Alpine folding: nta ntawm kev tsim. Roob Alpine folding

Cov txheej txheem:

Alpine folding: nta ntawm kev tsim. Roob Alpine folding
Alpine folding: nta ntawm kev tsim. Roob Alpine folding
Anonim

Alpine folding yog ib lub sijhawm hauv keeb kwm ntawm kev tsim lub ntiaj teb crust. Nyob rau lub sijhawm no, lub roob siab tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb, Himalayas, tau tsim. Dab tsi characterizes lub era? Puas muaj lwm lub roob ntawm Alpine folding?

Qhia lub ntiaj teb daim crust

Hauv geology, lo lus "fold" tsis deb ntawm nws lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb. Nws qhia txog ib feem ntawm lub ntiaj teb crust nyob rau hauv uas lub pob zeb yog "crumpled". Lub pob zeb feem ntau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv kab rov tav txheej. Raws li kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov txheej txheem sab hauv ntawm lub ntiaj teb, nws txoj haujlwm tuaj yeem hloov pauv. Nws khoov los yog nyem, sib tshooj ntawm qhov chaw nyob ib sab. Qhov tshwm sim no hu ua folding.

alpine folding
alpine folding

Qhov tsim ntawm folding tshwm sim tsis sib xws. Lub sij hawm ntawm lawv cov tsos thiab kev loj hlob muaj npe nyob rau hauv raws li geological epochs. Qhov qub tshaj plaws yog Archean. Nws ua tiav tsim 1.6 billion xyoo dhau los. Txij thaum ntawd los, ntau yam txheej txheem sab nraud ntawm lub ntiaj teb tau hloov mus rau hauv tiaj.

Tom qab Archean, muaj Baikal, Caledonian, Hercynian, Mesozoic folding. Qhov tsis ntev los no yog alpineera ntawm folding. Nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm kev tsim ntawm lub ntiaj teb crust, nws occupies lub xeem 60 lab xyoo. Lub npe ntawm lub sijhawm tau tshaj tawm thawj zaug los ntawm Fabkis geologist Marcel Bertrand hauv xyoo 1886.

Alpine folding: yam ntxwv ntawm lub sijhawm

Lub sijhawm tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob lub sijhawm. Nyob rau hauv thawj zaug, deflections nquag tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb nto. Maj mam lawv tau ntim nrog lava thiab sedimentary deposits. Lub uplifts ntawm lub crust yog me me thiab localized heev. Qhov thib ob theem yog khaus. Ntau yam txheej txheem geodynamic tau pab tsim cov roob.

Alpine folding tsim feem ntau ntawm cov roob loj tshaj plaws niaj hnub no uas yog ib feem ntawm Mediterranean Fold Belt thiab Pacific Volcanic Ring. Yog li, folding tsim ob thaj chaw loj nrog roob roob thiab roob hluav taws. Lawv yog ib feem ntawm cov roob hluas tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no thiab txawv nyob rau hauv climatic aav, raws li zoo raws li qhov siab.

roob alpine folding
roob alpine folding

Lub sijhawm tseem tsis tau tas, thiab cov roob tseem tsim txawm tias tam sim no. Qhov no yog pov thawj los ntawm seismic thiab volcanic kev ua si nyob rau hauv ntau lub cheeb tsam ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Qhov chaw folded tsis tas li. Cov ridges feem ntau cuam tshuam los ntawm kev nyuaj siab (piv txwv li, Fergana kev nyuaj siab), hauv qee qhov ntawm lawv cov seas tau tsim (Dub, Caspian, Mediterranean).

siv Mediterranean

roob tshuab ntawm Alpine folding, uas yog nyob rau hauv txoj siv Alpine-Himalayan, ncab nyob rau hauv ib qho kev taw qhia latitudinal. Lawv yuav luag tag hla Eurasia. Pib hauv North Africa, mus dhauLub Mediterranean, Dub thiab Caspian Seas ncav cuag lub Himalayas mus rau cov Islands tuaj ntawm Indochina thiab Indonesia.

Roob ntawm Alpine folding suav nrog Apennines, Dinars, Carpathians, Alps, Balkans, Atlas, Caucasus, Burma, Himalayas, Pamirs, thiab lwm yam. Txhua tus ntawm lawv txawv ntawm lawv qhov tsos thiab qhov siab. Piv txwv li, Carpathian Toj siab yog nruab nrab siab, muaj cov txheej txheem du. Lawv npog nrog hav zoov, alpine thiab subalpine nroj tsuag. Lub roob Crimean, nyob rau hauv sib piv, yog steeper thiab ntau rocky. Lawv npog nrog ntau stingy steppe thiab hav zoov-steppe zaub.

alpine lub sijhawm ntawm folding
alpine lub sijhawm ntawm folding

Lub roob siab tshaj plaws yog Himalayas. Lawv nyob hauv 7 lub tebchaws suav nrog Tibet. Lub roob ncav cuag 2,400 km ntev, thiab lawv qhov siab nruab nrab ncav cuag 6 km. Qhov siab tshaj plaws yog Mount Everest nrog qhov siab ntawm 8848 km.

Pacific Ring of Fire

Alpine folding kuj tseem cuam tshuam nrog kev tsim ntawm Pacific Ring of Fire. Nws suav nrog cov roob thiab kev nyuaj siab uas nyob ib sab ntawm lawv. Lub nplhaib volcanic nyob ntawm thaj tsam ntawm Dej Hiav Txwv Pacific.

Nws npog Kamchatka, Kuril thiab Nyiv Islands tuaj, Philippines, Antarctica, New Zealand thiab New Guinea nyob rau sab hnub poob ntug dej hiav txwv. Nyob rau sab hnub tuaj ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv, nws suav nrog Andes, Cordillera, Aleutian Islands thiab Tierra del Fuego archipelago.

roob systems ntawm alpine folding
roob systems ntawm alpine folding

Lub npe "nplhaib hluav taws" thaj chaw no tau khwv tau vim tias feem ntau ntawm lub ntiaj teb cov roob hluav taws nyob ntawm no. Kwv yees li ntawm 330 ntawm lawv tau ua haujlwm. Ntxiv rau qhov tawg,Cov av qeeg loj tshaj plaws tshwm sim hauv Pacific txoj siv.

Ib feem ntawm lub nplhaib yog lub roob ntev tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb - Cordillera. Lawv hla 10 lub teb chaws uas ua rau North thiab South America. Lub roob yog 18,000 km ntev.

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