Txoj kev nyem tam sim no ntawm Russia thiab tag nrho lub ntiaj teb pib tsim ib lub sijhawm ntev dhau los, thaum kaj ntug ntawm keeb kwm ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Qhov no kuj siv tau rau lub folding ntawm lub ntiaj teb - roob toj siab, kev nyuaj siab. Nws tau tsim nyob rau ntau lub sijhawm geological, thiab tseem txuas ntxiv hloov nws cov tsos txawm tias tam sim no. Hauv tsab xov xwm no, peb xav tsom koj cov xim ntawm Cenozoic folding - "tus yau tshaj" ib qho. Thiab cia peb pib nrog kev tsom xam dav dav ntawm geological epochs.
Yuav ua li cas?
Txoj kev nyem ntawm peb lub ntiaj teb yog keeb kwm heterogeneous - qee yam khoom tsim ua ntej, qee - lab xyoo tom qab. Raws li, tag nrho cov folding uas twb muaj lawm muaj npe tom qab lub sijhawm uas lawv tau txais lawv cov tsos. Cia peb paub lawv luv luv.
Archaean folding. Tus hlob - nws muaj hnub nyoog yog 1.6 billion xyoo. Yeej, nws suav nrog cov platforms - ib hom "core" ntawm cov teb chaws, lawv qhov chaw ruaj khov tshaj plaws thiab txawm tias thaj chaw.
Baikal folding. Hnub nyoog - 1200-500 lab xyoo. Nws tau txais nws lub npe los ntawm lub npe ntawm lub pas dej Lavxias teb sab, txij li thaj chaw uas nws nyob tau tsim nyob rau lub sijhawm no. Lub Baikal tseem suav nrog Brazilian Plateau, Arabian Peninsula, Patom Highlands,Yenisei Ridge thiab lwm tus.
Caledonian folding. Tsim muaj 500-400 lab xyoo dhau los. Sau npe tom qab. Caledonia, qhov chaw nws tau pom thawj zaug los ntawm geologists. Tebchaws Askiv, sab hnub tuaj Australia, Scandinavia, yav qab teb Tuam Tshoj tau tsim nyob rau lub sijhawm no.
Hercynian folding. Kev pab tsim muaj 400-230 lab xyoo dhau los. Ntawm no peb yuav suav nrog Urals, feem ntau ntawm cov teb chaws Europe, Kev Sib Tw Loj Loj, Lub Taub Hau Cape, Appalachians.
Mesozoic folding. Hnub nyoog - 65-160 lab xyoo. Tsim thaum dinosaurs kav lub ntiaj teb. Lavxias teb sab Far East, Cordillera tshwm sim thaum ntawd.
Alpine lossis Cenozoic folding yog qhov kawg ua kom zoo. Cia peb tham ntxiv txog nws lub sijhawm.
Cenozoic - yog dab tsi?
Cenozoic - lub sijhawm Cenozoic yog lub sijhawm geological uas peb nyob niaj hnub no. Thiab nws tau pib 66 lab xyoo dhau los. Nws ciam teb tau cim los ntawm kev ploj tuag ntawm cov tsiaj txhu, uas tau pib thaum kawg ntawm Cretaceous.
Lub npe no yog thawj zaug siv xyoo 1861 los ntawm John Phillips, tus kws paub txog keeb kwm Askiv. Nws lub npe luv luv, uas koj tuaj yeem pom hauv cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb, yog KZ. Lo lus yog tsim los ntawm fusion ntawm ob lo lus Greek thaum ub: καινός ("tshiab") + ζωή ("lub neej"). Raws li, "lub neej tshiab".
Lub Cenozoic nws tus kheej tau muab faib rau hauv nws tus kheej mus rau ntau lub sijhawm ntxiv:
-
Paleogene (65.5-23.03 Marov qab). Xws li:
- Paleocene;
- Eocene;
- Oligocene.
-
Neeg (23, 03-2, 59 lab xyoo dhau los). Nws muaj ob theem:
- Miocene;
- Pliocene.
- Lub sijhawm Quaternary. Nws pib 2.59 lab xyoo dhau los thiab txuas ntxiv mus rau hnub no. Txog tam sim no, cov kws tshawb fawb tau txheeb xyuas tsuas yog ob lub sijhawm nyob hauv nws - Pleistocene thiab Holocene.
Dab tsi yog qhov zoo kawg li ntawm Cenozoic era?
Dab tsi tshwm sim tseem ceeb rau keeb kwm geological hauv Cenozoic era? Cov xwm txheej hauv qab no tau hais txog:
- Kev cais New Guinea thiab Australia los ntawm Gondwana.
- Kwv yees ntawm cov arrays saum toj no rau Southeast Asia.
- Setting Antarctica ntawm South Pole.
- Kev nthuav dav ntawm Dej Hiav Txwv Atlantic.
- Txoj kev sib tw ntawm cov teb chaws, kev sib tshuam ntawm North America mus rau South.
Kev hloov pauv hauv lub ntiaj teb lom neeg kuj tau los ua qhov tseem ceeb:
- Txhua tus tsiaj loj dua tus khej tau ploj ntawm lub ntsej muag.
- Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev ya mus rau sab av loj, cov cim biocommunities tau tsim nyob rau sab av loj.
- Lub sijhawm los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm cov tsiaj nyeg thiab angiosperms.
- Kev tshwm sim ntawm ib hom kab mob tshiab - Homo sapiens.
Cenozoic folding yog dab tsi?
Alpine folding pib tsim 65 lab xyoo dhau los thiab tseem nyob rau theem no. Nws cov Cheebtsam yog cov yau tshaj plaws, thiab yog li ntawd qhov chaw nyob tsis tswm ntawm lub ntiaj teb crust. Hauv cheeb tsamroob pob tsuas yog tseem tsim nrog Cenozoic folding - vim av qeeg, volcanic eruptions. Lwm qhov tshwj xeeb yog qhov chaw nyob ze ntawm thaj tsam ntawm lithospheric daim hlau.
Cov cheeb tsam tseem ceeb ntawm Cenozoic folding yog raws li hauv qab no:
- Andes.
- Caribbean.
- Aleutian Islands.
- Asia Minor.
- hiav txwv Mediterranean.
- Southwest Asia.
- Caucasus.
- Philippines.
- Antarctic Peninsula.
- New Zealand.
- New Guinea.
- Kurils.
- Kamchatka.
- Greater Sunda Islands.
- Japan.
Himalayas.
hom folding hauv Russia
roob tshuab ntawm Cenozoic folding, zoo li lwm cov tshuab, muaj nyob hauv peb lub tebchaws. Txhua tus geologists tau txheeb xyuas tsib ntawm lawv ntau yam:
-
Baikal thiab Early Caledonian (700-520 lab xyoo dhau los):
- Transbaikalia;
- cheeb tsam Baikal;
- Tuva;
- Eastern Sayan;
- Timan thiab Yenisei Ridge.
-
Caledonian (460-400 lab xyoo dhau los):
- Gorny Altai;
- western Sayan.
-
Hercynian (300-230 lab xyoo dhau los):
- Rudny Altai;
- Ural Roob.
-
Mesozoic (160-70 lab xyoo dhau los):
- Sikhote-Alin;
- qaum teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub tebchaws.
-
Young Cenozoic folding (30 lab dhau los txog niaj hnub no):
- Koryak Highlands;
- Caucasian nyem;
- Kuril Islands;
- Sakhalin;
- Kamchatka.
Cenozoic folding ntawm Russia
Yog peb saib daim duab qhia chaw ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation thiab yav dhau los Soviet Union, peb yuav pom tias Alpine folding nyob rau sab qab teb thiab sab hnub poob ntawm lub tebchaws suav nrog:
- Eastern Carpathians.
- Greater Caucasus.
- roob Crimea.
- Pamir.
- Kopet-Dag.
- Small Balkhan.
Ua ke, cov tshuab no txuas nrog txoj siv Alpine-Himalayan.
Tam sim no cia peb tig mus rau sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub xeev. Cov Kuriles, Sakhalin, Kamchatka tuaj yeem raug ntaus nqi rau thaj tsam Cenozoic ntawm Pacific fold siv.
Cia peb saib ze ze ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov kab ke no.
Alpine-Himalayan txoj siv: yam ntxwv
Thaj chaw geological no muaj cov qauv kev nyuaj heev. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lub luag hauj lwm tseem ceeb yog ua si los ntawm loj nruab nrab massifs thiab basins inland seas. Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm lawv cheeb tsam, lawv tsis yog inferior mus rau lub roob systems ntawm lub Cenozoic folding ntawm txoj siv. Lub tom kawg no tus yam ntxwv ntws ncig nruab nrab platforms, branching.
Raws li qhov loj ntawm txoj siv Alpine-Himalayan, lawv laus dua li cov txheej txheem sib dhos. Lawv feem ntau sawv cev los ntawm kev sib tshuam (nce) toj siab, nrog rau kev nyuaj siab hauv hiav txwv. Raws li geologists, lawv tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub Hercynian los yog txawm tom qab.
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias nyob rau hauv lub phiab ntawm lub hiav txwv dej (sab hnub poob Mediterranean, yav qab teb Caspian, Dub hiav txwv) ntawm lub Alpine-Himalayantxoj siv sia, lub ntiaj teb pob zeb tau dhau los ntawm qee qhov kev yug dua tshiab, tau ntsib ib hom "oceanization". Los ntawm no, hnub no peb tuaj yeem tham txog hom dej hiav txwv ntawm cov bass ntawm cov dej hiav txwv.
Kev nyem ntawm Cenozoic folding tsis yog tib qho khoom ntawm Alpine-Himalayan siv. Nws lub roob yog heev heterogeneous. Ntawm no peb tuaj yeem qhia cov hauv qab no:
- Hercynian thiab cov qauv qub. Kuv yuav tsum hais tias dhau ntawm keeb kwm lawv tau qee yam "rov ua dua" los ntawm Alpine (Cenozoic era).
- Qee tus lej ntawm cov qauv Mesozoic.
- Thiab, thaum kawg, Neogene thiab Paleogene nyem, qhov tsim ntawm uas, raws li geologists, poob rau Alpine era ntawm lub ntiaj teb keeb kwm.
Nco tseg ntawm no feem ntau tsim qhov txhaum loj heev. Lawv dismember txoj siv Alpine-Himalayan rau hauv cov blocks, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm hais txog nws cov qauv blocky.
Kev tsim ntawm Alpine-Himalayan Belt
Lub sijhawm ntawm kev txhim kho nquag tshaj plaws ntawm txoj siv sia no poob rau Mesozoic thiab Cenozoic. Feem ntau, peb tuaj yeem tham txog nws cov qauv tsis sib xws thiab heterogeneous.
Txoj siv Alpine-Himalayan tau tsim nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm txoj siv tawv thiab loj Paleosian Asian-European txoj siv. Hauv qee qhov chaw nws sawv ntawm qhov chaw thiab ntau lub platform qub qub. Nws tuaj yeem raug hu ua superimposed, thib ob geosynclinal txoj siv.
Raws li peb tau hais, tam sim no, geologists pom zoo tias txoj siv Alpine-Himalayan yog qhov nyuaj heevua. Nws txoj kev loj hlob txuas ntxiv hauv peb lub sijhawm - nws yog nyob rau theem orogenic. Rau tib neeg, qhov no yog qhov ua rau muaj kev phom sij ntau ntxiv, volcanic eruption, uas ua rau kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov qauv, kev nyob, thiab tib neeg raug mob.
cheeb tsam Cenozoic hauv Lavxias Far East
Tam sim no cia peb saib qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm Cenozoic folding roob nyob rau sab hnub tuaj. Raws li rau West Kamchatka system, nws yog Upper Cretaceous terigen complex. Nws yog overlain los ntawm Paleogene thiab Neogene pob zeb.
Central thiab Eastern Kamchatka systems tsim nyob rau hauv Paleogene. Tab sis lub roob hluav taws loj bas alt ntawm thaj chaw no tau tshwm sim hauv Pliocene-Pleistocene era. Dab tsi yog qhov nthuav: thaj tsam sab hnub tuaj yog nquag tsim niaj hnub no vim niaj hnub volcanism (28 volcanoes nquag).
Kuril kob arc (loj thiab me Ridge) tau tsim nyob rau hauv Cretaceous thiab Quaternary lub sijhawm. Nws yog crushed los ntawm transverse grabens (faults, lowered struts). Lub trench nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm lub arc pem hauv ntej.
Thiab, thaum kawg, Cenozoic folding ntawm Sakhalin. Nws tau muab faib rau sab hnub poob thiab sab hnub tuaj los ntawm Central Kuril graben. Sakhalin yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv thee deposits, gas thiab roj deposits.
Yog li peb tau nthuav tawm cov kab ke roob ntawm thaj chaw Cenozoic folding, nrog rau thaj tsam ntawm Russia - Caucasus thiab Far East - nyob. Thaj chaw geological no yog tus yau tshaj plaws. Ntxiv mus, nws tseem tab tom tsim: piv txwv li, cov txheej txheem no tau pom zoo heev rauKamchatka. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv tau nrog av qeeg thiab volcanism txaus ntshai rau tib neeg.
