me ntsis hauv nruab nrab thiab, muaj peev xwm muaj peev xwm, txhawb nqa cov pej xeem ntawm nws tus kheej txiav txim siab. Ancient tim lyiv teb chaws, lub sij hawm uas tau muab tso ua ke los ntawm niaj hnub archaeologists thiab historians, nyob rau hauv Pharaoh Pepi kuv kov yeej Southern Syria. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XXIV BC. e. pov thawj simplified sau cais los ntawm ib txwm hieroglyphic. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm, ib tus vaj ntxwv ntawm Qub Kingdom, Pepi II, kav tau 94 xyoo, uas yog hom ntaub ntawv keeb kwm.

Fragmentation

Tom qab lub Nceeg Vaj poob rau hauv tebchaws Iziv, ib lub sijhawm ntawm kev sib cais pib. Nws suav nrog 7th-10 dynasties. Lub sij hawm no, lub teb chaws poob rau hauv anarchy. Qhov tseeb, cov pharaohs tsis muaj hwj chim thiab tsuas yog cov npe nominal. Lub sij hawm ntawm keeb kwm ntawm lub xeev nyob rau hauv Ancient tim lyiv teb chaws yog xws li hais tias nyob rau hauv lub era ntawm fragmentation, nomarchs siv tiag tiag lub hwj chim, txhua tus uas kav ib lub nroog los yog lub xeev.

Lub xeev lub cev qhuav dej ua rau kev puas tsuaj ntawm ib qho kab ke ntawm cov kwj dej, uas ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj thiab kev tshaib kev nqhis. Ntau tus neeg laib plundered tombs thiab tuam tsev. Ancient tim lyiv teb chaws, uas nws ncua sij hawm, kev sib raug zoo thiab kev nom kev tswv qauv txuas ntxiv mus kawm los ntawm cov kws tshwj xeeb los ntawm txawv teb chaws, lub sij hawm ntawd raug kev txom nyem heev los ntawm raids ntawm cov neeg nyob sib ze.

ancient tim lyiv teb chaws chronology thiab periodization
ancient tim lyiv teb chaws chronology thiab periodization

Middle Kingdom

Lub sijhawm ntawm kev tawg paj tau xaus thaum ob lub zog sawv cev tuaj yeem koom ua Iyiv dua. Lub nceeg vaj ntawm Heracleopolis thiab Thebes sib cav sib ceg hauv kev tawm tsam rau kev ua siab loj. Qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm lawv txuas ntxiv mus rau ntau xyoo lawm. Thaum kawg, Thebes yeej, thiab tus kav lub nroog no, Mentuhotep II, nrhiav tau XI dynasty.

Lub sijhawm uas pib thaum xyoo pua 21 BC hu ua Middle Kingdom. Nws suav nrog tsis tsuas yog XI, tab sis kuj yog XII dynasty. Thaum lub sij hawm ntawd, lub xeev yog tus yam ntxwv los ntawm tsis muaj zog centralization rau lub ancient despotisms, uas, txawm li cas los xij, tsis cuam tshuam. Egyptian kev vam meej rau subjugate Middle East. Los ntawm cov teb chaws ntawm sab hnub tuaj Mediterranean, nyiaj, tooj liab, kub thiab lwm yam khoom muaj nqis tau muab xa mus rau ntug dej ntawm Nile. Lub Nceeg Vaj Nruab Nrab yog lub xeev nplua nuj tshaj plaws ntawm nws lub sijhawm. Lub caij nyoog ntawm kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Ancient Egypt hais tias nws yog lub sijhawm no uas cov ntaub ntawv hauv tebchaws Iyiv thaum ub tau vam meej (zaj dab neeg nto moo tshaj plaws suav hais tias yog "Cov Dab Neeg ntawm Sinuhe").

periodization ntawm keeb kwm ntawm ancient Egypt luv luv
periodization ntawm keeb kwm ntawm ancient Egypt luv luv

Txaus

Lub sijhawm tshiab ntawm kev fragmentation kev nom kev tswv tau pib xyoo 1782 BC. e., thiab xaus rau xyoo 1570 BC. e. Lub tebchaws tau muab faib ua cov xeev ywj pheej. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, cov neeg txawv teb chaws, cov Hyksos, invaded nws. Lub sijhawm ncua sijhawm ntawm keeb kwm ntawm Ancient Egypt yog kev hloov pauv ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm kev vam meej thiab poob ntawm lub tebchaws. Thaum lub caij poob tshiab, lub xeev tau muaj kev kub ntxhov hnyav. Cov thawj tswj hwm tsuas yog Nile Delta thiab tsis tuaj yeem tiv nrog cov xeev uas xav tau kev ywj pheej.

Thaum kawg, lub npe vaj ntxwv tau raug coj los ntawm cov thawj coj ntawm Hyksos. Lawv kav suav nrog XV thiab XVI dynasties. Thebes yog qhov chaw tseem ceeb ntawm kev tawm tsam rau cov neeg txawv teb chaws. Lawv cov thawj coj niaj hnub no tau suav tias yog XVII dynasty. Nws yog lawv uas tau ntiab cov Hyksos thiab tawm tsam lub tebchaws nyob ib ncig ntawm Thebes. Lub sijhawm ncua sijhawm ntawm keeb kwm ntawm Ancient tim lyiv teb chaws, luv luv, yog ntau qhov sib txawv, cov ntsiab lus uas feem ntau tseem tsis paub.

New Kingdom

Lub nceeg vaj tshiab muaj nyob hauv XVI-XI centuries BC. Qhov no yog lub sijhawm "classic". Nws yog hais txog nws tias feem ntau ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tau khaws cia. Nyob rau lub sijhawm no, cov kev cai, suav nrog tus tub hluasTutankhamun, qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm nws lub ntxa yog qhov kev tshwm sim archaeological loj tshaj plaws ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th.

Lub nceeg vaj tshiab tau tso tseg lwm lub npe tseem ceeb. Pharaoh Akhenaten sim hloov kho Iyiv kev ntseeg. Nws tso tus qub pantheon thiab yuam lub teb chaws thov Vajtswv rau ib tug vajtswv. Akhenaten txoj kev siv zog tsis muaj dab tsi. Polytheism tau tshwm sim sai sai.

Nyob hauv lub Nceeg Vaj Tshiab (dynasties ntawm lub kaum yim mus rau nees nkaum) nyob ib tug tsib feem pua ntawm cov pejxeem ntawm lub ntiaj teb no. Lub sijhawm ntawm kev kos duab ntawm Ancient tim lyiv teb chaws yog hais txog lub sijhawm no qhov loj tshaj plaws ntawm cov monuments uas tau muaj sia nyob mus txog hnub no. Lub nceeg vaj tshiab tau poob tom qab pawg pov thawj hwj txeeb tau lub zog nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm lub tebchaws. Lub cev qhuav dej tau ua ntej los ntawm "kev puas tsuaj ntawm lub Hnub Nyoog Bronze", thaum "cov neeg hauv hiav txwv" tau txeeb Iyiv thaum xyoo pua 12 BC, ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj rau lub tebchaws.

periodization ntawm keeb kwm ntawm ancient Egypt
periodization ntawm keeb kwm ntawm ancient Egypt

Split

Lub sijhawm kawg ntawm Egyptian fragmentation txuas ntxiv hauv XI-VI centuries BC. Thaum lub sij hawm no, cov dynasties hloov los ntawm nees nkaum-thawj mus rau nees nkaum-rau. Vim muaj kev sib cav txog pej xeem, Egypt tsis kam lees txais kev coj noj coj ua nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Mediterranean. Lub xeev poob nws cov khoom kawg hauv Middle East thiab hauv Phoenicia. Cov Libyan tseem nyob rau hauv Lower Egypt. Cov thawj coj ntawm cov neeg txawv tebchaws no tau los ua tus thawj coj ntawm lub npe, tau cuam tshuam nrog cov neeg Iyiv nom tswv.

Thaum kawg ntawm kev tawg, lub tebchaws tau muab faib ua tsib lub tebchaws tsis muaj zog. Lub sij hawm ntawm keeb kwm ntawm Ancient tim lyiv teb chaws muaj ntau lub sij hawm, tab sis nws yog nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm uas muaj coob tus dynasties thiab.kev tsov rog sab hauv. Lub teb chaws tawg tsis tu ncua los ua lub hom phiaj ntawm Ethiopian aggression nyob rau sab qab teb thiab Assyria nyob rau sab qaum teb.

Late Kingdom

Historians unite dynasties XXVII to XXX in the Late Period of Ancient Egypt. Nws chronological moj khaum: 525-332 BC. Thaum pib ntawm lub Nceeg Vaj lig yog suav tias yog kev kov yeej ntawm Nile Valley los ntawm Persia. Northeast Africa tau suav hais tias yog thib rau sarapy ntawm Achaemenid Empire. Memphis rov los ua qhov chaw tswj hwm ntawm lub tebchaws.

Thaum tsov rog tawm tsam Persia thiab tim Nkij teb chaws, cov Hellenes tau tawm tsam Iyiv, vam tias yuav muaj kev tawm tsam Persia ntawm cov pej xeem hauv zos, tab sis kev tawm tsam tsis tau tshwm sim. Lub sijhawm kawg ntawm kev ywj pheej ntawm lub teb chaws hnub rov qab mus rau xyoo pua 4 BC. Cov pharaohs sim tiv thaiv lawv tus kheej lub hwj chim, ua kom zoo dua ntawm cov teeb meem ceev ntawm Persians. Txawm li cas los xij, Artaxersk III tau kov yeej Egypt dua. Lub tebchaws Persian thib ob tau kav tsuas yog nees nkaum xyoo xwb.

periodization ntawm ancient Egyptian kab lis kev cai
periodization ntawm ancient Egyptian kab lis kev cai

Alexander the Great kov yeej Egypt

Nyob rau xyoo pua 4 BC, Ancient tim lyiv teb chaws, lub sij hawm thiab lub sij hawm ntawm nws keeb kwm yog tag nrho ntawm ntse tig, tau los ua ib feem ntawm lub xeev Macedonian. Yog tias ua ntej cov neeg los ntawm ntug dej Nile tau tsim los ua kev vam meej sab hnub tuaj, tam sim no lawv tau dhau los ua ib feem ntawm ib qho chaw Hellenized.

Tom tau kov yeej Persia, Alexander lub Great tau pib nthuav tawm cov kab lis kev cai Greek thaum ub nyob rau Middle East. Nyob rau hauv 332 BC, nws yog tig ntawm tim lyiv teb chaws, uas yog ib feem ntawm lub yeej lub hwj chim ntawm lub Achaemenids. Alexander kov yeej lub teb chaws African thiab tshaj tawm nws tus kheej pharaoh. ATnyob rau hauv lub Nile Delta, nws tau tsim ib lub chaw nres nkoj tshiab, uas tau los ua ib lub nroog loj tshaj plaws ntawm ancient sij hawm. Alexandria yog nto moo rau nws lub tsev qiv ntawv thiab lub teeb pom kev zoo (ib qho ntawm 7 qhov kev xav hauv ntiaj teb). Tib lub nroog los ua qhov chaw faus tus thawj coj tub rog nto moo.

periodization ntawm ancient Egyptian art
periodization ntawm ancient Egyptian art

Ptolemaic lub sijhawm

Lub sijhawm Ptolemaic yog tshooj kawg hauv keeb kwm ntawm Egypt Ancient. Nws tau txais nws lub npe nyob rau hauv kev hwm ntawm lub dynasty uas tsim nws lub hwj chim tshaj lub teb chaws tom qab lub ntxov ntxov tuag ntawm Alexander lub Great. Nws cov koom tes (diadochi) faib lub hwj chim ntawm tus thawj coj loj. Ib tug ntawm lawv, Ptolemy, tau los ua tus kav tebchaws Iziv.

Txawm hais tias lub teb chaws tseem nyob ywj pheej rau lwm peb centuries, nws tsis yog ib qho kev ywj pheej ywj pheej. Raws li tau hais los saum no, tim lyiv teb chaws tau cuam tshuam los ntawm Hellenistic kab lis kev cai. Txhua yam tau sib xyaw - los ntawm hom lus mus rau kev ntseeg. Alexandria tau los ua lub peev los ntawm Ancient Egypt tau kav. Lub sij hawm ntawm keeb kwm ntawm lub teb chaws no hais tias thaum lub sij hawm heyday ntawm lub Ptolemies, lawv lub xeev tsis tau tsuas yog lub Nile Valley, tab sis kuj Palestine, Cyprus, ib feem ntawm Syria thiab Asia Minor.

Meanwhile, lub teb chaws Ottoman tshiab tau loj hlob ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Ltalis niaj hnub no. Tom qab kov yeej Western Mediterranean, Roman koom pheej tig nws ntsia mus rau sab hnub tuaj. Consul Octavian Lub yim hli ntuj tshaj tawm ua tsov ua rog rau tim lyiv teb chaws, qhov twg Cleopatra txiav txim. Lub teb chaws tau kov yeej hauv 30 BC. Tom qab ntawd lub koom pheej Roman tau los ua ib lub tebchaws. Tim lyiv teb chaws tau tshaj tawm ib lub xeev thiab thaum kawg poob nws txoj kev ywj pheej.

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