Binary compounds yog cov khoom uas tsim los ntawm ob yam tshuaj sib txawv. Lo lus no yog siv los qhia txog qhov zoo thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov tshuaj inorganic.
Binary chemical compounds yog suav tias yog ib yam khoom tseem ceeb hauv kev kawm txog qhov xwm txheej. Thaum piav qhia txog lawv, cov ntsiab lus hauv qab no yog siv: daim ntawv cog lus polarization, oxidation xeev, valency. Cov ntsiab lus tshuaj no ua rau nws nkag siab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim cov tshuaj lom neeg, cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom tsis muaj zog.
Cia peb xav txog cov chav kawm tseem ceeb ntawm binary compounds, cov yam ntxwv ntawm lawv cov qauv tshuaj thiab cov khoom, qee qhov chaw ntawm lawv daim ntawv thov kev lag luam.
Oxides
chav kawm ntawm cov tshuaj inorganic no feem ntau tshwm sim hauv cov xwm txheej. Ntawm cov neeg sawv cev zoo tshaj plaws ntawm pawg sib txuas, peb ib leeg tawm:
- silicon oxide (kiv dej xuab zeb);
- hydrogen oxide (dej);
- carbon dioxide;
- av nplaum (aluminium oxide);
- hlau ore (hlau oxides).
Cov binary compounds no yog cov tshuaj complex, uas yuav tsum muaj cov pa oxygen, nthuav tawm lub xeev oxidation ntawm -2.
AggregateLub xeev ntawm oxides
Cov khoom ntawm tooj liab, calcium, hlau yog crystalline solids. Tib lub xeev ntawm kev sib sau ua ke muaj oxides ntawm qee yam tsis yog hlau, xws li hexavalent sulfur, pentavalent phosphorus, silicon. Cov kua hauv ib txwm muaj yog dej. Feem ntau ntawm cov pa oxygen sib txuas ntawm cov hlau tsis yog roj.
Txoj kev kawm
Ntau cov binary oxygen tebchaw yog tsim nyob rau hauv cov xwm. Piv txwv li, thaum lub sij hawm combustion ntawm roj, ua pa, lwj ntawm cov organic teeb meem, carbon dioxide (carbon monoxide 4) yog tsim. Hauv huab cua, nws cov ntsiab lus ntim yog kwv yees li 0.03 feem pua.
Zoo sib xws binary tebchaw yog cov khoom ntawm hluav taws xob ua haujlwm, nrog rau ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov dej ntxhia. Cov pa roj carbon dioxide tsis txhawb combustion, yog li cov tshuaj no siv los tua hluav taws.
Volatile hydrogen compounds
Cov binary compounds yog ib pawg tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom muaj hydrogen. Ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm kev lag luam tseem ceeb, peb nco ntsoov methane, dej, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, thiab hydrogen halides.
Ib feem ntawm volatile hydrogen tebchaw muaj nyob rau hauv av dej, muaj sia nyob, yog li peb tham txog lawv geochemical thiab biochemical luag hauj lwm.
Ua kom binary tebchaw ntawm hom no, hydrogen, uas muaj valence, yog muab tso rau hauv thawj qhov chaw. Cov khoom thib ob yog cov hlau tsis muaj hlau nrog lub xeev tsis zoo oxidation.
Rau qhov ntsuasnyob rau hauv ib tug binary compound ntawm valences, qhov tsawg tshaj plaws ntau yam yog txiav txim. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov atoms ntawm txhua lub caij yog txiav txim los ntawm kev faib nws los ntawm qhov muaj nuj nqis ntawm txhua lub ntsiab lus uas ua rau cov compound.
Hydrochloride
Xav txog cov qauv ntawm binary compounds: hydrogen chloride thiab ammonia. Nws yog cov tshuaj no uas tseem ceeb rau kev lag luam chemical niaj hnub. HCl nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob yog ib tug gaseous compound, heev soluble nyob rau hauv dej. Dissolving hydrogen chloride gas tsim hydrochloric acid, uas yog siv nyob rau hauv ntau yam tshuaj thiab ntau lawm chains.
Qhov binary compound no pom muaj nyob rau hauv cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntawm tib neeg thiab tsiaj txhu, nws yog ib qho teeb meem rau cov kab mob pathogenic microbes nkag mus rau hauv lub plab nrog zaub mov.
Ntawm cov cheeb tsam tseem ceeb ntawm kev siv cov tshuaj hydrochloric acid, peb qhia txog kev tsim cov tshuaj chlorides, kev sib txuas ntawm cov khoom uas muaj chlorine, pickling ntawm hlau, ntxuav cov kav dej los ntawm oxides thiab carbonates, tawv ntau lawm.
Ammonia, muaj cov qauv NH3, yog cov roj tsis muaj xim nrog cov ntxhiab tsw tshwj xeeb. Nws unlimited solubility nyob rau hauv dej ua rau kom tau txais ammonia, uas yog xav tau nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj. Hauv qhov xwm txheej, qhov sib xyaw binary no yog tsim thaum lub sij hawm lwj ntawm cov khoom organic, uas muaj nitrogen.
Kev faib tawm ntawm oxides
Cov pa oxygen-muaj binary compound ntawm cov hlau uas muaj valence ntawm 1 lossis 2 yog lub ntsiaboxide. Piv txwv li, pawg no suav nrog oxides ntawm alkali thiab alkaline ntiaj teb hlau.
Oxides ntawm cov hlau tsis yog hlau, nrog rau cov hlau uas muaj qhov sib npaug ntau dua 4, yog cov tshuaj acidic.
Raws li cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov chav kawm no tau muab faib ua cov ntsev-tsim thiab tsis yog ntsev-tsim pawg.
Ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm pawg thib ob, peb nco ntsoov carbon monoxide (CO), nitric oxide 1 (NO).
Tsim cov npe systematic ntawm cov tebchaw
Ntawm cov haujlwm uas tau muab rau cov neeg kawm tiav kev xeem hauv xeev chemistry, muaj qhov no: "Ua kom cov qauv molecular ntawm tau binary oxygen compounds ntawm leej faj (nitrogen, phosphorus)". Txhawm rau tiv thaiv txoj haujlwm, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum muaj lub tswv yim tsis tsuas yog hais txog cov txheej txheem, tab sis kuj hais txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub npe ntawm cov khoom siv hauv chav kawm no.
Thaum tsim lub npe ntawm binary compound, pib qhia lub caij uas nyob ntawm sab xis hauv cov qauv, ntxiv cov lus "id". Tom ntej no, qhia lub npe ntawm thawj lub caij. Rau covalent compounds, prefixes tau ntxiv, los ntawm qhov uas nws muaj peev xwm tsim kom muaj qhov sib piv ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm binary compound.
Piv txwv li, SO3 yog sulfur trioxide, N2O4 yog dinitrogen tetroxide, I2CL6 - diode hexachloride.
Yog hais tias lub binary compound muaj cov tshuaj muaj peev xwm ua kom pom cov oxidation sib txawv, lub xeev oxidation tau qhia hauv kab lus tom qab lub npe ntawm cov compound.
Piv txwv li, ob lub ntsiab lus hlautxawv lub npe: FeCL3 - hlau oxide (3), FeCL2 - hlau oxide (2).
Rau hydrides, tshwj xeeb yog cov khoom tsis yog xim hlau, siv cov npe tsis tseem ceeb. Yog li, H2O yog dej, HCL yog hydrogen chloride, HI yog hydrogen iodide, HF yog hydrofluoric acid.
Cations
Cov ions zoo ntawm cov ntsiab lus uas muaj peev xwm tsim tau ib qho ion ruaj khov tau muab cov npe tib yam li cov cim lawv tus kheej. Cov no suav nrog tag nrho cov neeg sawv cev ntawm thawj thiab thib ob pawg ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm Mendeleev.
Piv txwv li, sodium thiab magnesium cations zoo li: Na+, Mg2+. Cov ntsiab lus hloov pauv muaj peev xwm tsim tau ntau hom cations, yog li lub npe yuav tsum qhia qhov muaj txiaj ntsig uas tshwm sim hauv txhua kis.
Anions
Yooj yim (monatomic) thiab complex (polyatomic) anions siv cov lus kawg -id.
Lub ntsiab lus -am yog ib qho oxoanion ntawm ib yam khoom. Rau oxoanion ntawm ib lub caij uas yog nyob rau hauv cov mis nrog ib tug qis oxidation lub xeev, lub suffix - nws yog siv. Lub prefix hypo- yog siv rau qhov tsawg kawg nkaus oxidation xeev, thiab per- yog siv rau qhov siab tshaj plaws tus nqi. Piv txwv li, ion O2- yog oxide ion, thiab O- yog peroxide.
Muaj ntau lub npe tsis tseem ceeb rau hydrides. Piv txwv li, N2H4 yog hu ua hydrazine, thiab PH3 yog hu ua phosphine.
Sulfur-muaj oxoanions muaj cov npe hauv qab no:
- SO42- - sulfate;
- S2O32- - thiosulfate;
- NCS- - thiocyanate.
Sats
Ntau qhov kev xeem zaum kawg hauv chemistry muaj cov haujlwm hauv qab no: "Ua qauv rau binary compounds ntawm hlau." Yog hais tias cov tebchaw no muaj anions ntawm chlorine, bromine, iodine, cov tebchaw no hu ua halides thiab koom rau hauv chav kawm ntsev. Thaum tsim cov binary compounds, cov hlau tau muab tso ua ntej, ua raws li qhov sib thooj halide ion.
txhawm rau txiav txim siab tus naj npawb ntawm atoms ntawm txhua lub caij, nrhiav qhov tsawg tshaj plaws ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov valences, thaum sib faib, tau txais qhov ntsuas.
Cov tebchaw no muaj cov ntsiab lus melting siab thiab boiling, zoo solubility nyob rau hauv dej, nyob rau hauv ib txwm tej yam kev mob lawv yog solids. Piv txwv li, sodium thiab potassium chlorides yog ib feem ntawm dej hiav txwv.
rooj ntsev tau siv los ntawm tib neeg txij thaum ub. Tam sim no, kev siv cov binary compound no tsis txwv rau kev noj mov. Electrolysis ntawm aqueous tov ntawm sodium chloride tsim sodium hlau thiab chlorine gas. Cov khoom no yog siv rau ntau yam kev tsim khoom xws li sodium hydroxide, hydrogen chloride.
Meaning of binary compounds
Pab pawg no suav nrog ntau yam tshuaj, yog li peb tuaj yeem hais nrog kev ntseeg siab txog qhov ntsuas ntawm lawv siv hauv ntau yam ntawm tib neeg kev ua haujlwm. Ammonia yog siv nyob rau hauv kev lag luam tshuaj raws li ib tugprecursor nyob rau hauv kev tsim cov nitric acid, zus tau tej cov mineral chiv. Nws yog qhov sib xyaw binary no uas yog siv rau hauv cov organic synthesis zoo thiab tau siv rau hauv tub yees rau lub sijhawm ntev.
Vim qhov tshwj xeeb hardness ntawm tungsten carbide, qhov sib xyaw no tau pom daim ntawv thov hauv kev tsim khoom ntawm ntau yam cuab yeej txiav. Cov tshuaj inertness ntawm no binary compound tso cai rau nws mus siv nyob rau hauv ib tug nruj ib puag ncig: kuaj cov cuab yeej, ncu.
"Laughing gas" (nitric oxide 1) tov nrog oxygen yog siv rau hauv tshuaj rau kev siv tshuaj loog.
Txhua cov binary compounds muaj covalent lossis ionic yam ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg, molecular, ionic lossis atomic crystal lattice.
Zoo kawg
Thaum kos cov qauv rau binary tebchaw, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum ua raws li qee qhov algorithm ntawm kev ua. Lub caij uas nthuav tawm lub xeev oxidation zoo (muaj qis dua hluav taws xob tsis zoo) yog sau ua ntej. Thaum txiav txim siab tus nqi ntawm lub xeev oxidation ntawm lub caij thib ob, tus naj npawb ntawm cov pab pawg uas nws nyob yog rho tawm ntawm yim. Yog tias tus lej tau txais txawv ntawm ib leeg, qhov tsawg tshaj plaws ntau yam raug txiav txim siab, ces qhov ntsuas tau suav.
Ntxiv rau oxides, cov tshuaj no suav nrog carbides, silicides, peroxides, hydrides. Aluminium thiab calcium carbides yog siv rau kev kuaj cov tshuaj methane thiab acetylene, peroxides yog siv nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj lom neeg kev lag luam raws li muaj zog oxidizers.
Ib halide zoo li hydrogen fluoride(hydrofluoric acid), siv nyob rau hauv hluav taws xob engineering rau soldering. Ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws binary tebchaw, tsis muaj uas nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau xav txog tej yam uas muaj sia nyob, dej yog nyob rau hauv cov hlau lead. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov txheej txheem inorganic no tau kawm kom ntxaws hauv chav kawm chemistry hauv tsev kawm. Nws yog ntawm nws qhov piv txwv tias cov txiv neej tau txais ib lub tswv yim ntawm qhov sib lawv liag ntawm kev ua thaum sau cov qauv rau binary compounds.
Nyob rau hauv xaus, peb nco ntsoov tias nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau nrhiav tau xws li ib tug sphere ntawm niaj hnub kev lag luam, ib cheeb tsam ntawm tib neeg lub neej, nyob qhov twg ntau yam binary tebchaw siv.
