Txog xyoo 19th, lub tswv yim ntawm "biology" tsis muaj nyob, thiab cov uas kawm xwm raug hu ua natural scientists, naturalists. Tam sim no cov kws tshawb fawb tau hu ua tus tsim ntawm biological sciences. Cia peb nco qab tias leej twg yog tus kws kho tsiaj hauv tsev (thiab peb yuav piav qhia luv luv txog lawv qhov kev tshawb pom), uas cuam tshuam rau kev loj hlob ntawm biology raws li kev tshawb fawb thiab tsim lub hauv paus rau nws cov lus qhia tshiab.
Vavilov N. I. (1887-1943)
Peb cov kws tshawb fawb txog biologist thiab lawv qhov kev tshawb pom tau paub thoob plaws ntiaj teb. Ntawm cov nto moo tshaj plaws yog Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov, ib tug Soviet botanist, geography, breeder, thiab noob caj noob ces. Yug los rau hauv ib tsev neeg ua lag luam, nws tau kawm hauv ib lub koom haum ua liaj ua teb. Rau nees nkaum xyoo nws coj scientific expeditions kawm lub ntiaj teb cog. Nws tau mus ncig yuav luag tag nrho lub ntiaj teb, tshwj tsis yog Australia thiab Antarctica. Sau ib qho tshwj xeeb sau ntawm cov noob ntawm ntau yam nroj tsuag.
Thaum nws ntoj ncig, tus kws tshawb fawb tau txheeb xyuas qhov chaw ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm cov nroj tsuag cog. Nws hais tias muaj qee qhov chaw ntawm lawv lub hauv paus chiv keeb. Nws tau ua ib qho txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev kawm txog kev tiv thaiv cov nroj tsuag thiab nthuav tawm txoj cai ntawm homologous series, uas tau tso caitsim cov qauv hauv evolution ntawm cov nroj tsuag ntiaj teb. Xyoo 1940, tus kws kho tsiaj tau raug ntes los ntawm kev foob trumped ntawm embezzlement. Tuag rau hauv tsev lojcuj, posthumously rehabilitated.
Kovalevsky A. O. (1840-1901)
Ntawm cov pioneers, ib qho chaw tsim nyog yog nyob los ntawm domestic biologists. Thiab lawv qhov kev tshawb pom tau cuam tshuam kev loj hlob ntawm kev tshawb fawb hauv ntiaj teb. Ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb ntiaj teb nto moo ntawm cov pob txha pob txha yog Alexander Onufrievich Kovalevsky, kws kho mob embryologist thiab biologist. Nws tau kawm hauv St. Petersburg University. Nws kawm cov tsiaj hauv hiav txwv, ua haujlwm mus rau Red, Caspian, Mediterranean thiab Adriatic hiav txwv. Nws tsim Sevastopol Marine Biological chaw nres tsheb thiab tau ntev tau nws tus thawj coj. Nws tau pab txhawb nqa thoob dej yug ntses.
Alexander Onufrievich kawm embryology thiab physiology ntawm invertebrates. Nws yog tus txhawb nqa ntawm Darwinism thiab kawm txog cov txheej txheem ntawm evolution. Ua kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm physiology, anatomy thiab histology ntawm invertebrates. Tau dhau los ua ib tus tsim ntawm evolutionary embryology thiab histology.
Mechnikov I. I. (1845-1916)
Peb cov kws tshawb fawb txog biologist thiab lawv qhov kev tshawb pom tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo hauv ntiaj teb. Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov tau txais txiaj ntsig Nobel nqi zog hauv Physiology lossis Tshuaj hauv xyoo 1908. Mechnikov yug hauv tsev neeg ntawm ib tug tub ceev xwm thiab tau kawm nyob rau hauv Kharkov University. Nws nrhiav tau intracellular digestion, cellular tiv thaiv, ua pov thawj nrog kev pab los ntawm embryology txoj kev lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm vertebrates thiab invertebrates.
Ua haujlwm ntawm cov teeb meem ntawm kev hloov pauv thiab sib pivembryology thiab ua ke nrog Kovalevsky los ua tus tsim ntawm no scientific kev taw qhia. Cov hauj lwm ntawm Mechnikov yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua tiv thaiv kab mob, typhus, tuberculosis, thiab kab mob cholera. Tus kws tshawb fawb tau nyob nrog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev laus. Nws ntseeg tias kev tuag ntxov ntxov yog tshwm sim los ntawm kev lom nrog cov kab mob microbial thiab txhawb nqa txoj kev tu cev ntawm kev tawm tsam, nws tau muab lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb los kho cov hnyuv microflora nrog kev pab ntawm cov khoom noj mis nyuj fermented. Tus kws tshawb fawb tsim lub tsev kawm ntawv Lavxias ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob, microbiology, pathology.
Pavlov I. P. (1849-1936)
Cov kws tshawb fawb tsiaj hauv tsev thiab lawv qhov kev tshawb pom tau ua rau txoj kev tshawb fawb txog kev ntxhov siab ntau dua? Thawj Lavxias teb sab Nobel laureate nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj yog Ivan Petrovich Pavlov rau nws ua hauj lwm ntawm lub physiology ntawm digestion. Tus poj Lavxias teb sab biologist thiab physiologist tau los ua tus tsim ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntawm kev ua haujlwm siab dua. Nws tau qhia txog lub tswv yim ntawm qhov tsis muaj qhov xwm txheej thiab qhov kev xav tau.
Tus kws tshawb fawb los ntawm ib tsev neeg ntawm cov txiv plig thiab nws tus kheej kawm tiav los ntawm Ryazan Theological Seminary. Tab sis nyob rau hauv lub xyoo tas los kuv nyeem ib phau ntawv los ntawm I. M. Sechenov txog lub reflexes ntawm lub hlwb thiab pib xav txog biology thiab tshuaj. Nws kawm txog tsiaj physiology ntawm Petersburg University. Pavlov, siv txoj kev phais, kawm txog lub cev ntawm kev zom zaub mov kom ntxaws rau 10 xyoo thiab tau txais Nobel nqi zog rau cov kev tshawb fawb no. Qhov chaw tom ntej ntawm kev txaus siab yog qhov kev ua haujlwm siab dua, kev kawm uas nws tau mob siab rau 35 xyoo. Nws tau qhia txog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev coj tus cwj pwm - kev ua kom zoo thiab tsis muaj kev xav, kev txhawb zog.
Koltsov N. K. (1872-1940)
txuas ntxiv lub ncauj lus "Cov kws tshawb fawb hauv tsev thiab lawv qhov kev tshawb pom." Nikolai Konstantinovich Koltsov - biologist, tus tsim ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm sim biology. Yug hauv tsev neeg ntawm tus accountant. Nws kawm tiav los ntawm Moscow University, qhov chaw uas nws kawm sib piv anatomy thiab embryology, thiab sau cov ntaub ntawv scientific nyob rau hauv European kuaj. Teem ib chav sim ntawm kev sim biology ntawm Shanyavsky People's University.
Studied biophysics ntawm cell, yam uas txiav txim siab nws cov duab. Cov hauj lwm no nkag mus rau science raws li lub npe "Koltsov lub hauv paus ntsiab lus". Koltsov yog ib tug ntawm cov founders ntawm noob caj noob ces nyob rau hauv Russia, lub organizer ntawm thawj lub chaw soj nstuam thiab lub Department of Experimental Biology. Tus kws tshawb fawb nrhiav tau peb qhov chaw lom neeg. Nws tau los ua thawj tus kws tshawb fawb Lavxias uas siv cov txheej txheem physicochemical hauv kev tshawb fawb lom neeg.
Timiryazev K. A. (1843-1920)
Cov kws tshawb fawb hauv tsev thiab lawv qhov kev tshawb pom hauv thaj chaw ntawm cov nroj tsuag physiology tau pab txhawb rau kev txhim kho ntawm kev tshawb fawb hauv paus ntawm agronomy. Timiryazev Kliment Arkadyevich yog ib tug naturalist, photosynthesis tshawb fawb thiab propagandist ntawm Darwin lub tswv yim. Tus kws tshawb fawb los ntawm tsev neeg muaj koob muaj npe, kawm tiav hauv St. Petersburg University.
Timiryazev kawm txog cov teeb meem ntawm cov khoom noj cog qoob loo, photosynthesis, drought resistance. Tus kws tshawb fawb tau koom nrog tsis yog hauv kev tshawb fawb ntshiab xwb, tab sis kuj tseem txuas ntxiv qhov tseem ceeb rau kev siv tswv yim ntawm kev tshawb fawb. Nws yog tus saib xyuas ntawm qhov chaw sim, qhov chaw nws sim ntau yam chiv thiab sau lawv cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov qoob loo. Ua tsaug rau qhov kev tshawb fawb no, kev ua liaj ua teb tau nce siab heev.raws txoj kev muaj zog.
Michurin I. V. (1855-1935)
Lavxias teb sab biologist thiab lawv qhov kev tshawb pom tau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau kev ua liaj ua teb thiab kev ua liaj ua teb. Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin yog ib tug naas ej biologist thiab yug me nyuam. Nws cov poj koob yawm txwv yog cov qub txeeg qub teg me me, los ntawm lawv tus kws tshawb fawb tau coj nws txoj kev nyiam ua vaj. Txawm tias thaum yau, nws saib xyuas lub vaj, ntau tsob ntoo uas tau muab cog los ntawm nws txiv, yawg thiab yawg. Michurin pib yug me nyuam ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ib lub tsev xauj-down. Thaum lub sijhawm nws ua haujlwm, nws tau coj tawm ntau dua 300 ntau yam ntawm cov nroj tsuag cog, suav nrog cov uas yoog raws li cov xwm txheej ntawm thaj chaw nruab nrab ntawm Russia.
Tikhomirov A. A. (1850-1931)
Lavxias teb sab biologist thiab lawv qhov kev tshawb pom tau pab tsim cov lus qhia tshiab hauv kev ua liaj ua teb. Alexander Andreevich Tikhomirov yog biologist, kws kho mob ntawm zoology thiab rector ntawm Moscow University. Nws tau txais kev cai lij choj nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg University, tab sis tau nyiam nyob rau hauv biology thiab tau txais ib tug thib ob degree los ntawm Moscow University nyob rau hauv lub department ntawm natural sciences. Tus kws tshawb fawb tau tshawb pom qhov tshwm sim xws li cov khoom siv dag zog, ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv kev txhim kho tus kheej. Nws ua tau ib qho txiaj ntsim zoo rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm sericulture.
Sechenov I. M. (1829-1905)
Lub ncauj lus "Ntaus biologists thiab lawv cov kev tshawb pom" yuav ua tsis tiav yam tsis tau hais txog Ivan Mikhailovich Sechenov. Qhov no yog ib tug naas ej Lavxias teb sab evolutionary biologist, physiologist thiab kws qhia ntawv. Yug los rau hauv tsev neeg tus tswv av, nws tau kawm ntawm Main Engineering School thiab Moscow University.
Tus kws tshawb fawb tau kawm lub hlwb thiab pom ib lub chaw uas ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm lub hauv paus paj hlwb, ua pov thawj ntawm lub hlwb ntawm cov leeg nqaij. Nws tau sau cov haujlwm classic "Reflexes of the Brain", uas nws tsim lub tswv yim tias kev nco qab thiab tsis nco qab yog ua nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm reflexes. Qhia lub hlwb ua lub khoos phis tawj uas tswj hwm txhua yam kev ua neej. Substantiated ua pa ua haujlwm ntawm cov ntshav. Tus kws tshawb fawb tsim lub teb chaws lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm physiology.
Ivanovsky D. I. (1864-1920)
Lub sijhawm kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 19 - pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th - lub sijhawm uas cov kws tshawb fawb Lavxias tau ua haujlwm zoo. Thiab lawv cov kev tshawb pom (ib lub rooj ntawm txhua qhov loj tsis tuaj yeem muaj lawv cov npe) tau pab txhawb rau kev txhim kho tshuaj thiab biology. Ntawm lawv yog Dmitry Iosifovich Ivanovsky, physiologist, microbiologist thiab tus tsim ntawm virology. Nws tau kawm hauv St. Petersburg University. Txawm tias thaum nws kawm, nws tau pom tias muaj kev txaus siab rau cov kab mob nroj tsuag.
Tus kws tshawb fawb pom tias cov kab mob tshwm sim los ntawm cov kab mob me tshaj plaws lossis cov co toxins. Cov kab mob lawv tus kheej tau pom siv lub tshuab ntsuas hluav taws xob tsuas yog tom qab 50 xyoo. Nws yog Ivanovsky uas suav hais tias yog tus tsim ntawm virology raws li kev tshawb fawb. Tus kws tshawb fawb tau kawm txog cov txheej txheem ntawm cawv fermentation thiab cov nyhuv ntawm chlorophyll thiab oxygen rau nws, cog kev xav, av microbiology.
Chetverikov S. S. (1880-1959)
Lavxias teb sab biologists thiab lawv cov kev tshawb pom tau ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev txhim kho caj ces. Chetverikov Sergey Sergeevich yug ib tug kws tshawb fawb hauv tsev neegchaw tsim tshuaj paus, kawm nyob rau hauv Moscow University. Qhov no yog ib tug zoo evolutionary geneticist uas npaj txoj kev kawm ntawm heredity nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj. Ua tsaug rau cov kev tshawb fawb no, tus kws tshawb fawb suav tias yog tus tsim ntawm evolutionary noob caj noob ces. Nws pib txoj kev qhuab qhia tshiab - pejxeem noob caj noob ces.
Koj tau nyeem tsab xov xwm "Cov kws paub txog tsiaj keeb kwm zoo nkauj hauv tsev thiab lawv qhov kev tshawb pom." Lub rooj ntawm lawv cov kev ua tiav tuaj yeem muab tso ua ke raws li cov khoom tau muab.
